Opinion
Docket No. 129846.
Submitted December 9, 1992, at Detroit.
Decided April 27, 1993; approved for publication August 5, 1993, at 9:00 A.M.
Mayer B. Gordon Associates, P.C. (by Frank G. Becker, Mayer B. Gordon, and Paul R. Swanson), for the plaintiff.
Harvey, Kruse, Westen Milan, P.C. (by Paul S. Koczkur, John G. Gleeson, and Phyllis F. Snow), for the defendant.
Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and MACKENZIE and GRIFFIN, JJ.
In this wrongful death action, defendant appeals and plaintiff cross appeals two postjudgment orders issued by the Wayne Circuit Court. Following a jury verdict in favor of plaintiff, the circuit court granted in part defendant's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, denied defendant's motion for a new trial, and granted in part and denied in part defendant's motion to set aside the judgment. We reverse both orders and remand for a new trial.
I
This is a tragic case. Defendant, Superior Products Company, is a manufacturer of concrete products used in construction projects. On December 30, 1986, plaintiff's decedent, twelve-year-old Wesley Wayne Risi, went to defendant's Taylor, Michigan, facility to play on top of the large concrete pipes defendant stored there. Accompanied by two of his friends, the decedent entered defendant's facility through a large opening in the fence and began climbing the pipes. The decedent was fatally injured when one of the pipes unexpectedly rolled onto him and crushed him.
Plaintiff sued defendant, claiming liability on a theory of attractive nuisance. After a lengthy trial, a jury found in favor of plaintiff and awarded damages in the amount of $2,273,500.
II
The primary issue on appeal concerns the admissibility of certain evidence introduced by plaintiff to support the claim for exemplary damages. We begin by noting that, contrary to plaintiff's position on cross appeal, exemplary damages are not recoverable in a wrongful death action. The various authorities supporting this rule were summarized recently by the federal district court in In re Disaster at Detroit Metropolitan Airport on August 16, 1987, 750 F. Supp. 793, 805 (ED Mich, 1989):
In Michigan, the courts of that State refuse to allow the recovery of punitive damages. See Kewin v Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins, Co, 409 Mich. 401; 295 N.W.2d 50 (1980); Currie v Fiting, 375 Mich. 440; 134 N.W.2d 611 (1965); Hicks v Ottewell, 174 Mich. App. 750; 436 N.W.2d 453 (1989); Kirk v Ford Motor Co, 147 Mich. App. 337; 383 N.W.2d 193 (1985); Association Research Development Corp v CNA Financial Corp, 123 Mich. App. 162; 333 N.W.2d 206 (1983), lv den 418 Mich. 858 (1983). While exemplary damages are distinct from punitive damages and are designed to compensate plaintiffs for humiliation, outrage, and indignity resulting from a defendant's wilful, wanton, or malicious conduct, see CNA Financial, 123 Mich App at 171; 333 N.W.2d at 211, neither form of damages is available under the Michigan Wrongful Death Act, MCLA 600.2922 [MSA 27A.2922] (West 1986). This act has been construed by the Michigan Supreme Court as the statute which provides the exclusive remedies for those injuries which result in death, see Endykiewicz v State Highway Commission, 414 Mich. 377, 387-88; 324 N.W.2d 755 (1982); Courtney v Apple, 345 Mich. 223, 228; 76 N.W.2d 80, 83 (1956), and that statute does not provide for punitive or exemplary damages. See Bernier v Board of County Road Commissioners, 581 F. Supp. 71, 80 (WD Mich, 1983); cf. Currie, 375 Mich. 440; 134 N.W.2d 611.
We believe that this analysis represents a correct application of Michigan precedent. Accordingly, we agree with defendant that the trial court did not err in striking the $500,000 exemplary damage award from the jury's verdict.
III
We also agree with defendant that simply striking the exemplary damage award from the verdict was insufficient to eradicate the prejudice resulting from the numerous errors that occurred at trial. Defendant argues that the entire proceedings in this case were tainted by improper evidence and argument designed to portray defendant as a wealthy and callous corporation that deserved to be punished with a substantial judgment. After thoroughly reviewing the record in this case, we agree with defendant that prejudicial error occurred and that a new trial is warranted.
A
In an attractive nuisance case, one of the elements a plaintiff must prove is that the utility of maintaining the dangerous condition and the burden of eliminating the danger are slight as compared with the risk to the children involved. Rand v Knapp Shoe Stores, 178 Mich. App. 735, 740-741; 444 N.W.2d 156 (1989). In the present case, this element was not in dispute. Defense counsel offered on several occasions to stipulate that it was feasible for defendant to eliminate the danger by either repairing the fence or posting "no trespassing" signs.
