Opinion
(June Term, 1857.)
A bill alleging that a trespasser was about to commit irreparable injury by boxing and working turpentine trees, and by cutting timber and making staves on land fit only to be cultivated for these products, without an averment of the defendant's insolvency, will be dismissed on motion.
APPEAL from the Court of Equity of Brunswick county, Judge DICK presiding.
Strange, for plaintiff.
London and Moore, for defendant,
The plaintiff in his bill alleged that he was the owner in fee simple of the land in question, and that for several years past he has been in possession of a part of it by building, fencing, and cultivating such part continually up to the date of his bill; that the most of the land is fit for the production of turpentine, staves and timber, and for but little else; that the defendant, in 1852, by his agents and servants, against the will of the plaintiff, entered upon the premises and boxed the pine trees for procuring turpentine, and has carried on the business of making turpentine on this land, and carrying it off and selling the same in large quantities; that he has boxed some 25,000 trees; that he is overworking these trees, and that in a few years they will be worn out, useless and unfit for making turpentine; that "he is now engaged in committing other waste, spoil and destruction upon the said land, and is thus doing an irreparable injury to the said land, and will render the same utterly useless and valueless, unless he is restrained by the injunction of this Honorable Court." It also charges, that the defendant has no interest or title in the land, or any part of it; that the plaintiff had instituted an action at law for the trespasses above-mentioned, and that the same was still pending, but that no amount of damages he may recover, at law, will compensate for the injury threatened to his property.
The prayer of the bill is for an injunction and for an account.
The answer of the defendant denies that the plaintiff has title to any part of the land used by him, but says that all thereof is his own property by a valid title. He denies that the process of cultivation, as conducted by him, is calculated irreparably to injure the land, but that he is pursuing the business in a prudent manner. He avers also, that he is entirely solvent, and worth much more than the whole value of the land claimed by the plaintiff, so that there would be no difficulty in obtaining remuneration, at law, for whatever he might recover from defendant by the way of damages.
Defendant moved to dismiss the bill for want of equity, which motion was refused by his Honor, Judge DICK; whereupon the defendant appealed to this Court.
The general rule is, Equity does not extend its jurisdiction either to offences against the public, or to civil trespasses. In reference to the former no exception has ever been made; but in reference to the latter an exception has been allowed after much hesitation, and jurisdiction assumed for the prevention of torts or injuries to property, by means of the writ of injunction, under certain restrictions, namely, two conditions must concur in order to give jurisdiction the plaintiff's title must be admitted or to established by a legal adjudicate, and the threatened injury must be of such a nature as will cause irreparable damage.
The ground of the first restriction is obvious; a court of Equity cannot pass upon the legal title; to do so would convert a bill in Equity into an action of ejectment. It is not necessary, however, that the legal title should be established before the aid of a court of Equity is asked for, because the injury may be committed before a trial at law can be had, and when the bill sets out that an action has been, or is about to be, instituted for the purpose of establishing the title, Equity will exert its power of injunction in aid of the action at Law, by taking care of the subject-matter of the action, but without assuming jurisdiction to decide the question of title. Irwin v. Davidson, 3 Ire. Eq. 316.
The ground of the second restriction is equally obvious. If a court of Equity interfered to prevent an alleged trespasser from doing ordinary acts of ownership, such as cultivating the land, clearing and opening new fields, c., a bill for an injunction would accompany a declaration in ejectment, almost as a matter of course, causing not only much private loss, but great detriment to the public. Fields already cleared would lie idle, woodland that, in a country like ours, ought to be cut down and cultivated, would stand wild and unproductive, and the valuable products of our forests would no longer swell the tide of trade.
In the application of this restriction, much difficulty occurs in defining what injury is irreparable. The word means that which cannot be repaired, retrieved, put back again, atoned for. The most absolute and positive instance of it is the cutting down "ornamental trees," such as the noble oaks in our State-House grove. "A tree that is cut down cannot be made to grow again." But the meaning of the word "irreparable" pointed at by this example, is not that which has been adopted by the courts either in England or in this State. Grass that is cut down cannot be made to grow again, but the injury can be adequately atoned for in money. The result of the cases fixes this to be the rule: the injury must be of a peculiar nature, so that compensation in money cannot atone for it; where, from its nature, it may be thus atoned for, if in the particular case the party be insolvent, and on that account unable to atone for it, it will be considered irreparable.
In England, analogies drawn from the doctrine of destructive waste are resorted to for the purpose of aiding in the application of the rule. It is there held, that if an alleged trespasser is about to pull down the dwelling-house, an injunction will lie, without an averment that he is insolvent; for, although with money enough, as good, or a better house can be built, still it involves a matter of feeling — there is an attachment to the house in which our ancestors lived. This feeling is certainly not as vivid in this country as it is in England. How far our courts will follow their decisions, is not now for consideration. There may be a distinction between pulling down a house merely for destruction, and doing so for the purpose of improvement. So, it is there held, that if an alleged trespasser is about to work a mine, an injunction will lie without an averment of insolvency, because it is destruction, and takes away the substance of the land, and there is no mode of ascertaining the value, or the quantity of the copper, tin, or other mineral that is extracted from the bowels of the earth. Our courts have shown a disposition not to interfere, unless there be an averment of insolvency. In Falls v. McAffee, 2 Ire. 239, it is suggested that instead of an injunction, the proper course was to appoint a receiver, so as not to stop the working of a gold mine; for that was alike "opposed by public policy and private justice." This suggestion is adopted in the Deep River Gold Mining Company v. Fox, 4 Ire. Eq. 61; in which case, as well as in Irwin v. Davidson, supra, there is an averment of insolvency. The subject of working mines is, however, not now under consideration.
