Opinion
Docket No. 139797.
Submitted April 20, 1993, at Detroit.
Decided May 4, 1993, at 9:25 A.M.
Sommers, Schwartz, Silver Schwartz, P.C. (by Susanne Pryce), for the plaintiff.
Law Offices of Schwartz Jalkanen (by Melvin R. Schwartz and Ralph C. Chapa, Jr.), for Vidal Sanchez, M.D., and Vidal J. Sanchez, M.D., P.C. Mellon, McCarthy Van Dusen, P.C. (by James T. Mellon and Margaret M. Porter), for Bohdan N. Zarewych, D.O., Bohdan N. Zarewych, D.O., P.C., and Crittenton Hospital.
Before: HOLBROOK, JR., P.J. and SAWYER and CORRIGAN, JJ.
In this medical malpractice action, plaintiffs appeal the grant of summary disposition on the basis of the existence of an agreement to arbitrate. MCR 2.116(C)(7). We affirm.
Plaintiff Patricia Grazia (hereafter plaintiff) had an elective laparotomy on February 12, 1988. On February 9, 1988, plaintiff visited the hospital for preoperative tests. At the same time, she executed a surgical consent form ("Crittenton Hospital Consent to Operation and Treatment") and an "Arbitration Agreement." The agreement complied with the requirements of MCL 600.5040 et seq.; MSA 27A.5040 et seq., the Malpractice Arbitration Act (MAA).
Plaintiff developed complications after surgery, allegedly because of the negligence of the various defendants. She brought suit in January 1990. Defendants moved for summary disposition, citing the February 9, 1988, arbitration agreement. The trial court granted the motion, and plaintiff appeals.
Plaintiff argues that the February 9 arbitration agreement applies only to the preoperative testing and other procedures performed on that day and does not include the surgery and hospitalization that began on February 12. We disagree.
The applicable standard of review under MCR 2.116(C)(7) requires us to accept all of plaintiff's well-pleaded allegations as true and to construe them most favorably to the plaintiff. Beauregard-Bezou v Pierce, 194 Mich. App. 388, 390-391; 487 N.W.2d 792 (1992); Bonner v Chicago Title Ins Co, 194 Mich. App. 462, 469; 487 N.W.2d 807 (1992). The motion should not be granted unless no factual development could provide a basis for recovery. Harrison v Director, Dep't of Corrections, 194 Mich. App. 446, 449; 487 N.W.2d 799 (1992); MCR 2.116(C)(7); MCR 2.116(G)(5).
MCL 600.5042; MSA 27A.5042 provides:
(1) A person who receives health care in a hospital may execute an agreement to arbitrate a dispute, controversy, or issue arising out of health care or treatment rendered by the hospital. . . .
* * *
(6) Each admission to a hospital shall be treated as separate and distinct for the purposes of an agreement to arbitrate but a person receiving outpatient care may execute an agreement with the hospital which provides for continuation of the agreement for a specific or continuing program of health care or treatment under the provisions of [MCL 600.5041; MSA 27A.5041].
* * *
(8) An agreement to arbitrate which includes the provisions of this section shall be presumed valid.
The MAA evidences Michigan's strong public policy favoring arbitration. Marciniak v Amid, 162 Mich. App. 71, 76; 412 N.W.2d 248 (1987). Arbitration clauses should be liberally construed to resolve all doubts in favor of arbitration. Id.
The burden of establishing the existence of an arbitration agreement that conforms to the strict requirements of the statute rests with the party seeking to enforce the agreement. McKinstry v Valley Obstetrics-Gynecology Clinic, PC, 428 Mich. 167, 173; 405 N.W.2d 88 (1987). Once prima facie evidence of such an agreement has been presented, the statutory presumption of validity accrues, and the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut the presumption then shifts to the party seeking to avoid the agreement. Id. See also, e.g., McKain v Moore, 172 Mich. App. 243, 249; 431 N.W.2d 470 (1988); Green v Gallucci, 169 Mich. App. 533, 537-538; 426 N.W.2d 693 (1988).
