Summary
In Grattan v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 92 N.Y. 274, 284, the court says: "The rule appears to be firmly settled, both as to a conversation or writing, that the introduction of a part renders admissible so much of the remainder as tends to explain or qualify what has been received, and that is to be deemed a qualification which rebuts and destroys the inference to be derived from or the use to be made of the portion put in evidence."
Summary of this case from Warfield v. Wire Wheel CorporationOpinion
Argued March 15, 1883
Decided April 24, 1883
William H. Arnoux for appellant.
James Lansing for respondent.
The defendant resists the verdict rendered in this action upon numerous grounds, the first of which is, that there was a breach of warranty by the insured as to the health of his brother Terence; that there was no conflict of evidence to carry the question to the jury; and that the charge of the court upon the subject was erroneous. There was much and very strong evidence that, for a considerable period just before the warranty of the applicant that his brother's health was good, Terence was in fact ill, and was emaciated, weak, and had a consumptive cough. His employers so testify, and that, as a consequence, they sent him to their own medical adviser, Dr. Mareness, to be examined, upon whose report he left their employ as unable longer to endure the labor required. On the other hand, witnesses were examined who testified that during the same period he appeared to be in good health, that he looked like a healthy man, and gave no indications to the contrary. The controversy, therefore, revolves about the true meaning of good health as used in the words of warranty; the appellant contending that it means good, in fact, actual freedom from illness or disease, and that, so understood, there was no dispute about the facts since the sickness of Terence was proved, and the plaintiff's evidence never went beyond mere appearances and raised no issue over the real fact. But it must be remembered that the question put and the answer given related not to the applicant's own health but to that of a third person. Unless in rare and exceptional cases the insured answering could only answer from physical appearances and indications. He could not have the knowledge that an individual has of his own condition, though even in such case self-deception is not rare, and very often entirely innocent and honest. Such an inquiry and its answer must necessarily be understood in a general and ordinary, and not in a strict and rigid sense. One who is not a doctor and speaks not of himself but of a third person, necessarily gives rather an opinion founded on observed facts than an absolute and accurate fact when he describes the health of such person as good. He means, and is understood to mean, that the individual inquired about has indicated in his action and appearance no symptoms or traces of disease, and to the observation of an ordinary friend or relative is in truth well. He means that, because he cannot usually mean any thing else; and the insurer naturally and necessarily must so understand question and answer, and, considered as a warranty, the answer warrants what it means and nothing more. The authorities almost, if not quite without exception, justify this view of the scope and meaning of an answer warranting the good health of a third person. ( Cushman v. U.S. Life Ins. Co., 70 N.Y. 76; Peacock v. N.Y. Life Ins. Co., 20 id. 293.) Upon such view of the law the plaintiff's evidence was admitted, and the question of the truth of the warranty submitted to the jury. The criticism upon the charge is that it confused the distinctions between a representation and a warranty, and substituted the honest belief of the applicant in the room of the actual fact. Some portions of the charge spoke of the answer given by the applicant as a representation, and of its falsity, if false, as a misrepresentation; but at the close of the charge its language and purport in this respect were challenged, and the court thereupon carefully explained its meaning. The learned counsel for the defendant asked the court to charge that the applicant "was bound at his peril to know the truth of every statement that he made, and whether intentionally or otherwise, if in fact any statement that he made was not true, under the warranty it vitiated the policy." The court so charged, and added by way of explanation, and to make clear the meaning intended to be conveyed, "that if from all the appearances of the brother he was in good health; in fact in good health, so that everybody would so pronounce him; and there was nothing to indicate to any person that he was not in good health," then the warranty was not broken, although in fact the germs of a lurking and hidden disease might exist. All difficulty as to the difference between representation and warranty was thus cleared away, and the meaning to be attached to the latter definitely stated, and we think correctly. A question of fact was thereby raised for the jury. While the evidence of Jeffers and of Warren showed the existence of ill health, the symptoms of which were plainly apparent, and their conduct in sending him to Dr. Mareness for examination, and his in submitting to it, and thereupon ceasing work furnishes very strong evidence of ill health, both actual and apparent, yet there is a considerable array of evidence in the contrary direction. Warren admits that he had before sworn he was not aware that Terence was a sick man until he returned with a paper from the doctor. Noelte, with whom Terence boarded, describes him as not sick and showing no such appearance; Fleming and Lewis, with whom he worked, say his health was good to their observation; Eicholz, the agent of the company, took his application for insurance, and the defendant's medical examiner certified the risk in the usual manner. Where the truth is in this contradiction it is difficult to say. Both the actual condition and the observable condition of Terence's health at the date of the warranty were put in doubt by the proofs, for the fair inference from the plaintiff's evidence, taken by itself, was not only that Terence seemed well, appeared well, but actually was in good health. The question of fact was submitted to the jury in terms quite as favorable to the defendant as the law of the case required, and their conclusion is beyond our review.
