Summary
In Golec, this Court held that there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether injury was certain to occur when the defendants knew that the scrap the plaintiff was loading contained hazardous materials that could cause explosions, the plaintiff had to use a loader that did not have a protective shield, the plaintiff did not have protective clothing, and the plaintiff had experienced a minor injury earlier in the shift while loading the scrap but was told to resume working.
Summary of this case from Shumaker v. ToolOpinion
Docket No. 151639.
Submitted April 7, 1994, at Detroit.
Decided January 17, 1995, at 10:00 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Kepes, Wine McNeilage, P.C. (by Carol A. McNeilage) ( Paskin, Nagi Baxter, P.C., by Jeannette A. Paskin, of Counsel), for the plaintiff.
Vandeveer Garzia (by Pamela L. Abbott), for the defendants.
Plaintiff filed suit against defendants for personal injuries sustained during the course of his employment when an explosion in a furnace caused molten aluminum to splash on him, resulting in serious burns. Defendants moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), alleging that plaintiff's claim did not fall within the intentional tort exception to the exclusive remedy provision of the Worker's Disability Compensation Act (WDCA), MCL 418.131(1); MSA 17.237(131)(1). The trial court granted summary disposition for defendants and dismissed plaintiff's complaint. Plaintiff appeals as of right. We reverse.
Initially, we note that the trial court did not grant defendants' motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), but instead dismissed plaintiff's first amended complaint for failing to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The trial court concluded that plaintiff's allegations failed to state an intentional tort falling within the exception to the exclusive remedy of the WDCA and thus determined that it was unnecessary to address the sufficiency of the evidentiary support for plaintiff's allegations. Consequently, we limit our review to a determination of whether summary disposition was appropriately granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8).
Summary disposition of a claim may be granted on the ground that the opposing party "has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted." MCR 2.116(C)(8); Radtke v Everett, 442 Mich. 368, 373; 501 N.W.2d 155 (1993). A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone. All factual allegations in support of the claim are accepted as true, as well as any reasonable inferences or conclusions that can be drawn from the facts alleged. Marcelletti v Bathani, 198 Mich. App. 655, 658; 500 N.W.2d 124 (1993). However, a mere statement of conclusions that are not supported by allegations of fact will not suffice to state a cause of action. Roberts v Pinkins, 171 Mich. App. 648, 651; 430 N.W.2d 808 (1988). The motion should be granted only when the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify a right of recovery. Wade v Dep't of Corrections, 439 Mich. 158, 163; 483 N.W.2d 26 (1992).
Generally, the right to recover benefits for personal injury or occupational disease under the WDCA is the exclusive remedy of an employee against an employer who has complied with the act. MCL 418.131(1); MSA 17.237(131)(1); Smith v Mirror Lite Co, 196 Mich. App. 190, 192; 492 N.W.2d 744 (1992). The exclusive remedy provision does not apply, however, to claims arising from intentional torts. Section 131(1) of the WDCA provides in part:
An intentional tort shall exist only when an employee is injured as a result of a deliberate act of the employer and the employer specifically intended an injury. An employer shall be deemed to have intended to injure if the employer had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully disregarded that knowledge. The issue of whether an act was an intentional tort shall be a question of law for the court. This subsection shall not enlarge or reduce rights under law.
Thus, to avoid the exclusive remedy provision through the intentional tort exception, there must be a deliberate act by the employer and a specific intent that there be an injury. Specific intent is established if the employer had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and wilfully disregarded that knowledge. MCL 418.131(1); MSA 17.237(131)(1); Pawlak v Redox Corp, 182 Mich. App. 758, 767-768; 453 N.W.2d 304 (1990). To support such conclusions, a plaintiff must be able to allege a specific danger known to the employer that was certain to result in an injury and must allege that the employer required the plaintiff to work in the face of that danger. McNees v Cedar Springs Stamping Co, 184 Mich. App. 101, 105; 457 N.W.2d 68 (1990). Whether the facts alleged by the plaintiff are sufficient to constitute an intentional tort is a question of law for the court, but whether the facts are as the plaintiff alleges is a question for the jury. Adams v Shepherd Products, US, Inc, 187 Mich. App. 695, 696-697; 468 N.W.2d 332 (1991).
For purposes of this motion, the trial court accepted the following facts as true. Plaintiff, a welder by trade, had been on an extended disability leave after being injured by a tractor driven by another employee. When plaintiff returned to defendant Continental Aluminum Company, his services as a welder were no longer needed, and he was given a job as a packer. Eventually, plaintiff was assigned as a furnace loader.
One night when he arrived for work, the tractor usually used for loading scrap aluminum into the furnace was out of service, and plaintiff was instructed by his supervisor to use a front-end loader that had no protective shield. A roof leak over the pile of aluminum plaintiff was to load into the furnace led to moisture accumulation on the scrap pile. Loading wet scrap aluminum into a vat of molten aluminum is hazardous because of the potential for a steam explosion. These steam explosions, which vary in intensity, can cause molten aluminum to splash outside the furnace vat. In addition to the moisture accumulation, closed aerosol containers were also alleged to be incorporated into the scrap aluminum. As with wet aluminum, loading scrap that contains pressurized canisters into a vat of molten aluminum is hazardous because of the danger of explosion.
During his shift that night, a minor explosion splashed molten aluminum from the vat onto plaintiff's wrist while he sat in the front-end loader, causing a small burn injury. Plaintiff informed his shift leader, defendant Bogdan J. Mazur, of the explosion and of the hazardous conditions existing in the scrap pile. Plaintiff was instructed to take a break, and Mazur contacted his supervisor, defendant Richard Rziemkowski. Despite being informed of the problems with the scrap, the explosion, and plaintiff's injury, Rziemkowski instructed Mazur to continue to have the furnace loaded. Plaintiff was instructed to return to his duties. A few hours later a major explosion occurred, which showered plaintiff with molten aluminum causing severe burns and serious injury.
