Summary
In Ferndale v Ealand, 88 Mich. App. 107; 276 N.W.2d 534 (1979), we reversed the trial court's dismissal of plaintiff's nuisance complaint against defendants and remanded for a new trial.
Summary of this case from Ferndale v. EalandOpinion
Docket No. 77-4344.
Decided January 16, 1979. Remanded in lieu of leave to appeal, 406 Mich. 963.
Robert J. Turner (John Katsoulos, of counsel), for plaintiff.
Taylor Rubin, for defendants.
Before: DANHOF, C.J., and R.M. MAHER and D.C. RILEY, JJ.
Plaintiff brought this action in 1975 against defendant owners and operators of the Studio North Theatre, alleging that the theatre was operating in violation of the city zoning ordinance and was, therefore, a nuisance per se subject to abatement under MCL 125.587; MSA 5.2937. Plaintiff also alleged that defendant theatre was operating without the license required by another city ordinance. After considerable procedural difficulties not material to this appeal, the matter at last came on for trial in 1977. At the close of plaintiff's proofs, the trial court granted defendants' motion for a directed verdict for failure to make out a prima facie case. Several days thereafter, the court agreed on stipulation of the parties to reopen the case for the purpose of deciding the constitutionality of the portions of the city zoning ordinance dealing with adult motion picture theatres. The court found the ordinance unconstitutional. From this finding, and from the dismissal of the action for failure to make out a prima facie case, plaintiff appeals.
On July 30, 1973, the Ferndale City Commission adopted an ordinance amending the city zoning ordinance to prohibit, inter alia, establishment of an adult motion picture theatre within 1,000 feet of any building containing a residential, dwelling or rooming unit, Ferndale Ordinances, No 610, § 24.01. The ordinance defines adult motion picture theatre as:
The ordinance provides for waiver by a petition signed by 51% of persons living or doing business within a radius of 1,000 feet of the theatre.
"An enclosed building with a capacity of fifty (50) or more persons used for presenting material distinguished or characterized by an emphasis on matter depicting, describing or relating to `specified sexual activities' or `specified anatomical areas,' (as defined below), for observation by patrons therein." Ferndale Ordinances, No 610, § 24.00(2). (Emphasis added.)
"Specified sexual activities" and "specified anatomical areas" are defined as follows:
"(4) FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION, "SPECIFIED SEXUAL ACTIVITIES" IS DEFINED AS:
"(I) Human genitals in a state of sexual stimulation or arousal;
(II) Acts of human masturbation, sexual intercourse or sodomy;
(III) Fondling or other erotic touching of human genitals, pubic region, buttock or female breast.
"(5) FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION, SPECIFIED ANATOMICAL AREA" IS DEFINED AS:
"(I) Less than completely and opaquely covered:
(A) Human Genitals, Pubic Region, (B) Buttock, and (C) Female breast below a point immediately above the top of the areola; and
(II) Human male genitals in a discernibly turgid state even if completely and opaquely covered." Ferndale Ordinances, No 610, § 24.00(4), (5).
On September 15, 1975, plaintiff City of Ferndale filed a complaint alleging that the Studio North Theatre was an adult motion picture theatre showing a film entitled "Naked Came the Stranger" in violation of the zoning ordinance and petitioning for an injunction prohibiting the theatre from continuing operations. In their answer, defendants admitted that the named film depicted "specified sexual activities", but denied that Studio North was an adult motion picture theatre within the meaning of the ordinance.
Plaintiff claims on appeal that defendants, through their pleadings and through statements of their attorneys, admitted that they were operating in violation of the ordinance. We disagree. Although defendants admitted that the film depicted "specified sexual activity", they did not admit that the film was "distinguished or characterized by an emphasis on" such matter, as required by the ordinance. Moreover, defendants emphatically denied that Studio North was an adult motion picture theatre as defined by the ordinance. It is true, as plaintiff claims, that the attorney for defendant Llewellyn conceded at the first hearing in the case that the theatre showed the type of material described in the ordinance. It is not clear, however, that this admission is any broader than that contained in the answer to the complaint. Even if the attorney's statement might be construed as an admission that the ordinance was being violated, it is binding only on his client, not on the other defendants, who had apparently not even been served with process at the time this statement was made, see Ghezzi v Holly, 22 Mich. App. 157; 177 N.W.2d 247 (1970), Smith v Woronoff, 75 Mich. App. 24; 254 N.W.2d 637 (1977).
Plaintiff claims that the other defendants were bound by Llewellyn's statements because he was their employee. However, there was no showing that Llewellyn was authorized to speak for his employers in this matter, a prerequisite to finding that they were bound by his admissions, cf. Owen v Birmingham Federal Savings Loan Ass'n, 27 Mich. App. 148; 183 N.W.2d 403 (1970).
