MR. JUSTICE LAMAR, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.

In 1868 the City Council of South Bend, by ordinance, granted plaintiff's predecessor in title the right to lay a double track over a part of Division street. The Company built a single track in 1871 and a double track for part of the way in 1881, but, on attempting in 1902 to extend it, for the balance of the authorized distance, was prevented from doing so because the city had repealed so much of the ordinance of 1868 as related to double tracks. In the record here it appears that, in the litigation which followed, the action of the city was sustained on the ground that the repeal was presumptively a reasonable exercise of the police power and not a legislative impairment of the contract ordinance.

The assignment of error on this ruling presents a question which this court is bound to decide for itself, independent of decisions of the State court, Northern Pacific Ry. v. Duluth, 208 U.S. 583, 590. In doing so it is necessary first to determine whether the city had legislative authority to pass the ordinance, for, if there was no such power, the grant was void and the repeal was not so much the impairment of the obligation of a contract as the withdrawal of an assent to occupy the streets.

We are, however, relieved of the necessity of making any extended inquiry on this primary question, because the Indiana statute provided that the railroad might be built through any city that would give its consent. In a suit by an abutting owner, the Supreme Court of the State, construing this very ordinance of 1868, held that the city had power to pass it, "the laying out and operating of the railway being a new and improved method of using the streets germane to its principal object." Dwenger v. Chicago Grand Trunk Ry. Co., 98 Ind. 153. In other cases that court held that the statute authorized cities to grant franchises to lay tracks in the streets; that such an ordinance created that which is in the nature of a contract "which the municipality itself cannot materially impair." Williams v. Citizens' Ry., 130 Ind. 71, 73; Town of New Castle v. Lake Erie W.R. Co., 155 Ind. 18, 24. These rulings accord with the decisions in other jurisdictions and by this court in Louisville v. Cumberland Telephone Company, 225 U.S. 430, holding that an ordinance conferring a street franchise, passed by a municipality under legislative authority, created a valid contract binding and enforceable according to its terms.

2. If, then, the City of South Bend was authorized to pass this ordinance which granted an easement, the contract cannot be impaired unless, as claimed by the defendant, the railroad took subject to a right to amend or repeal in the exercise of the police power. And many cases are cited in support of the proposition that the grant of authority to use the streets of a city does not prevent the subsequent passage of ordinances needed for the preservation of the public safety and convenience. Some of the cases turned on the question as to the city's want of legislative power to make the grant in the first instance. Others held that charter grants did not prevent the State from subsequently repealing franchises which in their operation were injurious to the morals or health of the public, as in the Lottery, Liquor and Fertilizer cases. Stone v. Mississippi, 101 U.S. 814; Boston Beer Co. v. Massachusetts, 97 U.S. 25; Northwestern Fertilizing Co. v. Hyde Park, 97 U.S. 659. Others related to the change of paving, grade and location of viaducts. All of them recognize the municipality's control of the use of the streets by travellers on foot or in vehicles, as well as the use by companies which have a franchise to lay tracks over which to haul cars.

Undoubtedly the railroad here took no vested interest in the maintenance of the laws or regulations of force when the ordinance was passed in 1868, but the rights acquired were subject to the power of the municipality to pass reasonable regulations necessary to secure the public safety. Northern Pac. R.R. v. Duluth, 208 U.S. 583. And while the franchise to lay and use a double track was a contract which could not be impaired, yet, as the police power remained efficient and operative, the municipality had ample authority to make regulations necessitating changes of a nature which could not have been compelled if the grant had been from it as a private proprietor. The city could, therefore, legislate as to crossings, grades, character of rails, rate of speed, giving of signals and the details of operating track and train, regulating the use of the franchise, and preserving the concurrent rights of the public and the company. And, as in the viaduct cases, it might require these tracks to be lowered or elevated ( Chicago, B. Q.R.R. v. Nebraska, 170 U.S. 57), or, — the franchise, and not the particular location, being the essence of the contract, the city, under the power to regulate, might compel the company to remove the tracks from the center to the side, or from the side to the center of the street. New Orleans Gas Light Co. v. Drainage Commission, 197 U.S. 453; Macon c. R.R. v. Mayor, 112 Ga. 782; Atlantic B. Ry. v. Cordele, 128 Ga. 293, 296; Snouffer v. Cedar Rapids M.C. Ry. Co., 118 Iowa 287 (5).

