Summary
holding that property owners' allegation that proposed construction of private access road would increase traffic on public road abutting their property was an insufficient basis for granting an injunction to abate the alleged nuisance
Summary of this case from Hall v. North Montgomery MaterialsOpinion
SC 1223.
January 9, 1976.
Appeal from the Circuit Court, Jefferson County, William C. Barber, J.
John Martin Galese, Birmingham, for appellants.
A complaint is not subject to dismissal upon the ground that the complaint fails to state a claim for relief unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of plaintiff's claim which would entitle plaintiff to relief. Bowling v. Pow, 293 Ala. 178, 301 So.2d 55; Watwood v. R. R. Dawson Bridge Company, 293 Ala. 578, 307 So.2d 692; Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80. A dismissal, under Rule 12(b)(6) is likely to be granted only in the unusual case in which Plaintiff includes allegations that show on the face of the complaint that there is some insuperable bar to relief. McCay v. Big Town, Inc., 293 Ala. 582, 307 So.2d 695; Wright Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure; Civil, Vol. 5, Section 1357. Dismissal of a complaint is only justified when the allegations of the complaint itself clearly demonstrate that Plaintiff does not have a claim. McCay v. Big Town, Inc., supra. A nuisance is anything that worketh hurt, inconvenience, or damage to another; and the fact that the act done may otherwise be lawful does not keep it from being a nuisance. Code of Alabama, Title 7, Section 1081, (1940) (Recomp. 1958). A place can be determined a nuisance prior to its operation. It is only equitable and just that the right to inaugurate such a project be determined before the improvement shall have been completed. Jackson v. Downey, 252 Ala. 649, 42 So.2d 246. With respect to a project, the rights of citizens residing in the immediate vicinity cannot be unreasonably interfered with by the intrusion into a residential district of an operation which would cause unreasonable and continuous or recurring annoyance to the proper enjoyment of their property, and the disturbance of their quietude and pleasure of their homes. Jackson v. Downey, supra.
Sirote, Permutt, Friend Friedman, Birmingham, for appellees, Brookwood One and Brookwood Two.
Irvine C. Porter, Birmingham, for appellee, the City of Homewood, Ala.
Cabaniss, Johnston, Gardner, Dumas O'Neal and J. M. Breckenridge, Birmingham, for appellee, City of Mountain Brook, Ala.
An owner of property abutting upon a public street or highway has a private right in such street or highway equal to that of the rights of every other abutting property owner and the general public, and includes the right of access, ingress to and egress from his property to such public street or highway for himself, his patrons, clients and customers. Blount County v. Emmett McPhearson, 268 Ala. 133, 105 So.2d 117; St. Clair County v. Bukacek, 272 Ala. 323, 131 So.2d 683; Birmingham v. Hood-McPhearson Realty Co., 233 Ala. 352, 172 So. 114; City of Bessemer v. Brantley, 258 Ala. 675, 65 So.2d 160; City Council of Montgomery v. Parker, 114 Ala. 118, 21 So. 452; Skinner v. Pitman, 119 Ind. App. 458, 85 N.E.2d 279; Longenecker v. Wichita R. L. Co., 80 Kan. 413, 102 P. 492; 39 Am.Jur.2d §§ 160, 178; 64 C.J.S. Municipal Corporations § 1703; Annotation 73 A.L.R.2d 652. The right of access of an abutting property owner to a public street or highway cannot be taken away merely to subserve the fanciful convenience of another abutting property owner on the specious grounds of automobile traffic congestion, noise and increased hazards resulting from the rightful and lawful use of the street. Holtz v. Lyles, 280 Ala. 521, 195 So.2d 897; Alabama Power Co. v. Stringfellow, 228 Ala. 422, 153 So. 629; Drennen v. Mason, 222 Ala. 652, 133 So. 689; Rohan v. Detroit Racing Ass'n, 314 Mich. 326, 22 N.W.2d 433, 166 A.L.R. 1246; Cloverdale Homes v. Town of Cloverdale, 182 Ala. 419, 62 So. 712. An injunction will be denied in advance of the creation of an alleged nuisance, when a construction complained of may or may not become a nuisance, according to circumstances, or