Nonetheless, on the third day of trial, plaintiff sought to introduce evidence of defendant's financial records for the year 1986. Defense counsel objected on the basis that feasibility of repairs was not at issue and that using defendant's wealth to support a claim for exemplary damages was clearly improper. Ultimately, the trial court overruled defendant's objection without explanation. Plaintiff then called defendant's president, Howard T. Rex, Jr., as a witness and asked him about the company's assets and liabilities. Reading from defendant's balance sheet, Rex testified that in 1986 his company had assets in excess of $24 million and liabilities of approximately $15.6 million.
On cross-examination, defense counsel tried to rebut the inference of defendant's wealth by showing that defendant had been losing money in recent years. Rex testified that defendant showed net losses of approximately $1.6 million in 1987, $980,000 in 1988, and $1.4 million from January 1, 1989, through September 30, 1989. Then, on redirect examination, plaintiff's counsel sought to show that the losses were simply the result of "creative accounting" by defendant:
Q. [ Mr. Swanson]: Mr. Rex, are you an accountant by education?A. No, not by education.
Q. Have you ever heard of the term creative accounting?A. Yes.
Q. What does that mean?
A. Well, you get things to go the way you want them to go.
Q. In the years that you took your losses, `87, `88, `89, did you get some federal — some sort of tax credits for those?A. Yes.
Q. You wouldn't suggest to us, would you, that you took — you didn't take your salary in those years, would you?A. (No response).
Q. You did not take your salary in `87, `88 or `89, did you?A. No.
Q. Or any of the officers?
A. No.
B
With the above evidence before the jury, closing arguments in this case became what can best be described as a virtual "free-for-all" with respect to the issue of defendant's financial status. In connection with his feasibility argument, plaintiff's counsel characterized defendant as the "$24 million corporation":
What did he say the cost of the signs would be, if he wanted to post them every fifty foot? A thousand bucks, eleven thousand dollars to do a tip-top job, state of the art, to a twenty-four million dollar corporation.
I submit, gentlemen, that burden is slight. If they wanted to do a tip top job. As compared with the risk to children involved. [Emphasis added.]
Shortly thereafter, plaintiff's counsel emphasized the contrast between the plaintiff's family and defendant's wealth. Counsel told the jury:
What can I say? How can I express the devastation that this needless tragedy has inflicted upon Wesley's mother, Fran. She's a single mother. She works hard. Set up an example for her boys. And she's not a wealthy lady. She works as a cashier. They tried to show, hey, this lady works for a living. Well, she's not ashamed of it. She worked hard. Set a good example for her boys. And, you know, money was always short. She had two kids to feed, two kids to cloth [sic], but they never went to bed hungry. They always showed up to school with clean clothes.
You learned from Wendy McGee and most of all they had a loving home to come home to in the afternoon when school was done.
Now what has she got to show for it? She's got no jewels. No stocks. No bonds; no real estate investments. All her blood, her sweat, her time; her love and money, they were all invested in her boys Larry and Wesley. These were her jewels. These were her investments. They were her life. [Emphasis added.]
During rebuttal, plaintiff's counsel again addressed the issue of defendant's wealth when he stated:
Mr. Rex got up on the stand. He told you in the year 1986 they had twenty-four million dollars in assets, only fifteen million dollars in liability. Okay.
And then in the succeeding years brought out by counsel on cross examination — excuse me.
Yes, cross examination, they said, well, okay, we lost a million. We lost a million and half in the following year. And then we lost another million, something like that. They lost a few million in there. Okay.
But then when Mr. Swanson, remember Mr. Swanson got back up and he said, oh, gee, that sounds terrible.
Did you take your salaries for those years; did directors and officers take your salaries?
Answer: yes.
Q. Did [sic] get tax refunds?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you know what creative accounting is?
Oh, yes. That's when you get things to go your own way.
Well, were they juggling the books to get things to go their own way?
Finally, near the end of his rebuttal, plaintiff's counsel made the following comment:
Mr. Gordon: You've heard all the evidence.
It is overwhelmingly in favor of the plaintiff. Anybody can see that. I know you've seen it. You know so much of the time we are just lost; we say, we say, God tell us what is right; what is true. Seems like there is no justice. That the rich wins and the poor are powerless. [Emphasis added.]
The transcript of the closing arguments is riddled with objections from both sides. In most instances, the objections were not ruled upon by the trial court. Ultimately, at the conclusion of plaintiff's rebuttal, defendant moved for a mistrial. The sole comment by the trial judge was, "That's noted and denied, counsel."
At one point, defense counsel did attempt to use the financial evidence to his client's advantage. Although also improper, defense counsel told the jury that a substantial award of exemplary damages would force defendant to close its plant and put fifty local families out of work:
Gentlemen, you shouldn't give not a single dollar, not one for exemplary damages. That's especially true despite the irrelevant value of the assets that Mr. Gordon likes to bring up.
It is especially true because Superior Products has been losing money. I mean loss of money over the last few years. And the future, and its future doesn't look good.