These, however, are examples of the persistence of the power to regulate and do not sustain the validity of the repealing ordinance of 1901, since it is not regulative of the use but destructive of the franchise. In every case like this involving an inquiry as to whether a law is valid, as an exertion of the police power, or void, as impairing the obligation of a contract, the determination must depend on the nature of the contract and the right of government to make it. The difference between the two classes of cases is that which results from the want of authority to barter away the police power, whose continued existence is essential to the well-being of society, and the undoubted right of government to contract as to some matters and the want of power, when such contract is made, to destroy or impair its obligation. New Orleans Gas Co. v. Louisiana Light Co., 115 U.S. 650.

The State, with its plenary control over the streets, had this governmental power to make the grant. There was nothing contrary to public policy in any of its terms, and being valid and innocuous, the police power could not be invoked to abrogate it as a whole or to impair it in part. Walla Walla v. Walla Walla Water Co., 172 U.S. 1, 17. Tracks laid in a street, under legislative authority, become legalized, and, when used in the customary manner, cannot be treated as unlawful either in maintenance or operation. As said by this court, "a railway over the . . . streets of the city of Washington, may be authorized by Congress, and if, when used with reasonable care, it produces only that incidental inconvenience which unavoidably follows the additional occupation of the streets by its cars with the noises and disturbances necessarily attending their use, no one can complain that he is incommoded." Baltimore Potomac R.R. Co. v. Fifth Baptist Church, 108 U.S. 317, 331. The inconvenience consequent upon the running of a railroad through a city, under state authority, is not a nuisance in law, but is insuperably connected with the exercise of the franchise granted by the State. If the police power could lay hold of such inconveniences, and make them the basis of the right to repeal such an ordinance, the contract could be abrogated because of the very growth in population and business the railroad was intended to secure.

The power to regulate implies the existence and not the destruction of the thing to be controlled. And while the city retained the power to regulate the streets and the use of the franchise, it could neither destroy the public use nor impair the private contract, which, as it contemplated permanent and not temporary structures, granted a permanent and not a revocable franchise. Both the street and the railroad were arteries of commerce. Both were highways of public utility, and both were laid out subject to the authority of the State, though the power to regulate the use of the streets has been delegated to the municipality. So that while the company was itself authorized to select the route between the terminal points named in the charter, it could not use streets without the consent of the city through which the line ran. In determining whether they would grant or refuse that consent the municipal authorities were obliged to balance the present and prospective inconveniences of having trains operated through its streets against the advantage of having the railroad accessible to its citizens. It could have refused its consent, except on terms; it could have forced the road to the outskirts of the town, or could have permitted the company to lay tracks in the more thickly settled parts of the city. When such consent was once given the condition precedent had been performed and the street franchise was thereafter held, not from the city, but from the State which, however, did not confer upon the municipality any authority to withdraw that consent, nor was there any attempt by the council to reserve such power in the ordinance itself.

It is said, however, that even if the city could not prevent the use of the rails already laid, it could repeal so much of the ordinance as related to that part of the street on which the double track had not been actually built. But this was not a grant of several distinct and separate franchises, where the acceptance and use of one did not necessarily execute the contract as to others not connected with the main object of the ordinance and not at the time directly within the contemplation of the parties. Pearsall v. Great Northern R.R., 161 U.S. 646, 673. This franchise was single and specific, and when accepted and acted upon became binding, — not foot by foot, as the rails were laid — but as an entirety. Here the company not only accepted the ordinance and constructed the road, but, relying on the franchise, acquired from the abutters by purchase or condemnation an 18-foot strip with a view of laying thereon a double track as the increase in business made that necessary. Subsequently it built the double track for a part of the distance and has not abandoned or forfeited the right to use the balance of the easement when needed for the discharge of its public duties as a carrier.