when the injury apprehended is doubtful, contingent or merely problematical, leaving the complainant free, however, to assert his rights, thereafter if the contemplated use results in a nuisance. Brammer, et al. v. Housing Authority of Birmingham District, et al., 239 Ala. 280, 195 So. 256. A bill for declaratory judgment must show that the plaintiff has a justiciable interest in the subject matter or that a justiciable controversy exists between the parties. Title 7, § 6, et seq., Code of Alabama, 1940, as supplemented; City of Mobile v. Gulf Development Co., 277 Ala. 431, 171 So.2d 247; Mobile v. Scott, 278 Ala. 388, 178 So.2d 545. There can be no abatable nuisance in doing in a proper manner what is authorized by law. City of Birmingham v. Scogin, 269 Ala. 679, 115 So.2d 505; Fricke v. City of Guntersville, 251 Ala. 63, 36 So.2d 321; Branyon v. Kirk, 238 Ala. 321, 191 So. 345; Harris v. Town of Tarrant City, 221 Ala. 558, 130 So. 83; Downey v. Jackson, 259 Ala. 189, 65 So.2d 825. It is a general rule that an injunction will be denied in advance of the creation of an alleged nuisance, when the act complained of may or may not become a nuisance, according to circumstances, or when the injury apprehended is doubtful, contingent or merely problematical. And so where an injunction is sought merely or the ground that a lawful erection will be put to a use which will constitute a nuisance, the court will, ordinarily refuse to restrain the construction or completion of the erection, leaving the complainant free, however, to assert his rights thereafter in an appropriate manner, if the contemplated use results in a nuisance. Brammer v. Housing Authority of Birmingham District, 239 Ala. 280, 195 So. 256. Unless the complaint or petition in an action for declaratory judgment discloses some legal interest in plaintiff, no "justiciable controversy" is presented for decision. Frahn v. Tennessee Valley Authority, D.C., 41 F. Supp. 83. A declaratory judgment proceeding is not available to adjudicate anticipatory rights and it is not sufficient that parties anticipate that a justiciable controversy may arise. White v. Frink, 274 Ala. 49, 145 So.2d 435. Persons who are not parties to a contract have no such interest in it as to be entitled to obtain a declaratory judgment determining its validity. 26 C.J.S. Declaratory Judgment § 119, page 273; Associated Master Barbers of America, Local No. 115 v. Journeyman Barbers, Hairdressers, Cosmetologists and Proprietors International Union of America, Local No. 205, 132 Colo. 52, 285 P.2d 599; Wells v. Bank of Nevada, Nev., 522 P.2d 1014. Where plaintiff fails to allege any facts on which relief could be granted and there appeared no possibility of amendment which would heal the situation, the court may properly sustain motions of defendants to dismiss and dismiss the complaint. Evans v. St. Louis Housing Authority, 8 Cir., 226 F.2d 750, cert. denied, 350 U.S. 993, 76 S.Ct. 542, 100 L.Ed. 859; Rey v. U.S., 5 Cir., 484 F.2d 45; Pressmen and Assistants' Union No. 57 v. Florida Pub. Co., D.C., 340 F. Supp. 993, affirmed, 468 F.2d 824, cert. denied, 411 U.S. 906, 93 S.Ct. 1531, 36 L.Ed.2d 196; McCay v. Big Town, Inc., 293 Ala. 582, 307 So.2d 695.
This is an appeal from a decree of dismissal entered against Pauline Fugazzoto and others who sought injunctive relief against Brookwood One and Two (Developers) and declaratory relief against the developers and the cities of Homewood and Mountain Brook. We affirm as to the dismissal of the claim for injunctive relief and reverse and render a judgment as to the dismissal of the claim for declaratory relief.
We first address the dismissal of the claim for injunctive relief. Count One of the plaintiffs' complaint sought to enjoin the developers from constructing a private access road which would connect its property to Symer Road, a public street which abuts both the plaintiffs' residential property and the developers' commercial property. The plaintiffs based their demand for the injunction upon the allegation that the construction of the private access road would increase automobile traffic on Symer Road thereby constituting a nuisance (Tit. 7, § 1081, Code).