In his amended complaint, plaintiff alleged a wide variety of failures, omissions, and other deliberate acts that he claims meets the threshold of an intentional tort. In summary, plaintiff bases his claim on defendants': (1) failure to provide adequate protective clothing; (2) violation of industry standards, including those promulgated pursuant to the Occupational Safety and Health Act and the Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Act and those adopted by the American National Standards Institute, particularly with respect to the failure to require him to wear protective clothing; (3) failure to implement safety rules; (4) requiring him to perform his job in an unshielded tractor; and (5) failure to eliminate the hazards of excessive moisture and sealed aerosol canisters from the scrap aluminum. Plaintiff further alleged that defendants had knowledge: (1) that the use of an unshielded tractor was improper for loading scrap aluminum into the furnace; (2) that plaintiff was performing his job without proper protective clothing while using an unshielded tractor; (3) that they were in violation of safety standards; (4) that a roof leak caused the scrap aluminum to become wet; (5) that wet scrap aluminum can cause a steam explosion when placed on molten aluminum; (6) that pressurized canisters were in the scrap aluminum to be loaded into the furnace; (7) that pressurized canisters can cause an explosion when placed on molten aluminum; (8) that burn injuries can result from an explosion of molten aluminum; (9) that plaintiff had been burned that same evening by an explosion of molten aluminum; (10) that wet scrap or the presence of a closed canister probably caused that explosion; and (11) that at least seven other employees had suffered burn injuries that year. Plaintiff alleged that despite this knowledge of the specific danger of explosion and the certainty of injury given the condition of the scrap pile and the lack of protections provided to plaintiff, defendants nevertheless ordered him to continue loading the furnace under the same conditions that existed just before his earlier injury.
The trial court accepted all of plaintiff's well-pleaded factual allegations as true. However, the trial court concluded that these facts, even if true, established only negligence on the part of defendants and not an intentional tort within the meaning of § 131(1). In this regard, we believe the trial court erred.
In the amorphous vista of the intentional tort exception, it is difficult for the courts to establish any bright-line determination of what combination of circumstances will constitute an intentional tort. As observed by Judge SAWYER in his concurrence in Benson v Callahan Mining Corp, 191 Mich. App. 443, 450-451; 479 N.W.2d 12 (1991), the distinctions between cases finding an intentional tort and those that do not are subtle at best. The difficulty arises in determining when the employer's conduct passes from merely providing an unsafe workplace in which injury is possible or even likely to the point where an injury is certain to occur and the employer had knowledge of that certainty. Id.
Despite our inability to formulate a definitive classification, we are convinced that plaintiff's allegations, if true, are sufficient to constitute an intentional tort under the statutory exception. An intentional tort under § 131(1) of the WDCA requires the existence of a deliberate act by the employer and that the employer specifically intended an injury. This specific intent is deemed to exist if the employer had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and wilfully disregarded that knowledge. Pawlak, supra. In the present case, plaintiff has alleged that defendants knew that the roof leaked over the scrap aluminum, which caused the scrap he was instructed to load into the furnace to become wet, and knew that wet aluminum can cause an explosion of molten aluminum that can cause burn injuries. Additionally plaintiff alleged that defendant knew that sealed canisters were contained in the pile of scrap and that such canisters can also cause an explosion of molten aluminum if placed in the vat. Defendants also knew, as alleged by plaintiff, that he was not wearing proper protective clothing, that he was working by supervisory directive in an unshielded tractor, and that he had been injured earlier that same shift from an explosion of molten aluminum. Despite this knowledge of a specific danger and of other burn injuries sustained in the past, defendants, through the chain of command, ordered plaintiff to continue loading the wet scrap that contained pressurized canisters into the furnace vat with an unshielded tractor while not properly attired with protective clothing.
We believe that these allegations sufficiently establish that defendants had actual knowledge of a specific danger — i.e., an explosion of molten aluminum — that was certain to result in an injury to an employee not protected properly with appropriate clothing and equipment and that they wilfully disregarded that knowledge by requiring plaintiff to work under the same conditions that produced his earlier minor injury. McNees, supra.
The facts alleged by plaintiff in his amended complaint are distinguishable from those in Benson, supra. Plaintiff's allegations suggest more than that his employer had knowledge that an injury was certain to occur at some point in time. We believe that plaintiff's prior injury during that same shift is significant to the requirement that defendants had knowledge that an injury was certain to occur under the conditions in which they required plaintiff to resume working. We are convinced that the allegations presented in this case surpass the threshold of a mere failure to provide safer equipment or other safety devices and cross over into the realm of the intentional tort. Compare Mirror Lite Co, supra, Benson, supra, and Phillips v Ludvanwall, Inc, 190 Mich. App. 136; 475 N.W.2d 423 (1991), with Adams, supra, and McNees, supra.
While we firmly agree that the intentional tort exception to the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA is narrow, the exception must have meaning and can exist without a formal declaration by the employer that it desires a particular employee to be injured. In light of the statutory language, the exception encompasses the conditions that existed on the night of plaintiff's injury. These conditions, including the lack of proper protections, the hazardous nature of the scrap aluminum, and the prior explosion that injured plaintiff, are alleged to have been known fully to defendants and combined to create a situation that we have little difficulty determining is sufficient to constitute an intentional tort within the meaning of § 131(1). Plaintiff's amended complaint was not so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify a right of recovery. Wade, supra. Plaintiff must be given an opportunity to establish before a jury whether the facts are as he alleges. Adams, supra.
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
WEAVER, J., did not participate.