Summary
In Fleet Pizza, the Commonwealth Court held that sales of home delivered pizzas were not catered and thus, not subject to the sales and use tax under § 7204(29).
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Argued June 15, 1988.
September 15, 1988.
Taxation — Sales tax — Pizza — Tax Reform Code of 1971, Act of March 4, 1971, P.L. 6 — Catering — Use Tax — Manufacturing exemption — Bakery product.
1. For purposes of the sales tax exclusion under Section 204 (29) of the Tax Reform Code of 1971, Act of March 4, 1971, P.L. 6, establishments which sell and deliver pizzas off their premises to consumers are not caterers. [465-6-7]
2. Establishments which make pizza are entitled to the manufacturing exemption from the use tax under Section 201(c) of the Tax Reform Code of 1971, Act of March 4, 1971, P.L. 6, because the process of making pizza is the making of a bakery product. [468]
President Judge CRUMLISH, JR. filed a dissenting opinion.
Argued June 15, 1988, before President Judge CRUMLISH, JR., and Judges CRAIG, MacPHAIL, DOYLE, BARRY, COLINS and McGINLEY.
Appeals Nos. 1556 C.D. 1986, 2707 C.D. 1986 and 3228 C.D. 1986, from the Orders of the Board of Finance and Revenue in the cases of In Re: Fleet Pizza, Inc., Docket No. RST-9311, dated May 2, 1986; In Re: Fleet Pizza t/a Domino's Pizza, Docket No. RST-9856, dated August 29, 1986; and In Re: SM Pizza, Ltd., t/a Domino's Pizza, Docket No. RST-10,157, dated October 31, 1986.
Board of Finance and Revenue issued sales and use tax assessments against pizza company owners. Owners appealed to the Board for refunds. Appeals denied. Owners appealed to the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania. Appeals sustained. KALISH, S.J. ( 114 Pa. Commonwealth 232.) Exceptions filed by Commonwealth. Argument heard. Held: Exceptions overruled. Judgment entered in favor of owners.
P. J. DiQuinzio, with him, Francis Mazzola, Dechert, Price Rhoads, for petitioners.
Kathleen Krise Shaulis, Assistant Counsel, with her, James W. Bruce, Assistant Counsel, and Paul S. Roeder, Chief Counsel, for respondent.
The Commonwealth has filed exceptions to our order and opinion filed March 3, 1988 in the above-captioned matter wherein we reversed a decision of the Board of Finance and Revenue (Board) which sustained a use tax assessment against Fleet Pizza, Inc., t/a Domino's Pizza (Fleet) and a sales and use tax assessment against SM Pizza, Ltd., t/a Domino's Pizza (SM). We will overrule the Exceptions and direct that judgment be entered in favor of Fleet and SM.
Reported in 114 Pa. Commw. 232, 536 A.2d 642 (1988).
Fleet and SM sometimes hereinafter are referred to as taxpayers.
As will appear in our prior opinion in this matter, taxpayers conduct a pizza business. Extensive stipulations of fact are entered into by the litigants bearing upon how this business is conducted. We have adopted those stipulations as findings of fact. At issue is the imposition of sales tax on pizzas delivered off the premises to the consumer and the imposition of a use tax on certain equipment used in the preparation of the pizzas.
While the Commonwealth has filed nine enumerated exceptions, both its brief and its oral argument are essentially reargument of what we decided. We, nevertheless, will address the exceptions.
SALES TAX ON DELIVERED PIZZAS
It is the Commonwealth's contention that Fleet and SM are caterers conducting a catering business. Section 204(29) of the Tax Reform Code of 1971 (Act), Act of March 4, 1971, P.L. 6, as amended, 72 P. S. § 7204(29), excludes from sales tax those sales at retail of food and beverages for human consumption but excepts from the exclusion food and beverages purchased from persons engaged in the business of catering. 62 Pa. Code § 49.1 defines "caterer." In our opinion, we held that the business conducted by Fleet and SM did not fall within that definition. The Commonwealth argues that this was error.
In its exceptions with respect to this issue, the Commonwealth alleges that we failed to address the significant legal issue of whether "fast food franchisees" are required to collect sales tax on delivered food. As we have noted, we rejected the Commonwealth's argument that Fleet and SM were caterers. There can be no question that Fleet and SM were selling a food product for human consumption and that the only exception to that exclusion argued by the Commonwealth was that of caterer. Our decision admittedly did not and was not intended to apply to the generic term of "fast food franchisees." We were required to decide whether Fleet and SM were subject to tax. That is the issue presented and the one we decided. Beyond our scope of review here is the question of whether Fleet and SM are "fast food franchisees." Also beyond our review is the question of whether others in the fast food franchise business or related businesses similarly conducted their business and, therefore, would be entitled to the same tax treatment.
It is contended by the Commonwealth that we erred by applying the "method of merchandizing test." It is true that we did make reference to the manner in which the taxpayers packaged and delivered their pizzas. The method of merchandizing test was employed by this Court in CRH Catering Co., Inc. v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 104 Pa. Commw. 91, 521 A.2d 497 (1987). We are of the opinion that this test is an appropriate way to determine whether the taxpayers here are "caterers." According to the stipulated facts, no utensils, napkins, flatware, condiments or other accessories are included in the packaged pizza which is delivered to the consumer's door free of charge. The deliverer hands over the package to the customer and leaves. A caterer, in the usual sense of the word, is someone whose business is to arrange for and supervise all the details as to food and service for social affairs. The taxpayers here simply are not caterers either in the usual sense of the word or under the statutory definition.
See Webster's Third International Dictionary (1986).