Another objection to the recovery is founded upon the answer given by the applicant to the medical examiner of the company which in the written statement denies, on the part of the insured, knowledge of the cause of his sister's death.
The question is serious. It is conceded that the sister of the insured, before his own application, died of consumption; that the insured knew the fact; that it was material to the action of the insurance company which was entitled to know the truth; that the fact was concealed and a false answer that the applicant did not know was made, either by the applicant or the medical examiner; that the false answer was in fact written down by the latter; but that the insured told him the precise truth and the actual fact. The controversy is thus narrowed to the single question, who was responsible for the falsehood; was the insured chargeable with it, or was it the sole fault of the company through its medical examiner? On the face of the papers it was the insured. His application, signed by him, and with knowledge of the contents of which he is prima facie chargeable, declares and warrants that his answers to the questions therein contained, "and to those in the examiner's report herewith are fair and true." The examiner's report contains the falsehood; and appended to that is the certificate of the insured, signed by him, in these words, viz.: "I hereby declare that I have given true answers to all questions put to me by the medical examiner, that they agree exactly with the foregoing, and that I am the same person described in the accompanying application, and whose signature is appended to declaration and warrant herewith." This certificate in terms confesses that the questions appearing upon the paper to have been answered by the applicant were in truth answered by him; that they were written out upon the paper before its signature by the applicant; that as so written they agree exactly with the answers made; and that the insured knew that fact and had knowledge of how they were written. Stopping at this point the case is clear. It is one in which the truth is told to the medical examiner; where the latter, instead of the truth, writes down a falsehood; where the applicant reads and knows the answer that is written, and with full knowledge of its falsity as written certifies that it is true and "agrees exactly" with the answers in fact made. This is the applicant's written admission. It is conclusive upon him, unless by some sufficient proof he explains and rebuts it. If he did read the answer as written, if he knew of its presence and still certified to its truth, the fraud was his. The medical examiner might write down the untruthful answer by mistake or inadvertence, but the applicant could not read it and then certify to its truth without fraud. It is evident, therefore, that no proof can explain and answer the applicant's certificate which falls short of showing either that the answer was not written when the certificate was signed, or at least was not known to the insured when he made such signature. In a former case against the same defendant the first of these facts was proved. ( Grattan v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 80 N.Y. 292; 36 Am. Rep. 617.) In that case the referee expressly found that the whole of the medical examiner's certificate was in blank and the cause of the sister's death was unwritten when the applicant signed it. In Mowry v. Rosendale ( 74 N.Y. 361) the same fact appeared. The applicant signed a blank and trusted to the agent of the company to fill it up thereafter. In Maher v. The Hibernia Ins. Co. ( 67 N.Y. 283) there was proof that the incorrect language of the policy was pointed out by the insured, but he was prevented from having the same corrected, or was thrown off his guard, and dissuaded therefrom by the acts or declarations of the agent of the insurer. The insured must show a state of facts indicating honesty and truthfulness on his part, and leaving the burden of having declared an untruth solely upon the agent of the company. The proof here relied upon for that purpose comes from the letter of the insured written to the company in answer to its assertion of fraud, its tender back of the premium paid, and its demand that the policy be canceled. The defendant introduced the letter and read so much of it as admitted that the applicant knew that his sister died of consumption, and the plaintiff read the rest under objection and exception. We think she had the right to do so. The whole of the letter was one connected narrative and an explanation of a single definite accusation. It was written to contradict the charge of a false representation as to the cause of the sister's death. To read part of it and suppress the rest distorts its purpose and meaning and turns a justification into a confession. The plaintiff could not have read it at all. When the defendant read a part of it he was bound to take with it all that explained or qualified what preceded. The rule appears to be firmly settled, both as to a conversation or writing, that the introduction of a part renders admissible so much of the remainder as tends to explain or qualify what has been received, and that is to be deemed a qualification which rebuts and destroys the inference to be derived from or the use to be made of the portion put in evidence. ( Rouse v. Whited, 25 N.Y. 170; Forrest v. Forrest, 6 Duer, 126-7; Gildersleeve v. Landon, 73 N.Y. 609.)