After presenting affidavits, the defendants filed motions for dismissal and for summary judgment. The trial Court considered the motions and entered a decree dismissing the cause "but without prejudice to plaintiffs to bring an appropriate action if and when the alleged anticipatory nuisance becomes real."
The motions and affidavits authorized the trial Judge to either dismiss the complaint or grant a summary judgment, but he granted only the motion for dismissal. Therefore, we will limit our review to the propriety of dismissing the plaintiffs' complaint.
There is statutory authority for enjoining anticipatory private nuisances in Alabama. Tit. 7, § 1083, Code, provides:
"Where the consequences of a nuisance about to be erected or commenced will be irreparable in damages, and such consequences are not merely possible, but to a reasonable degree certain, a court of equity may interfere to arrest a nuisance before it is completed."
In Jackson v. Downey, 252 Ala. 649, 42 So.2d 246 (1949), this Court construed Tit. 7, § 1083, Code, in the procedural context of an order sustaining a defendant's demurrer and held that "if the facts averred present such a situation that if proven equity will intervene to grant relief, the case should proceed to a hearing on the evidence . . .". This statement is consistent with the standard adopted by this Court for testing the sufficiency of a complaint upon a 12(b)(6) motion. In Trabits v. First National Bank of Mobile, 295 Ala. ___, 323 So.2d 353, (1975), this Court quoted with approval Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957), for the statement that:
"In appraising the sufficiency of the complaint we follow, of course, the accepted rule that a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief."
Under this standard, and order dismissing a complaint under 12(b)(6) should rarely be granted. But, in this case, the plaintiffs' complaint alleged all of the facts which they could have proved in a hearing. Those facts are that the completion of the private road will increase automobile traffic on Smyer Road. The question of whether an activity which increases automobile traffic on public roads is enjoinable as a nuisance was addressed by this Court in Drennen v. Mason, 222 Ala. 652, 133 So. 689 (1931). In that case this Court stated that, "The noises of increased automobile traffic, the stopping, starting and shifting gears, incident to the rightful use of a public street, cannot be regarded in this day as substantial cause for injunctive relief which deprives the citizen of the use of his property."
We reaffirm this as a correct statement of law. Although increased traffic may be one element of a nuisance action based upon an activity such as a truck terminal or a garage, increased traffic alone cannot be regarded as a substantial invasion of a property owner's right to the enjoyment of his property. Thus, it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiffs could prove no set of facts in support of their claim which would entitle them to relief and their claim for anticipatory injunctive relief was due to be dismissed. The decree of dismissal as to Count One is affirmed.
We now turn to the plaintiffs' claim for declaratory relief. Count Two of the complaint sought a declaration that the plaintiffs are not parties to the restrictive covenant between the City of Mountain Brook and the developers and that the plaintiffs are entitled to rely upon the conditions of the covenant as residents of the City of Mountain Brook in the event they are denied injunctive relief. There are two covenants which concern the construction of the private access road. One is between the City of Homewood and the developers; the other is between the City of Mountain Brook and the developers. Although the plaintiffs' complaint sought declaratory relief as to the Mountain Brook covenant, the plaintiffs attached only the Homewood covenant to the complaint. Since the covenants are substantially identical and since our reversal of this case could be based upon either covenant, we will not attempt to determine which covenant the plaintiffs actually intended to include in their complaint. Both covenants limited the use of the private access road to 150 cars which would be issued special passes. Both covenants also included a paragraph numbered 5(c), which provides that the entire covenant "shall, at the option of the undersigned developers . . . be null and void and of no effect in the event . . . a suit or action shall be instituted by any person . . . against the undersigned developers to enjoin . . . the use and enjoyment by the undersigned developers . . . of any private roadway . . . connecting up with the said Smyer Road." Since the plaintiffs in this suit have brought an action against the developers as described in 5(c), they seek a declaration that the 150 car limitation remains in force despite provisions of paragraph 5(c).