So, it is there held, that if an alleged trespasser is about to cut down timber trees, as distinguished from ornamental trees, an injunction will lie, without an averment of insolvency; because it is destruction, and takes away the substance of the land, and would be waste if committed by a particular tenant. Our question is, how far the English doctrine is applicable here in regard to clearing the land, cutting timber for shingles, and staves and working trees for turpentine?
The analogy taken from the doctrine of destructive waste fails; for it is settled with us that a widow, or other tenant for life, may clear a reasonable quantity of land, and is not confined to the use of timber as "house-bote," "fire-bote," "hay-bote," but may sell or otherwise dispose of the wood on the land so cleared. So, the widow may cultivate the pine-trees in her dower-land for the purpose of getting turpentine, and if dower is assigned on land fit for nothing but to afford staves and shingles, it is difficult to conceive what other use she can make of it.
Putting this analogy out of the way, the naked question is: in the present condition of our country, does the cultivation of pine-trees for turpentine, or the cutting down of oak-trees for staves, or cypress trees for shingles, cause an irreparable injury? — one which cannot be compensated for in damages? The very purpose for which these trees are used by the owners of land is to get from them turpentine, staves and shingles, for sale. It follows, therefore, as a matter of course, that if the owner of the land recovers from a trespasser the full value of the trees that are used for these purposes, he thereby receives compensation for the injury, and it cannot, in any sense of the word, be deemed irreparable. So that private justice and public policy, which calls for a full development of the resources of the country, alike forbid the interference of a court of Equity, except in cases where, from the insolvency of the alleged trespasser, the compensation in money cannot be had. Accordingly in Lloyd v. Heath, Bus. Eq. 41, the bill avers the insolvency of the defendant, and it is treated of in the opinion as a necessary part of the plaintiff's equity. So, in the other cases in reference to timber, and in the gold-mining cases, this averment is always made as a necessary part of the plaintiff's equity. Indeed, in Thompson v. Williams, 1 Jones' Eq. 178, it is said that an injunction against clearing and opening land, as is usual among farmers, would not be sustained, although there is an averment of insolvency. "If in such a case a defendant can be enjoined, we see no good reason why, in every case where he is a poor man, possessed only of the land for which he is contending, he may not be stopped by an injunction from opening and clearing the ground."
In our case, the injury, against which the plaintiff asks for the protection of an injunction, consists in the cultivation of trees in procuring turpentine, and in getting staves for barrels. It is not necessary to decide whether the cultivation of turpentine and, as an incident thereto, the getting of staves and hoop-poles for the barrels necessary to put it in, is not such an ordinary use of it, in the course of agriculture, as does not come within the jurisdiction assumed by the courts of Equity in reference to the prevention of civil trespasses, even although there be an averment of insolvency, for the bill does not make that averment, and on that account is fatally defective. The bill contains a general allegation that the acts complained of will be productive of irreparable injury, but the allegation must be attended with such a statement of facts, as enables the court to see that such would be the result; Bogey v. Shute, 1 Jones' Eq. 180. As instances where there is such a statement of facts as enables the court to see that the damage will be irreparable, and where an averment of insolvency is not necessary, we may refer to Purnel v. Daniel, 8 Ire. Eq. 9; Troy v. Norment, 2 Jones' Eq. 318. The injuries complained of in these cases were, in their natures, destructive. But ours is a new country; our policy is to subdue the forest and develope [develop] its resources, and we decide, that to work trees for turpentine, or to cut down trees for staves, is not destruction, and the court cannot see that the injury will be irreparable, unless there be an averment of the insolvency of the defendant.
Upon the coming in of the answer, a motion was made to dissolve the injunction, which was allowed. Afterwards, at a subsequent term, a motion was made to dismiss the bill, which was disallowed, and the defendant appealed to this Court. We have seen that, upon the plaintiff's own showing, he had no equity. After the answer came in, alleging the defendant's solvency, and the consequent dissolution of the injunction, there was an additional ground for dismissing the bill. It could only then be held over as an original bill for discovery, and on account of the turpentine and staves which the defendant had disposed of; in other words, as a bill for an account against a trespasser. This would certainly be a bill of the "first impression." Where Equity has jurisdiction to prevent a wrong by injunction, if there has been loss before the injunction is sued, the court will direct an account of the profit that the defendant has made, as incident to the jurisdiction assumed for the purpose of injunction, so as to prevent circuity and expense. After a plaintiff has established his right to come into one court for an injunction, he will not be required to resort to an action in another court to recover his damages. But the equity for the account is strictly incident to the injunction, and therefore, if an injunction is refused, an account cannot be given, but the plaintiff must resort to a court of law. Adams' Eq. 219.
The motion in the court below to dismiss the bill, ought to have been allowed.
PER CURIAM, Decree accordingly.