Opinion
September 6, 1966. —
October 4, 1966.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Kenosha county: M. EUGENE BAKER, Circuit Judge. Affirmed.
For the appellants there was a brief by Whaley Whaley of Racine, and oral argument by John V. Whaley.
For the respondents there was a brief by Phillips Richards of Kenosha, and oral argument by David L. Phillips.
This is an action for negligence arising out of an automobile accident occurring in Kenosha, Wisconsin, on May 2, 1963, at the intersection of Seventy-ninth street and Pershing boulevard. The principal facts are undisputed. Seventy-ninth street runs east and west while Pershing boulevard runs north and south. The intersection is uncontrolled by stop signs in either direction. Plaintiff respondent, Laura Gleason, was traveling east on Seventy-ninth street at about 15 to 20 miles an hour. When she was 30 feet west of the intersection, plaintiff first looked north and saw nothing. She then reduced her speed to five miles an hour. As she reached the west line of the intersection, for the first time she looked south and saw defendant Lawrence Gillihan's car about 150 feet away, traveling in a northerly direction. Plaintiff then stepped on the gas and proceeded into the intersection, increasing her speed to 15 to 20 miles an hour.
Plaintiff again looked south when she was a little more than halfway through the intersection. She testified that at this time defendant's car was 50 feet away and traveling at a speed of 40 to 50 miles an hour. Plaintiff put her foot on the brake and when her car was. in the southeast quadrant of the intersection it was struck in the right rear. The force of the impact overturned plaintiff's car, threw her out of the car and onto the street. Defendant glanced off the Gleason car and struck another car parked at the northeast corner of the intersection.
Plaintiff was taken by ambulance to Kenosha hospital where she was treated. Her principal injuries were a broken bone in her left foot, a broken collarbone, and a broken vertebra in her back. She also had abrasions and bruises on her legs, arms and face. Plaintiff stayed in the hospital for eight days, during which time a walking cast was put on her left foot. She was then sent home and was able to do only light housework for several weeks. She wore a sling for the injury to her collarbone for two weeks, and the walking cast was used for six weeks. Plaintiff continued to see her doctor for two months on a bimonthly basis. Following her last visit on July 30, 1963, she did not see her doctor concerning her injuries until October 4, 1965.
Dr. L.T. Schlenker, an orthopedic specialist, treated the plaintiff and was the only doctor who testified at the trial as to the nature and extent of her injuries. He described her injuries as a fracture of the fifth metatarsal bone in the foot, a compression fracture of the seventh thoracic vertebra, and a break in the right collarbone. Dr. Schlenker testified that when he examined the plaintiff on July 30, 1963, she complained of occasional pain in her left foot and occasional aching in her left rib area, but no trouble at all with the collarbone. Dr. Schlenker also stated that all fractures had healed solidly and that the range of motion in her arms and back was normal.
Dr. Schlenker examined plaintiff on October 4, 1965, just before the trial, and he testified as follows:
". . . The left foot was normal and the thoracic spine had a good range of motion and no tenderness was any longer elicited on percussion over the thoracic spine. The right collar bone revealed an offset over the fracture site with a large amount of bony callus. The range of motion here was normal. All fractures had healed and T-7, or the 7th thoracic vertebrae, was noted to be healed with a 50% reduction of height due to the compression."
On direct examination, Dr. Schlenker testified that the residuals were permanent in nature. On cross-examination the doctor estimated the percentage of disability would be approximately five percent of the body as a whole.
Mrs. Gleason testified that at the time of the trial she suffered from the swelling of her left foot, that it was painful to walk on, and that her back bothered her in bending over doing housework. Dr. Schlenker reported similar complaints by her as part of the history given to him.
Gillihan was found by the trial court to have been negligent as to lookout as a matter of law. Additionally, the jury found defendant guilty of negligence because of excessive speed and apportioned 70 percent of the total negligence to the defendant. The jury found that the plaintiff was not guilty of negligence in respect to lookout or failure to yield the right-of-way. However, the jury found plaintiff guilty of negligence in respect to management and control and assessed against her 30 percent of the total negligence. Damages were awarded as follows:
To James Gleason — (1) Hospital and medical expenses of wife $ 469.85 (2) His automobile damage 150.00 (3) Loss of society and companionship 200.00 To Laura Gleason — (1) Her personal injuries 11,000.00In defendants' motions after verdict, the trial court was requested to find the plaintiff guilty of negligent lookout as a matter of law. Defendants also requested that the damages for personal injuries of Laura Gleason, in the sum of $11,000, be held to be excessive and be reduced to $5,000. All defendants' motions after verdict were denied and defendants have appealed from a judgment entered in accordance with the verdict.
