Summary
noting that "a motion to strike is an appropriate way of testing the sufficiency of relevant evidence to sustain an adverse verdict" on the merits and that "a motion to set aside the verdict [i]s an equally appropriate method of testing the sufficiency of the evidence" following a trial on the merits
Summary of this case from Green v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs.Opinion
41129 Record Nos. 5120, 5121.
September 2, 1960
Present, Eggleston, C.J., and Buchanan, Miller, Whittle and Snead, JJ.
(1) Appeal and Error — Judgment not Final for Twenty-One Days — Issues Raised within This Period Cognizable on Appeal.
(2) Pleading and Practice — Challenge of Sufficiency of Evidence — Motion to Strike Not Exclusive Method.
(3) Automobiles — Injury to Child — Defendant's Negligence Question for Jury.
(4) Automobiles — Children — Driver Owes Higher Duty of Care to.
(5) Pleading and Practice — Erroneous Instructions — Error Not Cured by Other Correct Instructions.
(6) Automobiles — Sudden Emergency — Instruction Not Warranted.
(7) Appeal and Error — Material Not Designated for Printing — Considered in Interest of Justice.
1. Glenna Gabbard, an infant of twenty months, while crossing a street in Norfolk, was struck by an automobile of defendant corporation driven by defendant Knight. She sued by next friend for her injuries and her father sued for medical expenses and loss of services. Within twenty-one days after judgments were entered on jury verdicts in favor of defendants, plaintiffs moved for new trial on the ground the verdicts were contrary to the evidence and because of error in instructions. The motion being overruled and appeal taken, defendants contended these matters could not be considered because not brought to the attention of the lower court within the proper time. This argument was without merit, however, for the motion was made and the issues raised within the twenty-one day period set by Rule 3:21 before the judgments became final.
2. Plaintiffs were not precluded from challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to clear defendant Knight of the charge of negligence because they had let this issue go to the jury without moving to strike defendants' evidence. The sufficiency of the evidence may be challenged by motion to strike, but may be challenged also by motion to set aside the verdict.
3. Defendant Knight testified that traffic was heavy in both directions, that the child entered the street from behind a parked car and that he saw her before she reached his traffic lane but, though he was traveling within the speed limit and at once applied his brakes, could not avoid striking her as she walked in front of his vehicle. On these points there was other and conflicting evidence, but there was no evidence that as Knight approached the scene other children were on or near the street. The question of Knight's negligence was therefore properly left to the jury.
4. A driver's duty to children is judged by a higher standard than his duty to adults, and he must increase his exertions to avoid injury to children whom he sees, or reasonably should see, on or near the highway. In the instant cases certain instructions given for defendants which failed to embody these ideas were declared erroneous.
5. Nor was the error cured by giving other and correct instructions at the request of plaintiffs, because it could not be known which instructions the jury followed.
6. Since the evidence contradicted any contention that the child ran suddenly in front of defendant Knight's car, it was error to grant defendants' instruction on the theory of sudden emergency.
7. Though the instructions were not designated for printing as required by Rule 5:1, section 6, they were furnished as addenda to the briefs and were considered in the interest of justice, as allowed by the Rule, since several of them showed the cases were submitted to the jury on improper principles of law.
Error to judgments of the Circuit Court of the city of Norfolk. Hon. Clyde H. Jacob, judge presiding.
Reversed and remanded.
The opinion states the case.
Robert Friend Boyd and J. Randolph Davis (Davis Boyd, on brief), for the plaintiffs in error.
John F. Rixey (Rixey Rixey, on brief), for the defendants in error.
On July 18, 1958, about 5:00 p. m., Glenna Grace Gabbard, twenty months old, while walking from the north side toward the southern side of Ocean View avenue in the city of Norfolk, was struck and badly injured by an automobile driven eastwardly by Thomas Wilder Knight, Jr., and owned by his employer, Associates Investment Corporation. The little girl, suing by her mother and next friend, filed a motion for judgment against Knight and Associates Investment Corporation to recover damages for her injuries. The father, Albert L. Gabbard, filed a motion for judgment against the same defendants to recover for medical expenses incurred by him and damages for the loss of the child's services. By agreement the two cases were heard together by a jury which found for the defendants in each case. Judgments for the defendants were entered immediately.
