Summary
In First Nat. Bank v. Nat. Surety Co., 228 N.Y. 469, the court says at page 472: "Although the instrument denominated itself a `bond,' it is a contract or policy of insurance. * * * A contract guaranteeing or indemnifying an employer against any breach of fidelity on the part of an employee is generally regarded as, and in the matter of interpretation is, a contract of insurance."
Summary of this case from Lattarulo v. National Surety Co.Opinion
Argued February 26, 1920
Decided April 20, 1920
Carlisle Norwood and William J. Griffin for appellant.
Oliver C. Carpenter, Charles P. Rogers and Charles H. Stoll for respondent.
The action is upon a written instrument executed by the defendant, a domestic corporation, to the plaintiff which guaranteed the honesty of an employee of the latter. At the close of the evidence at the trial the trial justice, denying, under exception, the motion of the defendant for a direction of a verdict in its favor, submitted the evidence to the jury which rendered a verdict in favor of plaintiff. The consequent judgment was affirmed by the non-unanimous decision of the Appellate Division.
The facts determinative of the question presented to us are uncontradicted. The instrument, under seal, was delivered November 21, 1912. In virtue of it the defendant agreed "to make good" to the plaintiff any loss not exceeding ten thousand dollars which the plaintiff might sustain by reason of specified dishonest acts of a named employee committed after the fifth day of February, 1912, and "before the termination of this bond," provided the plaintiff shall observe requirements prescribed, and immaterial to our consideration. It next provided: "The liability of the Surety hereunder shall immediately terminate as to subsequent acts of the Employee, (a) Upon discovery by the Employer of any default hereunder by the Employee; (b) The Employee leaving the services of the Employer; (c) Thirty (30) days after receipt by the Employer of written notice from the surety of its desire to terminate same. Upon the termination of this bond by discovery of default, the premium paid thereon shall be deemed fully earned." Next is an immaterial paragraph which is followed by: "Any claim against the Surety hereunder must be duly presented to the Surety within six (6) months after the date of the termination of the Surety's liability hereunder for any reason, and no action or proceeding shall be brought hereunder unless begun within two (2) years after the Employer shall have given notice of such claim." There is no other material provision. The insured period ended February 5, 1914, because the plaintiff did not provide for a further time by the payment of the premium. The employee committed prohibited acts of embezzlement between May 28, 1912, and December 23, 1913, which became first known to the plaintiff December 28, 1915, and made known to the defendant by the plaintiff January 6, 1916. May 10, 1916, the claim was presented to the defendant. The defendant denied any liability on the ground that the claim was not presented within the six months next following the cancellation of the instrument. The action was begun June 21, 1916. We are to determine whether or not the claim of the plaintiff was presented to the defendant within six months after the date of the termination of the defendant's liability under the instrument.
Although the instrument denominates itself a "bond," it is a contract or policy of insurance. (Insurance Law [Cons. Laws, chapter 28], section 70, subdivision 4; People ex rel. National Surety Company v. Feitner, 166 N.Y. 129.) A contract guaranteeing or indemnifying an employer against any breach of fidelity on the part of an employee is generally regarded as, and in the matter of interpretation is, a contract of insurance. The plaintiff asserts that "the date of the termination of the Surety's liability" under the contract was the date of the termination of the period within which an action must be commenced upon the contract, as prescribed in the Statute of Limitations. The defendant asserts that such date was that of the termination of the insured period. Each party in brief and argument brings to our consideration many judicial opinions relating to the rules of interpretation deemed applicable to the case. If the language of the contract, relevant to the question to be determined, were of uncertain or doubtful meaning, the rules applicable would not be far or difficult to seek. We are not to interpret where there is not reasonable doubt concerning what the parties really agreed upon. The language before us in its clear and indisputable meaning excludes the assertion of the plaintiff.
