Opinion
No. 30161
Decided March 14, 1945.
Evidence — Depositions — Taking and use prescribed by statute — Use authorized in another action between same parties, when — Section 11540, General Code — Deposition taken by plaintiff in personal injury action — May be read in wrongful death action, when — But deposition taken by defendant in personal injury action — Inadmissible in wrongful death action by administrator or executor, when.
1. In this state the taking of the testimony of witnesses by deposition is authorized and regulated by statute, and the right to use depositions depends upon the existence, at the time they are offered in evidence at the trial, of one of the grounds of admissibility prescribed by statute.
2. Section 11540, General Code, authorizes a deposition to be read in any stage of the proceeding in which taken or in any other action or proceeding "upon the same matter between the same parties," subject, however, to such exceptions as are specified by statute.
3. An action under Section 10509-166, General Code, by an administrator to recover damages for the wrongful death of his decedent, and an action theretofore instituted by the decedent in his lifetime against the same defendant to recover damages for the injuries ultimately resulting in his death, which action was settled and dismissed, are not actions "upon the same matter between the same parties."
4. Depositions taken by the plaintiff in an action for damages for personal injuries are authorized by Section 11540-1, General Code, to be read by the administrator or executor of the estate of plaintiff in any action for damages or wrongfully caused death resulting from the same personal injuries.
5. A deposition taken by the defendant as upon cross-examination in an action instituted by the decedent in his lifetime to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been caused by the negligence of the defendant, which action was settled and dismissed, is not admissible in an action subsequently brought by an administrator or executor against the same defendant to recover damages for the wrongful death of decedent alleged to have resulted from such injuries.
CERTIFIED by the Court of Appeals of Franklin county.
This action was instituted in the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin county September 26, 1941, by the administratrix of the estate of Edward B. Gorman, deceased, for the recovery of damages for the wrongful death of her decedent alleged to have been caused by the negligence of The Columbus Southern Ohio Electric Company.
The negligence charged against the defendant is that on or about June 27, 1937, while decedent was standing at a street intersection in the city of Columbus waiting for a streetcar, a trolley tip from the trolley of one of defendant's streetcars was violently thrown from the trolley and against the decedent, causing a contusion in the left groin which, it is alleged, finally resulted in his death May 10, 1940.
Prior to his death the decedent, Edward B. Gorman, had instituted an action against the same defendant, wherein he sought damages for the personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by him. The two actions were predicated upon the same accident. During the pendency of the action brought by Gorman, his deposition was taken as upon cross-examination at the instance of the defendant, The Columbus Southern Ohio Electric Company. The deposition was duly transcribed and a copy thereof delivered to defendant's counsel, who also represent it in the instant case, but such deposition was never filed. That action was subsequently settled and dismissed at the costs of the defendant.
Upon the trial of the instant case, the plaintiff offered in evidence the deposition of the decedent taken in the former action, objection to the introduction of which was sustained by the trial court. Thereafter, at the conclusion of the plaintiff's case, upon motion of the defendant, the Court of Common Pleas directed a verdict for the defendant upon the ground that there was no evidence showing that the decedent was injured or came to his death as the result of any negligence on the part of the defendant.
Upon appeal, the Court of Appeals (one member dissenting) reversed the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas and remanded the case to that court for a new trial upon the ground that the court erred in excluding from evidence the deposition of Edward B. Gorman. Thereafter the judges of the Court of Appeals, finding the judgment, upon which they had agreed, to be in conflict with the judgment pronounced upon the same question by the Court of Appeals of the First Appellate District in the case of Lord v. Boschert, 47 Ohio App. 54, 189 N.E. 863, certified the record in the instant case to this court for review and final determination.
Mr. Max H. Gumble and Mr. W.B. Bartels, for appellee.
Messrs. Burr, Porter, Stanley Treffinger, for appellant.
The question the answer to which is determinative of this case is whether the deposition taken by the defendant as upon cross-examination in the action instituted by the decedent in his lifetime to recover damages for injury alleged to have been caused by the negligence of the defendant, which action was settled and dismissed, is admissible in an action subsequently brought by the administratrix against the same defendant to recover damages for the wrongful death of the decedent alleged to have resulted from such injuries.
In this state the taking of the testimony of witnesses by deposition is authorized and regulated by statute, and the right to use depositions depends upon the existence, at the time they are offered in evidence at the trial, of one of the grounds of admissibility prescribed by statute. 14 Ohio Jurisprudence, 8, 10, Sections 3, 5. Among other requirements precedent to the taking of a deposition is the giving of a written notice thereof to the adverse party which "shall specify the action or proceeding, the name of the court or tribunal in which the deposition is to be used, and the time when and place where it will be taken." (Section 11534, General Code.)
The deposition so taken must be sealed in an envelope endorsed with the title of the cause and transmitted to the clerk of the court wherein the action or proceeding is pending. (Section 11538, General Code.)