The two issues raised on this appeal are as follows:
1. Was the plaintiff negligent as to lookout as a matter of law?
2. Were the damages of $11,000 for plaintiff's injuries excessive?
Negligence as to Lookout.
The duty of lookout has two aspects. Proper lookout at intersections requires a duty of observation and a corollary requirement of making an accurate estimate of the approaching vehicle's distance and speed. That is, the entering driver has a duty not only to look, but also to exercise reasonable judgment in calculating on the time and opportunity for entering. This dual aspect of the duty of lookout has been summed up in the requirement of efficient lookout.
Hardware Dealers Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Home Mut. Ins. Co. (1964), 24 Wis.2d 381, 385, 129 N.W.2d 214.
Carlson v. Strasser (1942), 239 Wis. 531, 536, 2 N.W.2d 233.
Bailey v. Zwirowski (1954), 268 Wis. 208, 67 N.W.2d 262; Plog v. Zolper (1957), 1 Wis.2d 517, 85 N.W.2d 492.
"[F]ailure to properly evaluate what is seen is as much an element of lookout as not seeing the approaching vehicle at all."
Plog v. Zolper, supra, footnote 3, at page 527.
Defendant appellant argues that plaintiff should be found negligent as to lookout as a matter of law. Plaintiff testified that as she was entering the intersection she looked to the south, saw the defendant approaching, but failed to appraise his speed. Defendant argues that plaintiff breached the duty of lookout because she failed to make an estimate of the defendant's speed and the future position of each automobile. Therefore, it is asserted, plaintiff was negligent as to lookout as a matter of law for not making an efficient observation.
While it is true that plaintiff did not make an estimate of the speed of the defendant at the time she entered the intersection, this does not necessarily mean the plaintiff's lookout was inefficient. She must have made some estimate of the future position of the automobiles without precisely calculating the defendant's speed for she determined that she could safely proceed into the intersection. An approximation of speed is only a factor in reaching this end result.
Furthermore, there is no showing that the plaintiff's calculation was unreasonable. After first determining that she could cross the intersection in safety, plaintiff proceeded into the intersection. Halfway across, plaintiff observed defendant bearing down on her about 50 feet away, traveling at a speed of 40 to 50 miles an hour. Plaintiff then hit her brakes and her car was struck on the right rear as she was leaving the intersection. Had plaintiff not touched her brakes, she would have been through the intersection before defendant and no collision would have occurred. Hence her initial calculation that she could proceed safely across the intersection was not unreasonable, but she was negligent in stepping on the brake. The jury findings bear this out.
A further reason for denying defendant's contention that plaintiff was guilty of negligent lookout, as a matter of law, is that such determination, if held causal, would overlap the jury's finding that plaintiff was guilty of negligent management and control. Such a holding would penalize her twice for essentially the same conduct.
The instant case is much like Henschel v. Rural Mut. Casualty Ins. Co., where the plaintiff's car was hit in the right rear just as he was leaving the intersection. The jury found causal negligence as to management and control and also found negligent lookout, but held it was not causal. The court held that:
(1958), 3 Wis.2d 34, 87 N.W.2d 800.
". . . If Henschel failed to see the Jungbluth car, or failed to make a proper calculation of the time it would take Jungbluth to reach the intersection . . ., then Henschel was negligent with respect to lookout, but hardly with respect to management and control, for there was no evidence of anything wrong with his management except that he entered the intersection and proceeded across it . . . . It was only if Henschel saw Jungbluth's car and realized that it was likely to reach the intersection before he could clear it (a proper lookout), that Henschel could have been guilty of negligence in management and control, by moving as he did across the intersection; . . ."
Id. at page 38.
A finding of negligent lookout as a matter of law in the instant case would appear to overlap the jury's finding of negligent management and control because the calculation element of efficient lookout was subsequently eliminated by the plaintiff's negligent braking once in the intersection.