The question of whether Studio North was an adult motion picture theatre thus awaited proof at the trial, proof which would inevitably entail a showing that the film specified in the complaint was "distinguished or characterized by an emphasis on matter depicting, describing or relating to `specified sexual activities' or relating to `specified anatomical areas'" as defined by the ordinance, Ferndale Ordinances, No 610, § 24.100. To that end, plaintiff sought to introduce testimony of police officers, who had viewed the film in question at Studio North, regarding the contents of the film. The trial court, however, refused to admit such testimony, on grounds that the best evidence rule required the production of the film itself as evidence of its contents. Plaintiff claims on appeal that the trial court erred in refusing to admit testimony regarding the contents of the film. We agree.
The so-called best evidence rule requires that the original of a document be produced at trial — or its absence properly accounted for — before extrinsic evidence of its contents may be introduced, Paul v University Motor Sales Co, 283 Mich. 587; 278 N.W. 714 (1938). The rule is generally applied to photographs as well as written instruments, 32A CJS, Evidence, § 792(7), p 124. See also Kennedy v Bay City Taxi Cab Co, 325 Mich. 668; 39 N.W.2d 220 (1949). An exception to the rule, however, provides that a party is entitled to introduce secondary evidence of a document's contents where the original is in the possession of the opposing party, and that party has been put on notice that the contents would be a subject of proof at trial, Muir v Kalamazoo Corset Co, 155 Mich. 624; 119 N.W. 1079 (1909), Attwood Brass Works v Aero-Motive Manufacturing Co, 347 Mich. 693; 81 N.W.2d 371 (1957). In some cases, the pleadings themselves may constitute sufficient notice to require an adverse party to produce the document, and to permit the introduction of secondary evidence upon his failure to do so, Rose v Lewis, 10 Mich. 483 (1862), see also Muir v Kalamazoo Corset Co, supra.
Applying these rules to the case at bar, we find that the contents of the film "Naked Came the Stranger" was a subject of proof at the trial, and that defendants were put on notice of that fact by the pleadings. The complaint made it clear that Studio North was alleged to be an adult motion picture theatre, as defined in the ordinance, by reason of having shown the named film. Because an adult motion picture theatre is defined in terms of the content of films exhibited therein, such content is a central issue in any case alleging a violation of the ordinance by operation of such a theatre. When defendants in their answer denied that Studio North was an adult motion picture theatre, the issue was joined. The film being indisputably within the control of defendants, it was incumbent upon them to produce it. When they failed to do so, plaintiff was entitled to introduce secondary evidence of the film's contents.
The trial court's refusal to admit the testimony of police officers regarding the contents of "Naked Came the Stranger" was error. We must, therefore, reverse and remand for a new trial, in which plaintiff shall be permitted to offer secondary evidence of the film's contents.
Should defendants produce the film itself, secondary evidence would, of course, not be admissible. We note, however, that defendants represented to the court below that it is impossible to produce the equipment necessary for viewing the film because of its lack of portability.
The court below, recognizing that the fundamental question raised in the lawsuit had not been reached, acceded to the parties' request to decide the constitutionality of the ordinance in question, even though he had already dismissed the action for failure of plaintiff to make out a prima facie case of violation of the ordinance. The parties have submitted the same question for decision by this Court. However, we decline to reach the constitutional issue, because we find that it is not ripe for decision.
In order to challenge the constitutionality of a zoning ordinance, a party must first demonstrate that his rights have been infringed upon by enforcement of the ordinance, Kropf v Sterling Heights, 391 Mich. 139; 215 N.W.2d 179 (1974), Kirk v Tyrone Twp, 398 Mich. 429; 247 N.W.2d 848 (1976). Except in limited circumstances not present in this case, a party may not raise the denial of the constitutional rights of another, Mary v Lewis, 399 Mich. 401; 249 N.W.2d 102 (1976).
We note that defendants do not contend that the statute is overbroad in its scope, cf., Broadrick v Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601; 93 S Ct 2908; 37 L Ed 2d 830 (1973).
In the case at bar, the trial court refused to enforce the ordinance against defendants, finding that plaintiff had failed to establish a violation. Defendants can, therefore, have suffered no infringement of their rights as a result of enforcement of the ordinance, and have no standing to challenge its constitutionality. If on retrial of this cause the trial court once again finds no violation of the ordinance, the constitutional issue need not be reached. If, on the other hand, defendants are found to be in violation of the ordinance and are enjoined from further operation of their business, they will have standing to raise the issue and the trial court must decide it. In that event, the constitutionality of the Ferndale zoning ordinance may properly be brought before this Court for decision. Unless and until that time arrives, we will not discuss the question.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial. No costs, a public question being involved.