Summary
In Graham Wagner, Inc., v. Ridge, 41 Ohio App. 288, 179 N.E. 693, the action was restricted to damages for injury to property and health occasioned by the creation and maintenance of a private nuisance.
Summary of this case from Frey v. Q.C. Paper Co.Opinion
Decided May 20, 1931.
Nuisance — Tombstones and monuments manufactured in residence district — Judgment sustained where evidence supports verdict — Dust, noise and vibration work annoyance and discomfiture, and rentals lessened — Measure of damages for temporary nuisance — Error in overruling motion to direct verdict, waived — Motion not renewed at conclusion of all evidence — Evidence — Testimony that witness contracted tuberculosis from dust, admissible, when — Business district not created by a few trading and manufacturing places — Character of district established by major use — Special instruction on measure of damages, properly refused.
1. Where evidence supports verdict, appellate court cannot substitute its judgment for that of jury.
2. Dust, noise, and vibration, when sufficient to work annoyance and discomfiture, and when actual rental earnings are lessened and impaired, constitutes "nuisance."
3. Measure of damages for temporary nuisance is difference in rental value before and after injury.
4. Where evidence justifies recovery for nuisance, amount of damages rests in first instance in jury's discretion, independent of opinion of any other person as to amount and value thereof.
5. Defendant, by introducing evidence after overruling of motion for directed verdict, and not renewing motion at conclusion of evidence, waived exception to court's denial of motion.
6. In action for damages caused by private nuisance permitting witness to testify that during her sojourn as tenant in plaintiff's property witness contracted tuberculosis from dust from defendant's plant held not error, as its purpose was properly limited.
7. That there are few trading places in immediate neighborhood does not make district trading or manufacturing district as regards existence of private nuisance.
8. Major use to which district is put must establish its character, as regards existence of private nuisance.
9. In action for maintaining private nuisance, defendant's requested instruction was properly refused, as not stating correct law, which instruction informed jury that measure of damages to which plaintiff was entitled, if jury should find from evidence that plaintiff was entitled to damages, was actual loss sustained by plaintiff, from time of the taking over of the business by the defendant and the filing of the action by plaintiff, and that jury could not consider the depreciation, if any, of the value of the plaintiff's property by reason of the operation of defendant's business.
ERROR: Court of Appeals for Stark county.
Messrs. Andrews Moreland and Mr. Walter S. Ruff, for plaintiff in error.
Mr. Milton C. Moore and Mr. Edward P. Speidel, for defendant in error.
The defendant in the trial court, Graham Wagner, Inc., prosecutes error in this court from a judgment entered on the verdict against it. The parties hereinafter will be referred to as they stood in the court of first instance.
The petition of plaintiff, Violet Ridge, recites a single cause of action grounded upon defendant's creation and maintenance of a private nuisance upon its property immediately adjoining plaintiff's premises; and the relief sought is money damages for injury to her property and health. It is further requested that the nuisance be abated. Upon this phase of the case no order was made in the trial court, and, the plaintiff having died shortly after trial, no contention pertaining thereto is made by her substituted personal representative who is now defendant in error herein. The cause as it now stands bears no equitable feature, but is purely one for damages.
The plaintiff charges that the defendant was engaged in sawing, grinding, cutting and dressing marble and granite; in other words, manufacturing tombstones and monuments; and that this business was conducted in such a manner that great quantities of dust were cast upon and entered within the plaintiff's residence. Plaintiff further charges that operation of the business was accompanied by much noise and vibration, distinctly noticeable in her premises, and by reason thereof she was made nervous and otherwise ill; that she suffered much discomfort and annoyance therefrom; that her property was injured thereby, and was depreciated in value; and that she lost rentals by reason of the acts complained of. These facts and averments are, of course, denied.
It is agreed, however, that plaintiff's ownership and occupancy of her residence preceded the defendant's operations. It is conceded that the locality is or was essentially a residence district, and that within recent years several trading establishments have entered the district and are in close proximity to plaintiff's property. It is not strenuously or successfully contended that the district is a manufacturing one.