Here the admission of knowledge by Hugh of the cause of his sister's death, relatively to the written answer signed by him, tended to convict him of a falsehood and a fraud. That was the use to be made of the admission and the purpose of its proof. Whatever else in the letter tended to modify or destroy that effect of the admission and change its purport from a confession of guilt to an assertion of innocence, was a qualification of the statement to which the plaintiff was entitled. The case of Dilleber v. Home Life Ins. Co. ( 69 N.Y. 257; 25 Am. Rep. 182), to which we are referred, was of a different character. There the plaintiff was the wife for whose benefit the husband's life was insured. She, and not he, was the owner of the policy. His declarations, not part of the res gestæ, could not affect her. His letter, therefore, was only evidence of his knowledge of his condition, but not of the facts constituting it, when offered against the owner of the policy. It would have been such evidence as against him or his personal representative. But here the declarations of the letter were not admissible in behalf of the plaintiff at all, because she was the personal representative of the deceased. The defendant could waive that difficulty by putting such declarations, or a part of them, in evidence, on its behalf, but when it did so, must also make equally evidence that which tended to explain or qualify the portion which was used. We recur then to the letter. It is not in all respects clear and full, but substantially asserts entire ignorance of the answer written, and one given which was truthful. It begins with an explicit denial of having made any fraudulent misrepresentation, and then proceeds to state what it calls "the true facts." It avers that the company's agent solicited the two brothers to insure; that he came to their father's house for needed information; that the father took the Bible and from it gave the family ages and deaths, and the cause of the sister's death, which was consumption; that the agent wrote all these details down upon a slip of paper; that Terence and the agent went direct to the medical examiner, to whom the agent handed the slip with the answers upon it; that the doctor asked Terence if all those answers were correct and true, to which he said "yes," but "what he put down he does not know." The recital then adds, "the same was done with me, only in this, that I did not go with the agent." Stopping at this point in the letter we must infer from its statements that each of the brothers signed the certificate in blank, leaving the medical examiner to fill it out afterward from the slip which was declared to be correct. This view of the case was that which prevailed and was held sufficient in the litigation over Terence's policy. But some things which follow in the letter indicate that Hugh did not sign in blank, and that the answers were written when he appended his name. He described his interview with the medical examiner, and says he " took those dates of ages from the slip, and when he came to the cause of my sister's death, he said, `your sister died of consumption?'" I answered, "yes, sir; in yours" (that is, in their letter to him) "you say that my answer was `I did not know;' some person lies; we do not." This version of the scene indicates that the medical examiner, with the company's blank before him containing the list of questions, put them in their order and wrote down the answers as they were received. Still it does not follow that the protestation of the insured that he did not know what answers the doctor wrote is either untrue or improbable. It does not appear that he saw what was written, or read it himself, or that it was read to him. If the transaction took this latter shape, the medical examiner, receiving a true answer, wrote down a false one; and his act could not be inadvertent, but was fraudulent. If so, he would be quite sure not to read the written answer to the insured, or permit him to read it, but procure his signature at the end through natural confidence and trust in the accurate statement of his answers. In any view, therefore, of this letter it raised a question of fact. It tended to explain and rebut the inferences flowing from the certificate of the assured and to throw the burden of the false answer upon the company's agent alone. ( Mowry v. Rosendale and Grattan v. Met. Life Ins. Co., supra; Flynn v. Eq. Life Ins. Co., 78 N.Y. 568; 34 Am.Rep. 561.) Upon the question of fact thus raised we must again be content with the verdict of the jury.
