Opinion
Docket No. 105069.
Decided May 2, 1989.
Peterson, Hay Comsa, P.C. (by Mark S. Mackley), for Pompano Marine-Blue Lagoon, Inc.
This case comes to us on remand from our Supreme Court for consideration as on leave granted. 429 Mich. 879 (1987). The sole issue concerns whether the trial court erred in denying third-party defendant Pompano Marine-Blue Lagoon, Inc.'s, motion to quash service for lack of personal jurisdiction.
A motion for summary disposition based on a lack of personal jurisdiction is resolved based on the pleadings and the evidential support submitted by the parties. MCR 2.116(C)(1) and (G)(5). The burden of establishing jurisdictional facts is on the plaintiff. Gardner v McDonagh, 124 Mich. App. 253; 333 N.W.2d 568 (1983); Avery v American Honda Motor Car Co, 120 Mich. App. 222, 225; 327 N.W.2d 447 (1982), lv den 417 Mich. 1100.49 (1983).
Here, both Blue Lagoon and third-party plaintiff Jefferson Beach Marina, Inc., submitted affidavits in support of their respective positions on the motion. Taken with the pleadings, this record demonstrates that the cause of action arose from the sale of a boat in July, 1986, in Michigan. Plaintiff Donald Gooley was the purchaser, Jefferson Beach Marina was the seller, and Blue Lagoon was the supplier.
Plaintiff went to the Jefferson Beach Marina, a Michigan corporation located in Michigan, on July 11, 1986, in an effort to purchase a 1986 Wellcraft boat for delivery within one week. After the Jefferson Beach Marina informed plaintiff that it could not procure that specific model boat on such short notice, plaintiff told the marina that he had seen the boat at a boat show and that it could be obtained from the Blue Lagoon business located in Florida. Jefferson Beach Marina telephoned Blue Lagoon and made the purchase. Blue Lagoon shipped the boat to Jefferson Beach Marina, which then delivered it to plaintiff.
On August 10, 1986, plaintiff commenced a breach of warranty action against the Jefferson Beach Marina, alleging various product defects and missing equipment. Jefferson Beach Marina responded by filing a third-party complaint against Blue Lagoon, while Blue Lagoon moved for dismissal based on a lack of personal jurisdiction. The motion was supported by the affidavit of Rusty Bohrer, the president of Blue Lagoon. The affidavit indicated that the boat transaction was an isolated incident and that the "excessive majority" of Blue Lagoon's business was localized in Florida. Bohrer averred that Blue Lagoon did not advertise or otherwise transact business in Michigan. Bohrer further averred that the watercraft in question never appeared at any boat show in Michigan and that the only reason the sale took place was because he was contacted with respect to the availability of a specific watercraft, which Blue Lagoon just happened to have in stock.
In opposition to the motion, Jefferson Beach Marina submitted an affidavit setting forth representations allegedly made by Blue Lagoon pertaining to the condition of the boat. No factual dispute was shown as to the jurisdictional facts averred by Bohrer. Jefferson Beach Marina primarily contended that jurisdiction was proper under the long-arm statute, MCL 600.715; MSA 27A.715, while Blue Lagoon primarily contended that jurisdiction was lacking under the Due Process Clause of US Const, Am XIV. The trial court found that jurisdiction was proper under the long-arm statute, citing Blue Lagoon's agreement to sell the boat to a Michigan customer, Blue Lagoon's arrangement to ship the boat to Michigan, and the lack of dispute on representations made by Blue Lagoon on the condition of the boat, as circumstances justifying the exercise of limited personal jurisdiction.
We hold that an exercise of limited personal jurisdiction under the facts of this case would violate the Due Process Clause of US Const, Am XIV, and, hence, find it unnecessary to consider the trial court's conclusion that the statutory requirements for exercising limited personal jurisdiction were satisfied.
In Witbeck v Bill Cody's Ranch Inn, 428 Mich. 659, 666; 411 N.W.2d 439 (1987), our Supreme Court declined to consider issues pertaining to Michigan's long-arm statute where the exercise of jurisdiction would violate US Const, Am XIV. The due process analysis applied was described as follows:
The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment "does not contemplate that a state may make binding a judgment in personam against an individual or a corporate defendant with which the state has no contacts, ties, or relations." Int'l Shoe Co v Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 319; 66 S Ct 154; 90 L Ed 95; 161 ALR 1057 (1945). The "constitutional touchstone" is whether the defendant purposefully established "minimum contacts" in the forum state "such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend `traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.'" Id., 316. Burger King Corp v Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474; 105 S Ct 2174; 85 L Ed 2d 528 (1985).
The foreseeability of causing injury in another state is not a "sufficient benchmark" for exercising personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant who has not consented to suit there. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp v Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 295; 100 S Ct 559; 62 L Ed 2d 490 (1980); Khalaf v Bankers Shippers Ins Co, 404 Mich. 134, 145; 273 N.W.2d 811 (1978). Rather, "the foreseeability that is critical to due process analysis . . . is that the defendant's conduct and connection with the forum State are such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into Court there." World-Wide Volkswagen Corp, supra, 297. [ 428 Mich. 666-667.]
The focus of this due process analysis is primarily on the defendant, rather than the plaintiff. Id., p 668. It is only when the purposeful availment threshold has been satisfied that it becomes necessary to decide whether an exercise of personal jurisdiction, if based on the defendant's contacts and weighed in light of other factors, would comport with notions of fair play and substantial justice. Id., p 669.
The threshold requirement of purposeful availment was not established by Jefferson Beach Marina in this case. The only fact established was that Blue Lagoon made an isolated sale of a boat and shipped that boat to Michigan as a result of a customer's desire to purchase a specific boat on short notice. Although it was certainly foreseeable that the customer's injury would occur in Michigan, the "substantial connection" with the forum state required to exercise limited personal jurisdiction was lacking. Id., p 668. When attempting to establish limited personal jurisdiction based on single or occasional acts related to the forum, their nature and quality and the circumstances of their commission become significant factors. Id., p 682. As was stated in Khalaf v Bankers Shippers Ins Co, 404 Mich. 134, 156-157; 273 N.W.2d 811 (1978):
If causing foreseeable effects alone constituted purposeful availment, a Chicago grocery store supplying consumables, a haberdashery or boutique providing clothing, or a marina purveying boat supplies, to a person known to have a Michigan cottage, or a physician performing cosmetic surgery on him, could be subject to Michigan long-arm jurisdiction. In each instance the Chicago provider knows that the product or service is for use in Michigan, and that negligent performance will cause effects in Michigan. The enterprise is commercial, affecting the stream of commerce. But the nature of the provider's business is nevertheless so clearly localized that proof of transactions with Michigan residents should not alone subject the provider to long-arm jurisdiction. The generating cause is not the provider's desire to enlarge his business into Michigan but, rather, the Michigan customer's desire to do business with the Chicago provider.
Based on Khalaf, we hold that the trial court erred when it found that the isolated sales transaction in this case was sufficient to subject Blue Lagoon to limited personal jurisdiction. Accordingly, the trial court's opinion and order denying Blue Lagoon's motion to quash service based on the lack of personal jurisdiction is reversed.
Reversed.