Summary
In Flaherty v Smith, 87 Mich. App. 561, 564; 274 N.W.2d 72 (1978), this Court, in discussing In re Custody of James B, 66 Mich. App. 133; 238 N.W.2d 550 (1975), noted that where the custody issue is a close call, "an expression of preference by an intelligent, unbiased child might be a determining factor in the decision as to what the best interests of the child are."
Summary of this case from Fletcher v. FletcherOpinion
Docket No. 78-976.
Decided December 6, 1978.
Marianne O. Battani, for plaintiff.
Bell Hudson, P.C. (by Edward F. Bell and Ronald A. Molter), for defendant.
This case involves a custody dispute between a 7-year-old child's stepfather and maternal grandmother. Following the death of the child's mother, plaintiff stepfather sought and was granted temporary custody. A custody hearing was subsequently held, at the conclusion of which the trial court granted immediate custody of the child to defendant grandmother. This Court granted a stay pending appeal.
On review, we are limited to a determination of whether the trial court made findings of fact against the great weight of evidence, committed a palpable abuse of discretion, or committed a clear legal error on a major issue. MCL 722.28; MSA 25.312(8). We conclude that the trial court committed a clear legal error on a major issue.
Under the Child Custody Act, the best interests of the child, as determined through evaluation of the factors listed in MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3), control the determination of custody. One factor to be considered is: "(i) The reasonable preference of the child, if the court deems the child to be of sufficient age to express preference."
In In re Custody of James B, 66 Mich. App. 133; 238 N.W.2d 550 (1975), a trial court declined to interview a 4-year-old child as to its preference, because the trial court did not deem the child to be of sufficient age to express a preference. No record had been made as to whether the child was capable of expressing a reasonable preference. This Court observed that, in a close case, an expression of preference by an intelligent, unbiased child might be a determining factor in the decision as to what the best interests of the child are. This Court remanded for a determination of the child's ability to express a reasonable preference, and such further action as circumstances warranted. This decision has been subsequently reaffirmed by this Court. Lewis v Lewis, 73 Mich. App. 563; 252 N.W.2d 237 (1977), cf., Barnes v Barnes, 77 Mich. App. 112; 258 N.W.2d 65 (1977).
In the instant case, plaintiff's counsel inquired as to the judge's desire regarding an interview of the child. The judge responded:
"I don't have any desire. The Court is of the opinion that a seven year old is not in a position to voice his opinion as to whom it should live with. Despite the fact that the seven year old might have stated to anyone that it had a preference to live at a particular place or with a particular individual. This Court is not going to take that into consideration. So there is no [n]ecessity for me to talk to the seven year old child.
"MS. BATTANI: Excuse me Your Honor, but I believe that it has frequently been held in Lewis versus Lewis [Lewis v Lewis, supra] and Barns versus Barns [sic] [Barnes v Barnes, supra] and custody of James [In re Custody of James B, supra] that the Court must have a[n] evidentiary hearing as to whether or not the child is able to express an opinion.
"THE COURT: I don't think so. I don't think that is a correct interpretation of that case. These guidelines indicate that, if the Court deems the child to be of sufficient age to express a preference. I am deeming that a seven year old is not.
"MS. BATTANI: Your Honor, you are deeming this without even interviewing the child?
"THE COURT: He is seven years old. I don't think a seven year old has the ability too [sic]. That is the Court ruling and it is stated for the record.
"MS. BATTANI: For the record, I would like my objections noted.
"THE COURT: It is noted."
At the conclusion of the hearing, while discussing his evaluation of the factors listed in MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3), the judge stated:
"The Court, in this particular instance, is of the opinion that a seven year old child is just not in the position to voice a determination as to who he shall live with. He hasn't lived long enough and experienced enough. He is not able to make any kind of rational determination about his own well being. How could any of us listen to a seven year old child and arrive at a conclusion that he knows what is best for him. I would venture to say, that we would be held responsible if we let a seven year old, under our custody and control, decide his future."
As in James B, the custody issue was a close one. Unlike James B, there was evidence tending to establish that the child was able to express a reasonable preference and preferred to continue to live with plaintiff.
The statement of the judge, coupled with his inability to follow the evidence and clear precedent, suggest such a strong preexisting opinion on this issue that we think it advisable that the case be heard by a different judge on remand. See Lewis v Lewis, supra, at 567; 252 N.W.2d at 239. That judge shall beview the record de novo; determine whether the child is capable of expressing a reasonable preference, and, if so, what that preference is, In re Custody of James B, supra, and may supplement the record if the delay caused by this error so necessitates, Roudabush v Roudabush, 62 Mich. App. 391, 395; 233 N.W.2d 596, 597 (1975).
Reversed and remanded. No costs.
I respectfully dissent.
The majority hold that the trial judge was in error in declining to interview a 7-year-old child to ascertain whether he had a custodial preference between his maternal grandmother and his stepfather.
In custody matters, by statute, case law and common sense, the paramount overriding consideration is the best interest of the child. In many cases, the best interest of the child is served by declining to force the child to express a preference.
The complex inter-racial factors present suggest that the trial judge was wise and correct in declining to expose the child to the inevitable pressures involved in extracting an expression of preference for appellate review.
I do not believe that the Child Custody Act of 1970, MCL 722.21 et seq.; MSA 25.312(1) et seq., requires that in every case the trial judge conduct some kind of on-the-record hearing or interview with the child to determine whether the child should be required to express a preference. Contrary to In re Custody of James B, I doubt that the Supreme Court will find that a 4-year-old is of sufficient age to express a preference, or that it is error for a trial judge to decline to force a 4-year-old child to testify so that an appellate court will have a record to review.
66 Mich. App. 133; 238 N.W.2d 550 (1975).
In the within case, the trial judge has made his position clear. He did not believe the 7-year-old was of sufficient age to express a preference. Obviously, the trial judge assumed that if asked, the 7-year-old would express a preference to stay with the stepfather. Apparently, the trial judge also believes it will not serve the child's best interest to probe for the reason for his preference.
Last, I find nothing in this record to suggest a basis for taking this case from the trial judge who heard and decided it and to assign it to another judge on remand.
I would vote to affirm.