The language is: "Any claim against the Surety hereunder must be duly presented to the Surety within six (6) months after the date of the termination of the Surety's liability hereunder for any reason, * * *." The termination of the "liability" of the defendant sets the six months running. It is manifest that the presentation of the claim is to be made while the duty and obligation of the defendant to make good the losses constituting the claim exist. It would be idle and senseless for the plaintiff to present the claim after the obligation of the defendant to make it good had terminated. In real life parties do not enter into stipulations of such character. Ordinary sense and understanding refuse to accept the conclusion that the parties so agreed. If the language under consideration were: "Any claim against the surety hereunder must be duly presented to the surety within six months after the date of the termination of the surety's obligation to make good the loss claimed hereunder for any reason," the plaintiff obviously would not have a right of action. The plaintiff's action rests and must rest in fact upon such language. It asserts that the meaning of the word "liability," as used, is the obligation of the defendant, made fixed and absolute by the defalcation of the employee, to make good to plaintiff the loss, and that the plaintiff has six months after that obligation is terminated, is ended, in which to present its claim. Reason rejects the assertion, not in the way of interpreting language, but as a perversion of language. To say of the maker of a note that his liability thereon has terminated must and can only mean that his obligation to pay it has been in some way annulled and obliterated. It could not be renewed or continued by an agreement that the note should be presented to him by the payee within six months after his obligation to pay it had been annulled. The word "liability" in the language under consideration has, clearly and necessarily, its other meaning, which it ordinarily and commonly has in instruments and statutes of contingent obligation, namely, the condition of being exposed to the upspringing of an obligation to discharge or make good an undertaking of another or a loss or deficit; "the being exposed or subject to a given contingency, risk, or casualty, which is more or less probable." ( State ex rel. Breeden v. Sheets, 26 Utah, 105; Cochran Sayre v. United States, 157 U.S. 286, 296; Home Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. Peoria Pekin Union Ry. Co., 178 Ill. 64.) Of such a nature is the liability of those who are in the relation of stockholders, trustees, sureties, guarantors, indorsers, insurers. Of such a nature, and of such a nature only, must have been the liability, the termination of which set running the six months beyond which the defendant could not with effect present claims. During the insured period, or within the term of the policy, the defendant was exposed to the inception of the obligation to make good any defalcation. At the end of that period, the exposure terminated, came to a limit in time, and the liability, which was that exposure, necessarily terminated. The end of that period was February 5, 1914. The defendant was not obligated to pay the losses which were not claimed before the expiration of the next following six months.
If argument in support of our conclusion were needed it is found in the universal character of policies of indemnity insurance, and in public policy. The writer of this opinion has examined the opinion in every adjudicated case, involving one of those policies, discoverable by him, and of the multitude found one which provided for the discovery of a loss or the presentation of any claim for a loss within one year next after the end of the insured term; four provided for the purpose a period of three months; the many others provided the period of six months. Those opinions accept those provisions as useful and salutary. In Ballard County Bank's Assignee v. United States Fidelity Guaranty Co. ( 150 Ky. 236) the court said concerning them: "The effect of such a provision in a bond is helpful rather than hurtful. Knowing that no recovery can be had for losses not discovered within the time fixed by the bond, the bond itself is an incentive to the officers of the bank to do their duty by making frequent and careful examinations of the accounts of its employees. Similar provisions to the one in question have been upheld by the courts, and it is well settled that where the liability of the insurer is limited to losses discovered within a specified time, there is no liability unless the fraud, dishonesty or negligence, causing the loss, not only occurred but was discovered within the time limit," and cited many cases. (See, also, Ladies of Modern Maccabees v. Illinois Surety Co., 196 Mich. 27.) We do not believe that the national bank in this case thought or intended when it received the policy that it should have or required twenty and one-half years after the employee began to steal its funds in which to discover the theft.
The judgment should be reversed and the complaint dismissed, with costs in all the courts.
HOGAN, McLAUGHLIN and ANDREWS, JJ., concur; HISCOCK, Ch. J., and POUND, J., dissent on opinion of PUTNAM, J., at Appellate Division; ELKUS, J., not voting.
Judgment reversed, etc.