The effect of paragraph 5(c) is to inhibit the plaintiffs' right to seek relief in the courts. The developers and the two municipalities have, by contract, threatened that if the plaintiffs seek a legal adjudication of their rights, the contractual benefits the municipalities obtained for the plaintiffs will be annulled. The covenant places the plaintiffs in this dilemma: If they seek to enjoin the developers from constructing the private road, they will, by virtue of paragraph 5(c) invalidate the agreement restricting the use of the private road if it is constructed.
Both the Alabama courts and the Alabama legislature have consistently reaffirmed the public policy against contracts which either interfere with the parties' right to use the courts, or deprive the courts of their inherent jurisdiction. In evidence of this policy, the legislature has enacted statutes voiding confessions of judgment (Tit. 20, § 16, Code) and prohibiting contractual modification of statutes of limitation (Tit. 7, § 28, Code). The courts have manifested this policy by invalidating the contractual agreements for the issuance of injunctions ( Stokes v. Moore, 262 Ala. 59, 77 So.2d 331 (1955)); and by declaring that parties have no power to contract against finality of judgments of the courts on issues within the courts' jurisdiction ( John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Large, 230 Ala. 621, 162 So. 277 (1935)); and by declaring that a contract to arbitrate and thus determine whether a party has a cause of action is not ordinarily enforceable ( T. C. I. R. Co. v. Sizemore, 258 Ala. 344, 62 So.2d 459 (1952)). It is important to note that all of these illustrations of the public policy in this area involve situations where the contracting parties have impaired only their own rights to use the courts. The instant case, however, involves a situation where the contracting parties have not only affected their own rights, but have also affected the rights of persons who are not parties to the contract. Contractual provisions which affect third party rights are even more undesirable than those which affect only the contracting parties because the third parties' rights are impaired without their consent.
Moreover, when, as in this case, one of the contracting parties is a municipal corporation which has agreed to a contractual provision impairing the rights of its residents to use the courts, we find an even stronger public policy against the restrictive provision here in question. Municipal corporations, unlike private contracting parties, derive their contracting power from the legislature. Their power to contract is, therefore, even more circumscribed than that of private parties, and the countervailing considerations of freedom of contract raised by private parties against the public policy declarations of the legislature and the common law cannot avail municipal corporations.
We, therefore, hold that paragraph 5(c) in both the Homewood and the Mountain Brook covenants is invalid as contrary to public policy.
The fact that we declare paragraph 5(c) invalid, however, does not mean that the entire covenant is invalid. Without paragraph 5(c), the covenant is still supported by adequate consideration. In return for the 150 car restriction, Homewood approved the developers' request to vacate Executive Circle, resurvey the property, and construct the private road, and Mountain Brook declared that it would raise no objections to the developers' plans. We, therefore, render a judgment that the covenant remain in force except for paragraph 5(c) which is deleted in full.
Affirmed in part, reversed and rendered in part.
MERRILL, BLOODWORTH, FAULKNER, SHORES and EMBRY, JJ., concur.
HEFLIN, C. J., and MADDOX, J., concur in part and dissent in part.
ALMON, J., not sitting.
I concur in that portion of the opinion which affirms the trial court's order dismissing count one. I concur in the result of the opinion as to count two, the claim for declaratory judgment. I can only agree that the trial court's granting of the motion to dismiss as to count two was improper, because I believe the complaint, especially when construed under Alabama's new Rules of Procedure, states a "justiciable controversy." In my opinion, the plaintiffs barely state a claim for declaratory relief. The plaintiffs seek to have adjudicated "anticipatory rights" and this Court has said that a declaratory judgment proceeding is not available to adjudicate such anticipatory rights, and it is not sufficient that parties anticipate that a justiciable controversy may arise. White v. Frink, 274 Ala. 49, 145 So.2d 435 (1962). However, I believe that the plaintiffs here are entitled to an adjudication even though the adjudication may not be in accordance with their theories and contentions. See Darling Shop of Birmingham v. Nelson Realty Co., 255 Ala. 586, 52 So.2d 211 (1951). Consequently, I concur only in the result reached by the majority that count two of the complaint should not have been dismissed, but I would remand the cause for a declaration rather than rendering the case.
HEFLIN, C. J., concurs.