On the same day the plaintiffs moved that the verdicts be set aside on the ground that they were "contrary to the law and evidence." This motion was overruled and judgments were again entered in accordance with the verdicts. Within twenty-one days of the date of the entry of the judgments and before they had become final, the plaintiffs filed a motion "to vacate the judgments" theretofore entered, to set aside the verdicts, to enter judgments non obstante veredicto in favor of the plaintiffs, and "to grant a new trial on the issue of damages only," or, in the alternative, "to grant a new trial on all issues, for the reasons that the verdicts of the jury were contrary to the law and the evidence, and was without evidence to support them, and because of error in granting and refusing of instructions, as stated in the exceptions thereto." This motion was likewise overruled and the plaintiffs "objected and excepted." We granted a writ of error in each case. For convenience the parties will be referred to as they appeared in the lower court.
On appeal the plaintiffs claim (1) that the verdicts are contrary to the law and the evidence in that the evidence shows, as a matter of law, that the defendant, Knight, the driver of the car, was guilty of negligence which was a proximate cause of the accident; and (2) that the court erred in granting and refusing certain instructions.
At the outset the defendants argue that we should not consider the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdicts and the rulings of the lower court on the instructions, because, they say, these matters were not brought to the attention of the lower court within the proper time.
There is no merit in this contention. Rule 3:21 provides that, "All final judgments, irrespective of terms of court, shall remain under the control of the trial court and subject to be modified or vacated for twenty-one (21) days after the date of entry, and no longer." Hence, at the time of the last motion of the plaintiffs the judgments had not become final and the lower court had full power and authority to inquire into the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdicts and the objections made during the trial to its rulings on the instructions.
The defendants next say that the plaintiffs are "estopped" to assert the insufficiency of the evidence, because, they say, "At the conclusion of the defendants' evidence the plaintiffs made no motions to strike the defendants' evidence," but consented to submitting to the jury the question of the negligence of the defendant, Knight.
This argument is likewise without merit. While a motion to strike is an appropriate way of testing the sufficiency of relevant evidence to sustain an adverse verdict, it is not the only way. It has long been the practice in this jurisdiction to test the sufficiency of such evidence by a motion to set aside the verdict. Indeed, in Southern Railway Co. v. Cooper, 98 Va. 299, 302, 36 S.E. 388 (decided in 1900), this court held, that a motion to strike was not a proper way of testing the sufficiency of relevant evidence to sustain a verdict. Since that time the use of the motion to strike has been approved by us and is quite frequently employed. See Anderson v. Clinchfield R. Co., 171 Va. 87, 89, 198 S.E. 478, 479; Dudley v. Guthrie, 192 Va. 1, 3, 63 S.E.2d 737, 738; Burks Pleading and Practice, 4th Ed., Sec. 284, p. 506 ff. But that method has not superseded or supplanted a motion to set aside the verdict as an equally appropriate method of testing the sufficiency of the evidence. This latter method is still sanctioned by statute. Code, Sec. 8-352. See also, Burks Pleading and Practice, 4th Ed., Sec. 325, p. 604 ff.
In Seinsheimer Company v. Greenaway, 159 Va. 528, 533, 166 S.E. 539, we said: "In a civil case a defendant has the option of making a motion to strike the evidence of the plaintiff from the case, demurring to the evidence, or awaiting the verdict of the jury." The plaintiff, of course, has the same option. See Rountree v. Rountree, 198 Va. 658, 663, 96 S.E.2d 113, 116; Burks Pleading and Practice, 4th Ed., Sec. 277, p. 494.
We turn, then, to the sufficiency of the evidence and the lower court's rulings on the instructions. At the scene of the accident Ocean View avenue runs east and west, is level, smooth paved, and straight for several blocks. It is 48 feet wide from curb to curb and designed to carry three lanes of travel in each direction, with a double center line painted on the pavement. The accident occurred In daylight when the visibility was good and the pavement dry.
A short time before the accident the little girl had been playing with her sister and a friend on the steps of the Gabbard home, which is located on the northern side of Ocean View avenue between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets. No one saw her as she made her way for a distance of 25 feet from the steps to the northern side of the street.
Dominick J. Pecora, an eyewitness, was standing on the southern side of the street opposite the Gabbard house. He testified that he "happened to look up" and saw the child "just about on the white line" of the street, "toddling" toward him. About the same time he saw the approaching Knight car, 40 or 50 feet from the child, and "yelled, Stop!" After this warning, he said, the driver applied his brakes, the car skidded, and its left front struck the child.
