Summary
In Gardner, the Virginia Supreme Court did not default a challenge to a guilty plea on the basis of Anderson, and in fact considered the merits of the claim on habeas review.
Summary of this case from Reid v. TrueOpinion
44192 Record No. 801713.
September 11, 1981
Present: All the Justices.
Petition for a writ of habeas corpus improperly denied when guilty plea induced by a plea bargain not disclosed to the Trial Judge before the plea was accepted; Judge must know of promises made to induce the plea to determine if waiver of constitutional rights is intelligent and voluntary (now Rule 3A:11).
Criminal Procedure — Constitutional Law — Plea Bargain — Trial Judge Must Know of Promises Made to Induce Guilty Pleas to Determine if Waiver of Constitutional Right is Intelligent and Voluntary — Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus Should be Granted.
Defendant was tried in 1973 for the murder of his wife. The Commonwealth's Attorney agreed with defendant's counsel to recommend a sentence of 30 years imprisonment with five years suspended if defendant would plead guilty. At trial, when defendant tendered the guilty plea, no motion was made of the plea bargain, and defendant told the Judge that the plea was made without any threats, pressure, or promises. The Trial Judge accepted the plea as voluntarily and intelligently entered and then heard testimony concerning sentencing. Approximately a month later, when defendant was brought to the bar for sentencing, the Commonwealth's Attorney announced the agreed-upon recommendation. The Trial Judge rejected this recommendation because it had never been discussed with the Court. After finding that defendant's crime was a cold-blooded killing without extenuating circumstances, the Trial Judge imposed a sentence of 60 years imprisonment with 10 years suspended.
Defendant filed a petition in the court below for a writ of habeas corpus, which was denied. At a plenary hearing ordered by the Supreme Court on a petition invoking its original jurisdiction, defendant testified that it was his understanding that the plea bargain had been made with the Judge as well as the prosecuting attorney, that he considered the Commonwealth's offer to be a promise, and that he pled guilty because of the promise. In appealing the order of the Judge denying the writ, defendant contends that his guilty plea was involuntarily and unintelligently entered into because the plea bargain was not disclosed to the Trial Judge before he accepted the plea.
Although Rule 3A:11, which provides that the Court shall require the disclosure of the plea agreement in open Court at the time the plea is offered, was not in effect when defendant was tried, the principles underlying the disclosure requirement had been clearly established before defendant was tried. A guilty plea is a waiver of constitutional rights, and is constitutionally sufficient only when it is voluntary and intelligent. In order to make that determination, the Trial Judge must be advised of any promises made to induce the waiver. Here, acceptance of the defendant's guilty plea violated his constitutional rights because the plea was induced by a bargain not disclosed to the Trial Judge before acceptance of the plea. Thus, the Court erred in refusing to grant a writ of habeas corpus.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond, Division I. Hon. James M. Lumpkin, judge presiding.
Writ issued.
Irvin V. Cantor (Rilee, Cantor Arkema, on brief), for appellant.
Linwood T. Wells, Assistant Attorney General (Marshall Coleman, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
We must decide whether a guilty plea, induced by a plea bargain, was constitutionally intelligent and voluntary when the bargain was not disclosed to the trial judge before the plea was accepted.
This is an appeal from an order entered in the court below August 12, 1980 denying a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. We review the evidence adduced at a plenary hearing ordered by this Court on a petition invoking our original jurisdiction.
William Howard Gardner, Jr., was tried in September 1973 for the murder of his wife. The Commonwealth's Attorney agreed with Gardner's counsel to recommend a sentence of 30 years' imprisonment, with five years suspended, if Gardner would plead guilty. After consulting his attorney, Gardner tendered a guilty plea. No mention was made of the plea bargain. In the course of the voir dire, the trial judge enquired if the plea was made "without any threats, pressure or promises," and Gardner replied, "Yes, sir." At the plenary hearing, Gardner testified that his attorney had "advised me . . . that if the Judge asked me, have any deals been made, to answer no." He explained that it was his "understanding" that his lawyer "had made the deal with the prosecuting attorney, leading me to believe that it also was made with the Judge." Gardner's trial attorney conceded that he "may have" given his client such advice, but he testified that he had told him that the judge was not bound by the sentencing recommendation. Gardner insisted that he never was so informed, that he considered the Commonwealth's offer a "promise," and that he "pleaded guilty because of the promise."