What Mr. Gordon is asking you to do is effectively shut [down] Superior Products and put fifty men with families out on the street. That's what Mr. Gordon wants.
C
In Reetz v Kinsman Marine Transit Co, 416 Mich. 97, 111-112; 330 N.W.2d 638 (1982), our Supreme Court condemned as always improper comments that tend to stress the wealth, power, and insensitivity of a corporate defendant:
The effect of these comments was to create in the minds of the jurors an image of Kinsman as an unfeeling, powerful corporation controlled by a ruthless millionaire. Even a juror who harbored no prejudice against corporations or millionaires might have been swayed by these inflammatory remarks to alter his view of the evidence.
Our prior cases should have made clear that even isolated comments like these are always improper, even if not always incurable or error requiring reversal. However, when, as in this case, the theme is constantly repeated so that the error becomes indelibly impressed on the juror's consciousness, the error becomes incurable and requires reversal. We find the following statement from Steudle v Yellow Checker Cab Transfer Co, 287 Mich. 1, 11-12; 282 N.W. 879 (1938), to be applicable in this case:
"We believe the record in the instant case shows a deliberate course of conduct on the part of counsel for plaintiff aimed at preventing defendant from having a fair and impartial trial. We think the course of misconduct was so persistently followed that a charge of the court in an effort to obviate the prejudice would have been useless."
After thorough review, we are persuaded that defendant was denied a fair trial. By erroneously allowing proof regarding the question of exemplary damages, the trial court permitted plaintiff to cast defendant as a wealthy, callous, and insensitive corporation. As the last comment emphasized above plainly indicates, plaintiff was erroneously permitted to play on the helplessness that individuals sometimes feel in their dealings with large corporations. See Duke v American Olean Tile Co, 155 Mich. App. 555, 563; 400 N.W.2d 677 (1986). Moreover, we reject plaintiff's argument that defendant's attempt to use the financial evidence to its advantage cured any error.
Finally, we must discuss briefly one other significant error that occurred at trial. Although less serious than the above errors, the trial court improperly admitted into evidence photographs of the fence as it had been repaired two weeks after the accident. Plaintiff's counsel sought admission of these photographs to show the "feasibility of making these changes." As noted above, however, defense counsel stipulated that it was feasible to make the repairs. Accordingly, defense counsel argued that in view of such an admission, MRE 407 barred the evidence. The trial court overruled the objection, stating, "I do in fact find these photographs have relevance." Because feasibility was not an issue, this ruling was erroneous.
On the basis of the foregoing, we vacate the orders below and remand this matter for a new trial. In view of our disposition, we need not address the remaining evidentiary matters raised by defendant on appeal. We note, however, that when this matter is retried, plaintiff shall not be permitted to introduce evidence of defendant's past misconduct unless such evidence is relevant to a material issue. Such evidence shall not be admitted to prove any matter which, by virtue of stipulation, is not in dispute. Compare McDonald v Stroh Brewery Co, 191 Mich. App. 601, 605-606; 478 N.W.2d 669 (1991).
IV
Defendant's remaining issues on appeal merit only cursory discussion. We reject defendant's argument that it was entitled to judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the basis of the decedent's age. Defendant's own expert agreed that a twelve-year-old would not recognize that the pipes would shift. Furthermore, our review indicates that defense counsel stipulated the verdict form now claimed to be erroneous. It is well settled that error requiring reversal must be that of the trial court and not that to which the appellant contributed by plan or negligence. Bloemsma v Auto Club Ins Ass'n (After Remand), 190 Mich. App. 686, 691; 476 N.W.2d 487 (1991). On remand, however, defendant shall be free to renew its objections to the verdict form on the basis that it fails to comply with the tort reform act, MCL 600.6301 et seq.; MSA 27A.6301 et seq.
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
While I agree with the majority that exemplary damages are not recoverable in a wrongful death action, I cannot agree that by erroneously allowing proof regarding the question of exemplary damages the trial court permitted plaintiff to cast defendant as a wealthy, callous, and insensitive corporation. The evidence regarding defendant's financial status was admitted because plaintiff was required to prove that the utility of maintaining the cement pipes for sale or salvage and the burden of eliminating any danger caused by the pipes was slight when compared to the risk to the children involved. The evidence established that only about three percent of defendant's business was generated by the stored cement pipes and that it would have cost defendant between $6,000 and $10,000 to address the dangers caused by this practice.
Given this state of the record, I find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's decision to admit evidence of defendant's financial assets. It certainly has bearing on whether the utility of maintaining the dangerous practice and the burden of eliminating the danger were slight when compared to the risk. And, contrary to the conclusion reached by the majority, I am not convinced that defendant conceded this element by stipulating that it was feasible to repair its fence and post warning signs. For this reason, I would affirm the trial court's decision denying defendant's motion for a new trial.