In Amstar v. Domino's Pizza, Inc., 615 F.2d 252 (5th Cir. 1980), a case the Commonwealth says we failed to consider, the action was a trademark infringement suit between Domino's Pizza, Inc. and Amstar which owned the "Domino" trademark for sugar, etc. The court there said that "Domino's Pizza" was used in connection with the sale of fast food delivered hot pizza pies. We fail to see how that characterization of a pizza business is relevant to the issue of whether the taxpayers here are caterers; moreover, the decision would not be binding upon us in any event.
The Commonwealth says we erred in not concluding that pizza is a meal, a conclusion reached by the Kentucky court of appeals in Department of Revenue v. To Your Door Pizza, 670 S.W.2d 482 (Ky.Ct.App. 1984). We note that in that case, the court actually said that pizza may be a meal and can be a meal but that that issue is for the trier of fact. In the case now before us, we are the trier of fact. Nothing in the stipulations of fact before us states that pizza is a meal. We are requested to decide the case on the stipulations of fact. It was the Commonwealth's burden to prove that the taxpayers fell within the exception. Lacking any evidentiary proof that pizza is a meal, we did not need to resolve that question. We note, moreover, that even if pizza is a meal, that is only one characteristic of caterer set forth in 61 Pa. Code § 49.1. Personal experience as consumers indicates to us that pizza may or may not be a "meal" depending upon the occasion when it is consumed.
The last exception relating to the catering issue centers upon the case of Munsch Limited v. Pennsylvania Board of Finance and Revenue, 47 Pa. D. C.2d 326 (1969). In that case, the taxpayer, who sold food from trucks where customers at work sites would walk through and buy food and drinks, contended that he was exempt from sales tax under the general exemption for sales of food and drink. The court, however, held that the sales were taxable because the transaction occurred in an "other eating place." See Section 204(29)(iii)(ii) of the Law. The Commonwealth claims that the result in that case somehow controls the result we must reach here. It is not difficult to distinguish Munsch from the case now before us. The issues were not entirely different. Most pertinently, catering was not an issue in Munsch.
USE TAX ON EQUIPMENT
It is provided in 61 Pa. Code § 41.1 that a person engaged in the business of making bakery products is a manufacturer within the meaning of Section 201(c) of the Law, 72 P. S. § 7201(c). At least nine of the stipulated facts in this case relate to the process of baking pizza. Most significant, perhaps, is Stipulation No. 31 which reads as follows:
The process used to make pizza is similar to that which is used to make fruit or cream pie, bread, cake, pastry or other bakery products except for the different ingredients.
(Emphasis added.) We concluded in our prior opinion that making pizza was making a bakery product and that the exemption set forth in 61 Pa. Code § 32.32 for equipment, machinery and supplies used in the pizza-baking process were exempt from the use tax.
In its exceptions, the Commonwealth first says that we held the taxpayers' equipment to be exempt without first determining that the manufacturing exemption applied. We note that we cited 61 Pa. Code § 41.1 and set forth its pertinent language in the opinion. While our opinion does not specifically say that making pizza is "baking" within the purview of 61 Pa. Code § 41.1, the fair inference is that we so concluded when we immediately went on in our opinion to discuss the equipment used in the process. To alleviate any doubt about the matter, however, we now state that based upon the stipulations of fact in this case, Fleet and SM are entitled to the manufacturers' exemption because making pizza is the making of a bakery product.
Next, the Commonwealth contends that we erred when we did not follow Matter of Burger King v. State Tax Commission, 51 N.Y.2d 614, N.E.2d 1024 (1980) and McDonald's Corp. v. Oklahoma Tax Commission, 563 P.2d 635 (Okla. 1977), which held that the fast food operations there at issue were not entitled to the manufacturing exemption. Suffice it to say that there is a considerable difference between making a hamburger sandwich and a pizza. Furthermore, the bakery exemption was not raised as an issue in either of those two cases.
Finally, the Commonwealth says we did not consider significant Pennsylvania tax cases which dealt with the manufacturing exemption. The mere fact that we may not have dealt with each of the cases mentioned in the Commonwealth's brief in a specific manner does not mean that we did not consider them; it does mean that we did not think they were controlling.
CONCLUSION
Finding no merit in the Commonwealth's exceptions, we will overrule them and order that judgment be entered for the taxpayers.
ORDER
The Commonwealth's exceptions to the opinion and order of this Court filed March 3, 1988 are overruled. The Chief Clerk is directed to enter judgment in favor of the Petitioners, Fleet Pizza, Inc. t/a Domino's Pizza and SM Pizza, Ltd. t/a Domino's Pizza.
I respectfully dissent.
The record, on stipulation of facts, shows that the petitioners manufacture for sale and distribution a product to be consumed at home.
61 Pa. Code § 49.1 pertinently defines "caterer" as [o]ne primarily engaged in the selling, providing or furnishing of food and beverages which are essentially fully prepared and usually ready-to-eat and which are intended for immediate consumption at a specific meal, affair or social function, usually at the premises of one other than the caterer, whether or not delivery to those premises, or food service is also provided by the caterer.
(Emphasis added.)
The petitioners deliver pizzas (and beverages) fully prepared, hot and ready-to-eat. The petitioners' customers intend to consume them immediately, either as a meal or at a specific meal off the premises, usually at their home. Thus, the petitioners fit squarely within the Code's definition which, significantly, contains a provision that "food service" — i.e., preparation and arrangement of food, napkins, flatware, and other accessories — need not be provided in order to qualify as a caterer.
The petitioners furnish products for meals and/or social affairs, no matter how informal those events may be. I do not discern a substantive legal difference in the distinction between pizza delivery service and the notion of caterer "in the usual sense of the word." Majority op., p. 466.
I would grant the Commonwealth's exceptions.