The trial judge accepted the plea as "voluntarily and intelligently entered," proceeded to hear testimony, and continued the case for preparation of a pre-sentence report. Approximately a month later, Gardner was brought to the bar for sentencing. The attorney for the Commonwealth announced that "a recommendation of 30 years, with five years suspended, was agreed upon." The trial judge declared that he would "have to reject the recommendation . . . because this recommendation has never been discussed with the Court prior to this." Finding that "[t]his was a cold-blooded killing without any extenuating circumstances," he imposed a sentence of 60 years' imprisonment, with 10 years suspended.
Appealing the order of the habeas judge denying the writ, the defendant contends that his guilty plea "was involuntarily and unintelligently entered into" because the plea bargain was not disclosed to the trial judge before he accepted the plea.
Rule 3A:11, effective October 1, 1977, provides in paragraph (d)(2) that "[t]he court shall require the disclosure of the [plea] agreement in open court . . . at the time the plea is offered." As the habeas court noted, this rule was not in effect in 1973 when Gardner was tried. However, the principles underlying the disclosure requirement had already been announced by the Supreme Court beginning with a case decided in 1969. Reviewing the record of a conviction in a state court which reflected no inquiry into the circumstances leading to a guilty plea, the Court reversed the judgment on the ground that "[i]t was error . . . for the trial judge to accept petitioner's guilty plea without an affirmative showing that it was intelligent and voluntary." Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242 (1969). The Court reasoned that the entry of a guilty plea is a waiver of certain constitutional rights guaranteed defendants in state criminal trials: the Fifth Amendment right against compulsory self-incrimination, Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1 (1964); the Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury, Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968); and the Sixth Amendment right of confrontation, Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400 (1965). Id. at 243.
Pursuant to that requirement, Form 8 suggests certain questions to be put to an accused.
Rule 3A:11 is substantially equivalent to Fed. R. Crim. P. 11. See Holler v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 961, 968, 265 S.E.2d 715, 719 (1980).
In a 1970 case, the Supreme Court cited Boykin and explicated the waiver rationale:
"That a guilty plea is a grave and solemn act to be accepted only with care and discernment has long been recognized . . . . Waivers of constitutional rights not only must be voluntary but must be knowing, intelligent acts done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences."
Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970).
The following year, the Court vacated a judgment and remanded a case in which the prosecution had broken its plea-bargain promise. Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257 (1971). The Court observed that, while a defendant has no absolute right to have a guilty plea accepted, "[t]he plea must, of course, be voluntary and knowing and if it was induced by promises, the essence of those promises must in some way be made known." Id. at 261-62.
In light of the opinions in these cases, it was clear, well before Gardner was tried, that a guilty plea is a waiver of constitutional rights; that such a waiver is constitutionally sufficient only when it is voluntary and intelligent; that the waiver is to be accepted only after the trial judge has made a determination that it is so; and that, in order to make that determination, the trial judge must be advised of any promises made to induce the waiver.
As we have said, these principles were memorialized in Rule 3A:11. But we approved them in a case decided before that rule went into effect.
"If the entry by Jones of a plea of guilty . . . was induced by a prior plea bargaining agreement . . . the court should have been so advised at the time the plea was entered. Then, if the court had been unwilling to accept the guilty plea under these conditions and to abide by the agreement, the defendant should have been allowed to withdraw the plea."
W. A. Jones v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 248, 255, 227 S.E.2d 701, 706 (1976).
The same may be said here. If the Commonwealth had disclosed the offer it made to induce Gardner to plead guilty at the time the plea was entered, the trial judge could have interrogated counsel and the defendant to determine whether, as Gardner contends, he entered the plea under the impression the judge was a party to and was bound by the bargain. If he found that Gardner had acted under such a misimpression, then the defendant's waiver of his constitutional rights was not intelligent and voluntary. In such case, the judge could have rejected the guilty plea and, upon the defendant's request, impaneled a jury and tried him on a plea of not guilty. In the alternative, the judge could have corrected the misimpression, advised the defendant that he was unwilling to follow the Commonwealth's recommendation, and afforded the defendant an opportunity to decide whether to stand on his guilty plea or withdraw it.
We are of opinion that, under the circumstances of this case, acceptance of Gardner's guilty plea violated his constitutional rights, and we hold that the court below erred in refusing to grant a writ of habeas corpus. The judgment will be reversed, and the defendant's guilty plea and the order of conviction and sentence will be vacated. The writ of habeas corpus will issue here, and the defendant will be discharged from custody unless, within 60 days from the date the writ issues, the Commonwealth elects to retry the defendant on the original indictment, in which event, the defendant will be permitted to plead anew.
Writ Issued.