A trial court's evaluation of the evidence before it and its decision to place the burden of rebutting the presumption of the validity of an arbitration agreement on the plaintiff will not be overturned absent clear error. Campbell v St John Hosp, 170 Mich. App. 551, 557; 428 N.W.2d 711 (1988), aff'd 434 Mich. 608; 455 N.W.2d 695 (1987). A decision is "clearly erroneous" when the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id., quoting Tuttle v Dep't of State Hwys, 397 Mich. 44, 46; 243 N.W.2d 244 (1976).
Harte v Sinai Hosp of Detroit, 144 Mich. App. 659; 375 N.W.2d 782 (1985), is persuasive. There, the plaintiff gave birth to a child at defendant hospital. After she was discharged, the hospital mailed her "two arbitration agreements and a patient information booklet describing the arbitration agreements and arbitration procedure," one relating to the care of plaintiff herself and the other for her son. Id. at 662. Both agreements "obliged [plaintiffs] to arbitrate any claims or disputes, `[w]hich may arise in the future out of or in connection with the health care rendered . . . by [the] hospital [and] its employees.'" Id. Plaintiff signed both agreements, but later attempted to revoke them. This Court upheld the circuit court's grant of summary disposition to defendants:
Plaintiffs . . . argue that alleged malpractice occurring before the agreements were signed is not covered by the arbitration agreements. We disagree. .. . Since Karen Harte only went to the hospital once, and testified that she understood that the agreements related back to the hospital stay, and since liberal construction is appropriate, the arbitration agreements apply to malpractice in connection with plaintiff's son's birth. Similarly, plaintiffs' claims which arise out of prenatal care should also be included in the arbitration proceeding. They are inextricable from the arbitrable claims because they involve the same damages. [ Id. at 665; emphasis supplied.]
Contract principles apply to arbitration agreements. McKain, supra at 253. The question of when parties become contractually bound depends upon their intention as manifested by their verbal statements and conduct in light of all the circumstances. Hawker v Northern Michigan Hosp, Inc, 164 Mich. App. 314, 323; 416 N.W.2d 428 (1987). The Harte Court found that an arbitration agreement signed after the care was rendered related back to the date of service. We have no hesitation in holding that a similar agreement signed before elective surgery relates forward to the surgery itself.
Plaintiff relies on the fact that the arbitration agreement makes reference to "THIS hospital stay," as did the agreements in McKain, supra, and Haywood v Fowler, 190 Mich. App. 253; 475 N.W.2d 458 (1991), contending that the February 9 visit was the only "hospital stay" to which the agreement applied. This line of reasoning is without merit. There is no evidence that plaintiff was actually "admitted" to the hospital on February 9, or that she was "discharged" before her admission on February 12. In other words, there is nothing to show that plaintiff's February 9 visit constituted a "hospital stay" at all. McKain and Haywood are distinguishable. In McKain, the alleged negligence clearly occurred after the plaintiff's discharge from the emergency room in the course of follow-up outpatient care. In Haywood, the plaintiff was indisputably discharged from the hospital against medical advice and was readmitted a day later, although for treatment of the same condition. Neither of these factual situations is analogous.
It is manifest from the parties' "conduct in light of all the circumstances," Hawker, supra, that the consent form and arbitration agreement signed on February 9 related to the upcoming laparotomy. In an unrebutted affidavit, the manager of the hospital's preadmission testing and endoscopy unit testified that, during the preadmission procedure, "[t]he patient is clearly told that the Arbitration Agreement is for their [sic] upcoming admission." Such habit or routine evidence is admissible in cases involving hospital arbitration agreements; see, e.g., McKinstry, supra at 181; Green, supra at 538. Plaintiff, by contrast, did not plead and has submitted no evidence that she believed that the arbitration agreement related only to the February 9 procedures. Defendants have presented prima facie evidence of a valid arbitration agreement, and plaintiff has failed to rebut it. The statutory presumption of validity applies; McKinstry, supra at 181.
Affirmed.