Overall, the jury appears to have fairly apportioned the negligence of the two parties based upon their view of the aggregate conduct of the two parties.
We conclude, therefore, that the determination of whether Mrs. Gleason was guilty of negligent lookout was for the jury and that the apportionment of negligence between Mrs. Gleason and Gillihan was also for the jury.
Excessiveness of Damages.
As to the jury award of $11,000 for Mrs. Gleason's personal injuries, the trial court said: "That it is high from the viewpoint of this trial judge is unquestionable." We agree. But the trial court did not find the award excessive. Neither do we.
Several times in recent months we have detailed the rules for the trial court to follow in reviewing a damage verdict challenged as excessive. The trial court correctly referred to the rules as set forth in the recent case of Moritz v. Allied American Mut. Fire Ins. Co. No purpose would be served by reiterating those rules here. The experienced and able trial judge reviewed the record in accordance with those rules and carefully summarized the evidence supporting the award. He specified the fractures and other injuries and said:
(1965), 27 Wis.2d 13, 133 N.W.2d 235.
". . . The worst injury was the compression fracture because it is common knowledge that such fractures wherein the normal height of the vertebrae and its cushion is partially lost causes future problems by way of pain. Having in mind that Mrs. Gleason has a life expectancy of approximately 37 years and that she will apparently suffer periodic pain the Court finds itself in the position of being in doubt as to whether it is fair to characterize the verdict as excessive."
He concluded:
". . . there is such a doubt in the Court's mind that it believes its duty is clear. The Court must sustain the verdict recognizing that principle of law that `the amount to be awarded rests largely in the discretion of the jury and with their verdict the Courts are reluctant to interfere.' (Moritz case, supra, page 22.)"
Thus, we are confronted with an allegation that a verdict is excessive notwithstanding approval of that verdict by the trial court.
"A damage verdict which has been approved by the trial court will not be disturbed if `there exists a reasonable basis for the trial court's determination after resolving any direct conflicts in the testimony in favor of plaintiff.'"
Kablitz v. Hoeft (1964), 25 Wis.2d 518, 525, 131 N.W.2d 346.
In deciding whether there is a reasonable basis for the trial court's determination we are aided by its own analysis of the evidence and appraisal of the award. This is not a case where the verdict includes a sum for an element of damages that has not been proven, as was the case with several verdicts which, since Powers, we held to be excessive. The question here is whether the verdict, containing no sum for an element of damages. that was not proven, is supported by the evidence. Or to put it another way: Is the amount of the award within "the range of reasonable damages which could be awarded plaintiff"? On the facts of this case, we conclude that the verdict is within that range and therefore is not excessive.
Powers v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1960), 10 Wis.2d 78, 102 N.W.2d 393.
Freuen v. Brenner (1962), 16 Wis.2d 445, 114 N.W.2d 782, no loss of hearing proven, reduce verdict from $40,000 to $30,000; Spleas v. Milwaukee Suburban Transport Corp. (1963), 21 Wis.2d 635, 124 N.W.2d 593, no proof of future medical expense, reduce verdict $5,000; Bradford v. Milwaukee Suburban Transport Co. (1964), 25 Wis.2d 161, 130 N.W.2d 282, loss of wages not proven, reduce $2,896; Casimere v. Herman (1965), 28 Wis.2d 437, 137 N.W.2d 73, no proof of loss of future earnings, reduce $574; Lundquist v. Western Casualty Surety Co. (1966), 30 Wis.2d 159, 140 N.W.2d 241, no proof of loss of future earnings, reduce $4,000.
Verdicts in the following cases were found to be excessive by the supreme court where the evidence did not warrant the damages awarded: Powers v. Allstate Ins. Co., supra, footnote 9; Beijer v. Beijer (1960), 11 Wis.2d 207, 105 N.W.2d 348; Teufel v. Home Indemnity Co. (1961), 15 Wis.2d 67, 111 N.W.2d 893; Albers v. Herman Mut. Ins. Co. (1962), 17 Wis.2d 385, 117 N.W.2d 364.
Boodry v. Byrne (1964), 22 Wis.2d 585, 596, 126 N.W.2d 503.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.