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In Fowler v. State, 121 Ga. App. 22, 23 (172 S.E.2d 447), we held that "it should appear from the facts that the occurrence should be so near in point of time to the making of the affidavit and the execution of the search warrant as to create a reasonable belief that the same conditions described in the affidavit still prevailed at the time of the issuance of the warrant."
Summary of this case from Little v. StateOpinion
44828.
ARGUED OCTOBER 8, 1969.
DECIDED JANUARY 16, 1970.
Possessing marihuana. Clarke Superior Court. Before Judge Barrow.
Denny C. Galis, for appellant.
Thomas W. Ridgway, District Attorney, for appellee.
Where an affidavit offered in sole support of an application for a search warrant contained no statement relative to the time of occurrence in question, the magistrate could not make an independent determination as to whether probable cause still existed for the issuance of the warrant. Thus, the search warrant was invalid.
ARGUED OCTOBER 8, 1969 — DECIDED JANUARY 16, 1970.
The defendant was arrested on June 5, 1969, at a residence in Clarke County, rented by him and several others. The arrest resulted from a search of the premises executed under a search warrant of the same date. The search revealed several growing marihuana plants and the defendant was charged with possession of marihuana.
The defendant moved to suppress evidence obtained as a result of the search on the grounds that the warrant was invalid and that certain incriminating statements made by the defendant should have been suppressed because the defendant was not given the full warning required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 ( 86 SC 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694, 10 ALR3d 974).
After hearing on the issues presented, the trial judge overruled the motion to suppress. Upon the certificate by the trial judge that the order should be subject to immediate review, the defendant appeals to this court.
The affidavit submitted to the magistrate as the basis for issuing the search warrant reads as follows: "The facts tending to establish affiant's reason for belief and probable cause for belief are as follows: information received by the affiant from a reliable informer that has given reliable information in the past 4 years that has resulted in the arrest and conviction of several subjects. Informer advised that he personally observed marihuana plants growing in a flower box at the above location and fully described said plants to the affiant and said affiant being familiar with marihuana plants and marihuana from past experience. Affiant also has received other information in the past that marihuana, narcotic and dangerous drugs are located on the above premises." The defendant contends that the warrant was invalid on its face for several reasons among which is that it was impossible for the magistrate to make an independent judgment as to whether or not the information was current or stale. This objection is meritorious and in our view dispositive of the case.
While there are no Georgia cases precisely on this point, research of foreign authority indicates unanimity in the decisions that a prime element in the concept of probable cause is the time of the occurrence of the facts relied upon. Anno., 100 ALR2d 525. As was held in Welchance v. State, 173 Tenn. 26, 28 ( 114 S.W.2d 781), in order to justify the issuance of a search warrant "it is essential that the date on which the alleged offense was committed be stated in the affidavit in order that the magistrate may determine whether probable cause exists for the issuance of the warrant." The rationale behind this approach is succinctly set forth in Bentley v. Commonwealth, 239 Ky. 122, 125 ( 38 S.W.2d 963), where the court recognized that if an affidavit be deemed sufficient without any recitation of the time when the alleged facts happened: "then the conduct of the citizen throughout the entire period of his past life would furnish grounds for continuous and repeated searches of his premises, if, perchance, he had been guilty during that period of harboring on his premises contraband articles which it was lawful to discover by a search warrant, if properly obtained." The court proceeded to point out that it was not necessary that the precise date of the occurrence be given but it should appear from the facts that the occurrence should be so near in point of time to the making of the affidavit and the execution of the search warrant as to create a reasonable belief that the same conditions described in the affidavit still prevailed at the time of the issuance of the warrant.
The U.S. Constitution expresses the universal mandate that a search warrant may issue only upon probable cause. Fourth Amendment ( Code § 1-804). Georgia also has the requirement that a search warrant be issued under oath or affirmation and state facts sufficient to show probable cause that a crime is being committed or has been committed. Code Ann. § 27-303 (Ga. L. 1966, pp. 567, 568). See Marshall v. State, 113 Ga. App. 143 ( 147 S.E.2d 666). See also Article I, Section 1, Paragraph XVI of the Georgia Constitution ( Code Ann. § 2-116).
The need for timeliness is recognized in ( Code Ann. § 27-306 (Ga. L. 1966, pp. 567, 569) which declares warrants not executed within 10 days from the time of issuance shall be void. In Sgro v. U.S., 287 U.S. 206, 210 ( 53 SC 138, 77 LE 260, 85 ALR 108), the Supreme Court recognized a similar statutory provision as indicating legislative intent, as well as constitutional demand, that probable cause relates to current and not stale information. The court pointed out: "While the statute does not fix the time within which proof of probable cause must be taken by the judge or commissioner, it is manifest that the proof must be of facts so closely related to the time of the issue of the warrant as to justify a finding of probable cause at that time."
From our sister States various decisions have been based on the validity of such terms as "recently," "within" a named period, "during" a named period, and "on many occasions." However, we make no intimation as to what specific language need be used to meet this prerequisite, since in this case no reference whatsoever was made with regard to the time the information was obtained or related to the affiant. Absent any statement in the affidavit as to the time of the occurrence in question, the magistrate could not make an independent determination as to whether probable cause still existed for the issuance of the search warrant. See Sgro v. U.S., 287 U.S. 206, supra; Rosencranz v. U.S., 356 F.2d 310, 315; Neal v. Commonwealth, 218 Ky. 718 ( 292 S.W. 314); Bruce v. Commonwealth, (Ky.) 418 S.W.2d 645; People v. Musk, 231 Mich. 187 ( 203 N.W. 865). See in this connection Burns v. State, 119 Ga. App. 678, 683 ( 168 S.E.2d 786). Hence, the search warrant was invalid and the trial judge erred in overruling the defendant's motion to suppress.
Judgment reversed. Hall, P. J., and Pannell, J., concur.