According to this witness, while the traffic along the street was "medium" yet as the car approached the child there were no other vehicles in the immediate vicinity which obstructed the view of the driver. Nor were there, according to his testimony, any vehicles parked on the northern side of the street between the Gabbard house and the point where the child had entered the street. He estimated the speed of the Knight car at from 25 to 30 miles per hour, which was within the permitted speed limit.
An examination of the scene immediately following the accident showed that the car had skidded 35 to 40 feet along the pavement in the eastbound lane next to the center line.
The defendant, Knight, testified that as he approached the scene he was proceeding at a speed of from 25 to 30 miles per hour in the eastbound lane next to the center line. He heard Pecora's warning, and at the same time saw the child which was then about three or four feet on the northern side of the center line, that is, in the westbound lane of travel about 50 or 60 feet away. She was, he said, "traveling in my direction as a baby walks or waddles." He immediately applied his brakes and the car skidded. The child, he said, "kept right on walking. She walked directly in front of me and I hit her." At the time of the impact the child had crossed the center line and was in his lane of travel.
Knight further testified that he had not seen the child as he approached the scene and until he heard Pecora's warning. He described the traffic in the vicinity as "heavy," with cars ahead of and behind him, and others going in the opposite direction. When asked whether any car was parked on the northern side of the street near the Gabbard house, his reply was, "I believe there was and I think it was a Chevrolet * * * right near the Gabbard house. I am not sure."
When pressed on cross-examination as to whether after seeing the child he could have avoided striking her by turning his car to the right or left, he replied that he "probably" or "possibly" could have done so had he had sufficient time to consider the passing traffic.
Russell H. Jernigan, called as a witness for the defendants, testified that he was driving westwardly along Ocean View avenue and coming to a stop at Fifteenth street, about 100 to 150 feet west of the point of the impact, when he heard Pecora's warning and the screeching of brakes; that he looked back and saw the child rolling in the street, after having been hit. Neither he nor a companion in his car saw the child as they passed the Gabbard house. According to this witness, at the time of the accident traffic along Ocean View avenue was heavy in both directions.
There is no evidence that as the Knight car approached the scene other children were on or near the street.
We conclude from a consideration of this evidence that whether defendant, Knight, was negligent in not observing the child as she approached the street, and in not avoiding running into her after he saw her, were questions for the jury under proper instructions. We are not told how long the child had been in the vicinity of the street. According to the evidence for the defendants, traffic was heavy in both directions near the scene and this necessarily required the attention of an ordinarily careful driver. There was no occasion for Knight to be on the lookout for children on or near the street. Moreover, it was for the jury to say whether after the defendant, Knight, saw the child he could, by the exercise of ordinary care, have avoided striking her.
Several instructions, granted at the request of the defendants, are attacked on the ground that they are not applicable where, as here, the duty of the driver of an automobile toward a child and the conduct of the child are involved.
We have many times pointed out that the duty and liability of the driver of an automobile to adults and children are measured by different standards. Ordinary care toward an adult under certain circumstances might be gross negligence toward a child under the same conditions. The driver must increase his exertions in order to avoid danger to children whom he may see, or by the exercise of reasonable care should see, on or near the highway. 2 Mich. Jur., Automobiles, Sec. 37, p. 487; Conrad v. Taylor, 197 Va. 188, 191, 89 S.E.2d 40, 42; Baker v. Richardson, 201 Va. 834, 837, 838, 114 S.E.2d 599, 602.
Moreover, the conduct of a child is not measured by the same rules which govern that of adults, because a child does not have the knowledge and experience to know or estimate correctly the probable consequence of his acts in a given situation. Conrad v. Taylor, supra, 197 Va., at page 191, 89 S.E.2d, at page 42, and cases there cited.
Instruction D-4, granted at the request of the defendants, reads thus:
"The court instructs the jury that Mr. Knight was not an insurer against injury to the infant plaintiff and was not required to exercise a high degree of care, but was only required to exercise reasonable or ordinary care in and about the operation of his vehicle.
"If you believe from the evidence that Mr. Knight did exercise the care required of him under all the circumstances and conditions then prevailing, then you should find your verdict for the defendants."