The question asked Dr. Mareness, viz.: "what opinion did you form, based on the general sight of the man, before you made an examination, or before you had any conversation with him?" was properly excluded as privileged within the statute. The doctor had never seen him before, nor seen him since. His whole knowledge came from the one interview, which was wholly and purely of a professional character. We have distinctly held in such a case that the communication to the physician's sense of sight is within the statute, and as much so as if it had been oral and reached his ear ( Grattan v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 80 N.Y. 297; 36 Am. Rep. 617), and that information derived from observation of the patient's appearance and symptoms must not be disclosed. ( Edington v. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 67 N.Y. 185.) The case here is not like Edington v. Ætna Life Ins. Co. ( 77 N.Y. 564). There the physician had seen the patient, both before and after he attended him professionally. He had a possible knowledge derived from observation when no professional relation existed. Here such relation began upon the instant that Terence came into his presence and continued until he disappeared from view. No information so acquired could be disclosed.
Dr. Halves was examined as a witness by the defendant, and testified that he was called as a witness on a former trial, but did not say by whom; and that he attended Terence in his last illness. He was then asked if Terence died of consumption, which was excluded. The question was then put whether upon such former trial he was not asked by the plaintiff's counsel if he attended Terence in his last illness, to which he answered in the affirmative, and that Terence died of consumption. This and some similar evidence offered was excluded. The appellant claims that this ruling is erroneous, upon the ground that the silence imposed upon the physician is a personal privilege which may be waived, and that the questions put on behalf of the plaintiff on the former trial amounted to such a waiver But the evidence was inadmissible for two reasons. What the witness testified to on a former trial, he being living and present for examination on the second trial, could only be proved for the purpose of contradicting him or of refreshing his memory. No emergency of that kind existed to justify the proof. To establish a waiver of the right to prevent disclosure, the only proof necessary or competent in any event was the fact of the inquiry by the plaintiff. The answer given was not needed for such purpose. It was the question which opened the door. But we do not agree that the plaintiff's inquiry on the former trial precluded his objection on the latter one. It was an incident in the mode of trial. It waived for that occasion and under then existing circumstances an objection which might have been relied upon. It was in no sense an admission of the party, but proof by a witness. The party was not even then bound by the fact, but might disprove it. Owen v. Cawley ( 36 N.Y. 600), cited as authority, was a peculiar case. An order had been entered by the General Term entitling either party on the new trial to read the evidence which had been given on the other. And it was the admission of the party that was sought to be proved, and in that connection it was said that where an absolute and unqualified admission is made in a pending cause, whether by written stipulation of the attorney, or as matter of proof on the hearing, it cannot be retracted on a subsequent trial unless by leave of the court. The case is far from establishing that, because proof which might have been, was not, excluded on a first trial, it cannot be shut out on the second. Such a rule would tend to perpetuate and make incurable the errors or indiscretions or oversights of counsel, and hamper the second trial with a study of the first. We do not know how the plaintiff came to ask the questions. The case does not show who called the witness. The plaintiff may have asserted her privilege and been overruled by the court, and so driven to these inquiries without any voluntary waiver of her rights. We are of opinion that the evidence objected to was properly excluded.
It was claimed that the assured warranted his occupation to be that of a soda-water "dealer," when in fact he was a soda-water "peddler." If there was any material difference between the phrases, it was cured by proof that the actual facts were truthfully stated to the defendant's agent, and the expression used was the latter's choice as correctly stating the truth.
Some other exceptions taken have been examined, but do not require special consideration.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur, except EARL, J., not voting.
Judgment affirmed.