The ordinance passed in pursuance of the Indiana statute was an entirety. When accepted it became binding in its entirety. If the city has the right to repeal the specific provisions of the contract, it has the like right to repeal the more general grant to lay a single track. If South Bend can do so, every other municipality having granted like rights, under similar ordinances, and affecting every line of railway in the country, can repeal the franchise to use double or single track. On the ground of congestion of traffic, the State's grant and command to operate a continuous road could be nullified by municipal action, to the destruction of great highways of commerce, similar in their nature to the street itself. Such consequences, though improbable, are rendered impossible by the provision of the Constitution of the United States prohibiting the impairment of the obligation of a contract by legislation of a State, whether acting through a General Assembly or a municipality exercising delegated legislative power. Mercantile Trust Company v. Columbus, 203 U.S. 311, 320; New Orleans Gas Co. v. Louisiana Light Co., 115 U.S. 650; City Ry. Co. v. Citizens' R.R., 166 U.S. 557. See also Hestonville c. R.R. v. Philadelphia, 89 Pa. 210 (3); Suburban R.T. Co. v. Mayor, 128 N.Y. 510, 520; Asbury Park Ry. v. Neptune Township, 73 N.J. Eq. 323, 329-332; Brunswick Western R.R. Co. v. Mayor, 91 Ga. 573; Workman v. R.R., 129 Cal. 536; Africa v. Knoxville, 70 F. 729; Burlington v. Burlington S.R.R., 49 Iowa 144; Town of Arcata v. Arcata M.R.R. Co., 92 Cal. 639; Detroit v. Detroit H.P.R.R. Co., 43 Mich. 140, 147; City of Seattle v. Columbia P.S.R.R., 6 Wn. 379; City of Noblesville v. Lake Erie W.R.R., 130 Ind. 1. "Obviously, upon the clearest considerations of law and justice, the grant of authority to defendant when accepted and acted upon, became an irrevocable contract, and the city is powerless to set it aside." St. Louis v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 148 U.S. 92, 103.

The defendant relies on Baltimore v. Baltimore Trust G. Co., 166 U.S. 673, where, however, the facts were materially different. For there the company had a sweeping grant to lay double tracks through many miles of the streets. The city repealed the ordinance so far as it related to a short distance in a crowded part of Lexington street, which, as appears in the original record, varied from 48 to 50 feet in width, the sidewalks being about eleven feet in width and the roadway proper being about 29 feet from curb to curb. With double tracks, there was only 7 1/2 feet from the curb to the nearest rail, and, allowing for the overhang of the car, this space was not wide enough to permit vans and large wagons to pass. At some points buggies and narrow vehicles could only pass by running the wheels on the edge of the sidewalk. These facts are wholly different from the situation disclosed by this record, where the sweeping grant conferred the right to lay a single track, but the specific grant "immediately within the contemplation of the parties" ( Pearsall v. Great Northern Ry., 161 U.S. 646, 673) was a definite franchise to construct this particular double track between designated points, on Division street, which is 82 1/2 feet wide, or 32 feet wider than Lexington street. It is admitted that a double track has been actually used on it for more than 20 years.

The statute and the ordinance, in the Baltimore Case, were also materially different from those here involved. The court declined to decide whether the council had the power to make an irrepealable contract, it being sufficient to hold that the direction to lay but one track for a short distance on Lexington street did not substantially change the terms of the contract, granting such very broad and general right to lay many miles of double track throughout the city. But regardless of the construction there was no impairment, because of the important fact that the legislature of Maryland had ratified the street ordinance on condition that it might at any time be amended or repealed by the city council.

That decision, based on such different facts and on such different statute and ordinance, is not applicable here where the city of South Bend sought to repeal a part of a street franchise granted in pursuance of a state statute which, while it authorized the city to consent, reserved to it no such power to repeal. As said in Indianapolis v. Indianapolis Gas Co., 66 Ind. 396, 402, such a contract ordinance "does not in the least restrict the legislative powers of the city except, as the sanctity of the contract is shielded by the Constitution of the United States, it cannot in the exercise of its legislative power impair its validity; for it would be a solecism to hold that a municipal corporation can impair the validity of a contract, when the State which created the corporation, by its most solemn acts, has no such power."

The facts stated in the complaint, and admitted by the demurrer, raise no presumption that the repeal was the reasonable exercise of the police power, but on the contrary show that the contract of 1868 was materially impaired by the ordinance of 1901 in violation of the provisions of Art. I, § 10, of the Constitution.

The judgment is reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

MR. JUSTICE DAY concurs in the result on the ground that the facts stated in the complaint and admitted by the demurrer raise no presumption that the repeal was the reasonable exercise of the police power and that nothing else is necessary to be decided. MR. JUSTICE HUGHES and Mr. JUSTICE PITNEY dissent.