The use to be made of such deposition is expressly prescribed by the provisions of Section 11540, General Code. That section authorizes the reading of the deposition at any stage of the action or proceeding in which taken "or in any other action or proceeding upon the same matter between the same parties."
Is this action, which was instituted by the administratrix of the estate of Edward B. Gorman, deceased, to recover damages for the wrongful death of decedent, an action "upon the same matter between the same parties" as that which had been instituted by Edward B. Gorman himself to recover damages for the injuries ultimately resulting in his death, and which action, long prior to the beginning of this suit, had been settled and dismissed?
In the consideration and determination of this question, the decisions of this court in the cases of Mahoning Valley Ry. Co. v. Van Alstine, Admr., 77 Ohio St. 395, 83 N.E. 601, 14 L.R.A. (N.S.), 893; and May Coal Co. v. Robinette, Admr., 120 Ohio St. 110, 165 N.E. 576, 64 A. L. R., 441, and the reasoning of the court upon which such decisions were based are persuasive if not conclusive of the question presented in this case.
In the Van Alstine case, as here, action had been brought by the person injured, but the plaintiff died during the pendency of the suit and the action was revived by his administrator. The trial resulted in a judgment which was satisfied. In an action thereafter brought by the administrator on behalf of the next of kin to recover for the wrongful death of Van Alstine, the previous judgment was pleaded as res judicata.
In the Robinette case, both actions were instituted by the administrator; one for damages for the benefit of the decedent's estate, for personal injuries and property damage sustained by the decedent in an automobile accident; the other, under favor of Section 10770 (now Section 10509-166) et seq., General Code, to recover damages for the alleged wrongful death of the decedent, for the benefit of the next of kin.
This court held in each instance that the two actions were brought and maintained under separate and independent rights and that recovery and satisfaction in the one action were not a bar to recovery in the other.
It must be conceded, as observed in the opinions in those cases, that there is considerable conflict in the decisions upon this question in various jurisdictions. In many instances, however, the conflict is more apparent than real, for the seeming conflict arises from differences in the statutory provisions of the various states governing such proceedings.
It has been well urged that if this suit is another action "upon the same matter between the same parties" upon the theory that the plaintiff in this action is in privity with and successor to the decedent, Edward B. Gorman, then the plaintiff is bound by the settlement and dismissal of the former case; and that if, on the other hand, the application of the doctrine of res judicata is to be evaded by the claim that this suit arises as an independent right of action for the next of kin based upon the wrongful death statute, then it must follow, under the principle announced in the Van Alstine and Robinette cases, that the two actions are not between the same parties.
As previously observed, the admissibility of depositions in evidence upon the trial of a case is a matter generally of statutory regulation and control. It is stated in 20 American Jurisprudence, 579:
"In many jurisdictions statutes have been enacted which provide for and regulate the reproduction of testimony given upon a former trial. These requirements vary, of course, in the different jurisdictions, and it is essential, therefore, that one desiring to use such testimony examine carefully the provisions of the local statutes, for where admissibility of evidence given upon a former trial is regulated by statute, the testimony cannot be reproduced unless the requirements of the statute are substantially complied with."
Section 11540, General Code, previously referred to, has been in effect since 1853. There was no modification of or exception to the general rule therein stated until 1913, when Section 11540-1, General Code, was enacted. It reads as follows:
"Depositions taken by the plaintiff in an action for damages for personal injuries may be read by the administrator or executor of the estate of the plaintiff in such action for personal injuries against the same defendant or defendants, in any action for damages or wrongfully caused death resulting from the same personal injuries, so far as such depositions may be relevant to the issues in the action for damages or wrongfully caused death."
By the clear and specific terms of that section the exception thus provided authorizes the use only of "depositions taken by the plaintiff." Such express limitation evidences a very definite purpose to exclude the use of depositions other than the "depositions taken by the plaintiff."
To construe those statutory provisions otherwise would not only enlarge and extend the exception beyond that authorized by the legislation, but, by giving it a meaning and application in clear conflict with the evident purpose of its enactment, would in effect constitute a judicial amendment of the statute itself.
If depositions taken by the defendant in the former action are admissible in evidence in the subsequent action upon offer by the plaintiff, they could not consistently be rejected if offered by the defendant.
This case is readily distinguishable from that of Industrial Commission v. Bartholome, 128 Ohio St. 13, 190 N.E. 193, a proceeding under the workmen's compensation law, where, under the liberal provisions of those statutes, a transcript of a claimant's testimony upon rehearing of his claim for compensation was held admissible in a consideration of a subsequent claim of dependents for death award.
It is now conceded by counsel for plaintiff that the only issue involved in this case is the admissibility of the deposition in question and that unless plaintiff has the benefit thereof, "she must fail in her present action."
We are of the opinion that the Court of Common Pleas ruled correctly in excluding the deposition from consideration and in directing a verdict for the defendant. It follows that the judgment of the Court of Appeals should be and is hereby reversed and the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas affirmed.
Judgment reversed.
WEYGANDT, C.J., ZIMMERMAN, BELL, TURNER and HART, JJ., concur.