The first paragraph of this instruction fails to take into consideration the fact that the case involved the duty of the driver of a car toward a child and the conduct of the child. It should have been qualified by providing that the defendant driver "was not required to exercise a high degree of care" for the safety of the child "unless he saw, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have seen, that she was in close proximity to the street." However, since this defect was not brought to the attention of the lower court, the giving of the instruction was not reversible error. Rule 1:8.
Over the objection of the plaintiffs the court granted Instruction D-7 which reads thus: "The court instructs the jury that a motorist has a superior right over pedestrians in between intersections and further instructs you that Mr. Knight had a right to assume that no pedestrians would cross East Ocean View avenue between intersections until the contrary appeared, or should have appeared to him in the exercise of reasonable care."
The plaintiffs' objection to this instruction, that it was not "applicable" to this child, was well taken. When the driver of an automobile sees, or by the exercise of ordinary care should see, a 20-month-old child near or approaching a street, he has no right to assume that the child will cross the street only at an intersection. A similar instruction was held to be reversible error in Baker v. Richardson, supra.
Not only are Instructions D-4 and D-7 erroneous in form, but they are in conflict with the plaintiffs' Instructions X-1 and X-2, which properly stated the duties of the driver with respect to this child. The fact that these latter instructions, offered on behalf of the plaintiffs, were proper in form did not cure the error in Instruction D-7. This is so because where the instructions are conflicting and inconsistent the jury will be as likely to follow the bad as the good, and it cannot be known which they have followed. Heinz Company v. Shafer, Inc., 188 Va. 320, 334, 49 S.E.2d 298, 304. Hence, the giving of such conflicting and inconsistent instructions is error, unless it plainly appears from the record that the jury could not have been misled by them. In the present case it does not so appear. See Tolston v. Reeves, 200 Va. 179, 183, 104 S.E.2d 754, 757.
Over the objection of the plaintiffs, the court granted Instruction D-3 which reads as follows: "The court instructs the jury that if you believe from the evidence that the defendant, Mr. Knight, through no fault of his own, was placed in a position of sudden emergency, requiring immediate action on his part to try to avoid an accident, then under such circumstances of sudden emergency the law makes allowances for errors of judgment and does not require him to exercise all that presence of mind and carefulness which are justly required of a careful and prudent man under ordinary circumstances."
This instruction is not supported by the evidence. It was framed upon the theory that the child suddenly ran into the street and in front of the oncoming car, whereas all of the evidence, including the testimony of the driver himself, is that she was traveling in his "direction as a baby walks or waddles." The emergency, if any, was created by Knight's admitted failure to see her until too late for him to stop.
It is argued on behalf of the defendants that we should not consider these instructions because they were not designated for printing as required by Rule 5:1, Sec. 6. The intent and purpose of this Rule is to have printed all that is germane to the errors assigned, and paragraph (f) of section 6 of the Rule so indicates. See also, Jenkins v. Womack, 201 Va. 68, 69, 109 S.E.2d 97, 98, and cases there cited. This requirement is for the convenience of the court and obviates the necessity of our referring to the manuscript record.
The requirement of this Rule is subject to the express qualification that, "However, this court may, at the instance of counsel or of its own motion, consider other parts of the record" not printed. Rule 5:1, Sec. 6(f).
In the present cases, while the instructions are not in the printed record, they have been furnished to us as addenda to the briefs. As has been said, several of these show that the cases were submitted to the jury upon improper principles of law. Hence, in the interest of justice and pursuant to the qualifying provisions of the Rule, we have considered them.
In Stanpark Realty Corp. v. City of Norfolk, 199 Va. 716, 101 S.E.2d 527, relied upon by the defendants, we declined to consider a number of refused instructions not printed. But we there observed that those given "fully and correctly informed the commissioners of their duties" in the proceeding. 199 Va., at page 725, 101 S.E.2d, at page 534.
In Thompson v. Mann, 201 Va. 528, 111 S.E.2d 792, likewise relied upon by the defendants, we declined to consider certain instructions granted and refused but not printed. However, we observed that the granted instructions printed in the brief showed that the jury were "accurately and adequately instructed." 201 Va., at page 532, 111 S.E.2d, at page 795.
Thus, the situation in each of the cases relied on by the defendants is readily distinguishable from that in the cases here under consideration.
For the error of the lower court in granting Instructions D-7 and D-3, supra, the judgments under review are reversed, the verdicts set aside, and the cases remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.