At the conclusion of the plaintiff's case the defendant moved for a directed verdict for a failure of proof of any actual damages sustained, and for the further reason that there was no evidence introduced by which the jury could measure or ascertain any damages whatever.
The court, in passing upon this motion, made remark that, "leaving aside the question of injuries to her person, the court has great difficulty in seeing that there is any evidence introduced on the other items of special damage, but the court feels that there is sufficient evidence here to allow the case to go to the jury on the question of her annoyance, and the impairment of her health, consequently will overrule the motion and give you an exception." It is now claimed that in so doing the court erred and that the motion should have been sustained.
The defendant takes the position that the court by this ruling withdrew all matter of property damage from the jury, but this is not borne out by the later development of the case, for we note from the general charge that the court submitted two issues to the jury, one, the matter of health, the other the loss of rentals. The court indicated in its ruling on the motion that the matter of annoyance and discomfort might be a proper element in ascertaining the plaintiff's damage, and we believe that in this question the jury was in fact indirectly instructed.
An examination of the testimony offered on behalf of the plaintiff convinces us that in all three particulars there was some credible evidence to support the verdict, and, this being true, this court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the jury. If the defendant's theory be true, that there is no evidence as to impairment of plaintiff's health, such cannot be said of the question of reduced rental value and annoyance and discomfort. The jury in this case was not specially interrogated. The verdict was general, and an affirmative answer on the one issue was perfectly consistent with its answer on the other issue or issues. The rule of Sites v. Haverstick, 23 Ohio St. 626, therefore, has direct application.
The defendant, however, further insists that the acts complained of do not amount to a nuisance, for the reason that the plaintiff's property and her enjoyment thereof are subservient to the advancing usages in and of the district. But keeping in mind the facts of this case, that she was there first, that it is not contended that this is a manufacturing district, but only that some trading concerns have entered therein, we are not disposed to extend the rule of the exception for which the defendant contends.
As said in Ellis v. Kansas City, St. J. C.B. Rd. Co., 63 Mo., 131, at page 135, 21 Am. Rep., 436: "Nuisances in one's dwelling are all acts done by another from without, which render life within the house uncomfortable, whether it be by infecting the air with noisome smells or with gases injurious to health." And the same is true with reference to dust and noise and vibration when sufficient to work an annoyance and a discomfort, as in this case, and when rental earnings are lessened and impaired thereby.
The defendant says there is no proof of actual damages sustained. By this it is meant that no witness has expressed an opinion or fixed the value of the damages in money. It must be remembered that the measure of damages in the case of a continuing nuisance is different from that in a case where the nuisance is but temporary. In the latter case the measure is the difference in rental value before and after the injury. That may be expressed in dollars and cents, or shown in inability to rent the property at all; and as said in 20 Ruling Case Law, 470: "In assessing the damages for the maintenance of a nuisance in the neighborhood of a residence or dwelling, the jury may look to such injury as occurs to the use of the property as a residence, taking into consideration the discomfort and annoyance which the owner has suffered from the nuisance."
The plaintiff in this case has proved essential facts entitling her to a recovery, and the amount of any such recovery rests, in the first instance, in the discretion of the jury, independent of the opinion of any other person as to the amount and value thereof.
In a suit for services, a jury is permitted to exercise its own knowledge as to the reasonable value thereof, for the law well recognizes that of such matters jurors have a keen understanding. In McIntyre's Executor v. Garlick, 8 C.C., 416, at page 428 [4 C.D., 429], it is said: "But to entitle the plaintiff to a verdict, it is not generally necessary for him to prove the precise value, or the amount of damages, alleged in his petition. That rests in opinion based upon the facts, and the opinion that is to govern is that of the jury, and not that of witnesses, at least in matters of common observation and general knowledge." This case is strongly approved of in Hassler v. Trump, 62 Ohio St. 139, 56 N.E. 656. It is said in Dauberman v. Grant, 198 Cal. 586, at page 590, 246 P. 319, 321, 48 A.L.R., 1244: "It was not necessary to the recovery of damages caused by the nuisance of smoke and soot to prove actual damage to plaintiff's property. She was entitled to recover for the personal discomfort and annoyance to which she had been subjected * * *." The same rule is applied in City of Mansfield v. Hunt, 19 C.C., 488, at pages 496, 497, 10 C.D., 567.
There remains another sufficient reason why this claimed error is not maintainable. If such was error, it has in this instance been waived. Upon the overruling of this motion, the defendant proceeded to and did introduce much evidence on its behalf. And we note from the record that the motion was not renewed at the conclusion of all the evidence in the case. It therefore follows that the rule of Cincinnati Traction Co. v. Durack, 78 Ohio St. 243, 85 N.E. 38, 14 Ann. Cas., 218, is controlling, and the exception is waived, and error cannot be predicated thereon in a reviewing court.
It is next urged that the trial court erred in the admission of certain testimony of the witness, Mrs. Griffith, in that she was permitted to testify that during her sojourn as a tenant in the plaintiff's home she contracted tuberculosis from the dust from defendant's plant, which later developed. We do not find that the court committed error in this respect. Turning to page 119 of the record, we learn that the court limited the purpose of this testimony to showing the nature of the nuisance claimed. It was not intended to make the illness of the witness referable to the plaintiff's illness in any other respect, and the jury so understood. We believe the old case of Hunt v. Lowell Gas Light Co., 90 Mass. (8 Allen), 169, 85 Am. Dec., 697, correctly states the rule, in the syllabus, where it says "evidence is competent to show that all the other persons living in the same house, who had been in good health before the time complained of, afterwards became ill, for the purpose of showing the effect of the gas upon others who inhaled it at the same time with the plaintiff."
The defendant further charges that the court erred in its refusal to give its special request No. 1, which it claims is based on the charge approved in the case of Eller v. Koehler, 68 Ohio St. 51, 67 N.E. 89. The facts in that case, however, are in no way similar to the facts herein. In that case it was admitted by the pleading that the plaintiff's dwelling was in a manufacturing district; but in this suit the defendant's business seems to be the only manufacturing plant in the immediate neighborhood. The fact that there are a few trading places, like a plumbing shop and a gas filling station, does not make the district either a trading or manufacturing district. It is the major use to which the district is put that must establish its character. Hence the charge approved of in the Eller case was not a proper charge in this case although it was limited to a trading district.
As a final proposition of error, it is advanced that the court erred in its refusal to give its special request No. 3, which reads as follows: "I will say to you as a matter of law that the measure of damages to which the plaintiff is entitled, if you find from the evidence that she is entitled to damages, is the actual loss sustained by the plaintiff from September 30, 1924, to June 20, 1929, which is the time between the taking over of the business by the defendant and the filing of this action by the plaintiff, and you are not permitted to take into consideration the depreciation, if any, of the value of the plaintiff's property by reason of the operation of defendant's business, and if you find from the testimony that the plaintiff has suffered no actual loss, then your verdict must be for the defendant."
We deem it unnecessary to reassert the law applicable to this case, and we will now content ourselves with stating that this request does not correctly state the law, and hence was properly refused.
We are unable to understand why the trial court gave defendant's special request No. 4, which stated: "I say to you as a matter of law, that the plaintiff having offered no testimony as to the actual loss which she sustained to her property by reason of the alleged acts of the defendant, you are therefore instructed that you cannot award to the plaintiff any sum whatsoever for loss sustained to her property."
This is in direct conflict with that portion of the general charge previously noted. It rather seems to us that the plaintiff should have been here complaining of the small verdict of $400 rendered in her favor, rather than the defendant. Finding no error in this case prejudicial to the rights of the defendant, the judgment is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
LEMERT and MONTGOMERY, JJ., concur.