Summary
In Federal Surety Co. v. Basin Const. Co., 91 Mont. 114, 5 P.2d 775 (1931), where the surety obligated itself through its bond to pay "any and all damages, directly arising by failure of the principal to perform faithfully said contract," the court concluded that this language was "not intended to include attorney's fees, but rather the usual and ordinary damages resulting from a breach of the contract."
Summary of this case from Martin v. Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co.Opinion
No. 6,821.
Submitted November 3, 1931.
Decided December 2, 1931. Rehearing denied December 21, 1931.
Contracts — State Highway Construction Contracts — Breach — Principal and Surety — Surety Bonds — Attorneys' Fees not Recoverable — Appeal — Theory of Case — Pleadings — Defense of Nonperformance of Condition Precedent — Waiver. Appeal — Theory of Case. 1. Where a cause was tried on a certain theory, the parties are bound thereby on appeal. Pleading — Answer may Supply Material Allegations Omitted from Complaint. 2. A material allegation omitted from the complaint may be supplied by the answer. Contracts — Failure of Plaintiff to Allege Performance of Condition Precedent — Waiver of Defense of Nonperformance. 3. Under the rule that a party to a contract entitled to demand performance of a condition precedent may waive his right either expressly or impliedly, held that where the complaint in an action for the breach of a highway construction contract failed to allege affirmatively that plaintiff had performed a condition precedent, but defendant in its answer treated the contract as fulfilled in that behalf instead of relying on nonperformance of it as a defense, pleading instead that completion of the work was prevented by plaintiff's taking it over, defendant must be deemed to have waived its right to attack the complaint as insufficient on appeal on the ground that it did not allege performance of the condition precedent. Same — Breach — Election of Remedies — Waiver of Breach. 4. Where there is a breach of contract the party not in default may elect between treating the breach as a discharge of the contract, or proceed on the theory that it is still in force; if he takes the latter course he waives his right to rely on the breach. Attorneys' Fees — When and When not Recoverable. 5. The general rule is that attorneys' fees are not recoverable in actions at law or in equity, unless expressly allowed by statute or the contract in suit makes definite provision for their payment. Same — Provision for Attorneys' Fees One in Nature of Special Damages — Pleading and Proof. 6. A provision in a contract for the allowance of attorneys' fees on action instituted to recover on the contract, is in the nature of one for special damages, recoverable only upon appropriate allegations and proof. Surety Bonds — Extent of Liability of Surety — Bond and Contract to be Construed Together. 7. The obligation of a surety is coextensive with, and measured by, the promises of the principal to the obligee contained in the contract, for the faithful performance of which by the principal the surety gives its bond; and in determining the liability of the surety, both the contract and the bond must be construed together. Same — State Highway Construction Contracts — Surety Bonds — Damages Recoverable Do not Include Attorneys' Fees. 8. The clause in a surety bond given to secure the faithful performance of a state highway construction contract, that the surety would pay "any and all damages directly arising by failure of the principal to perform faithfully said contract," held not to include attorneys' fees incident to an action on the bond, the terms referring only to the usual and ordinary damages resulting from a breach of the contract.
Appeal from District Court, Lewis and Clark County; A.J. Horsky, Judge.
Mr. T.B. Weir and Mr. Harry P. Bennett, for Appellants, submitted a brief; Mr. Weir argued the cause orally.
Messrs. Gunn, Rasch, Hall Gunn, for Respondent, submitted a brief; Mr. Carl Rasch argued the cause orally.
It was incumbent upon respondent in the complaint to allege generally that it had performed all the conditions of the contract on its part to be performed, and that would give appellants an opportunity to deny the allegations and create an issue to be established by respondent in its proof. ( Ackley v. Phenix Ins. Co., 25 Mont. 272, 64 P. 665; Ivanhoff v. Teale, 47 Mont. 115, 130 P. 972; Enterprise Sheet Metal Works v. Schendel, 55 Mont. 42, 173 P. 1059.) Of course, respondent could have relied on excuses for nonperformance, such as waiver, etc., but again this must be pleaded. (1 Bancroft's Code Pleading, sec. 64, p. 136.) Performance can be pleaded generally. ( Broat Lumber Co. v. Van Houten, 66 Mont. 478, 213 P. 1116; Sutton v. Lowry, 39 Mont. 462, 104 P. 545; McGlauflin v. Wormser, 28 Mont. 177, 72 P. 428; Billings First Nat. Bank v. Custer Co., 7 Mont. 464, 17 P. 551; California Canneries Co. v. Great Western Lumber Co., 44 Cal.App. 69, 185 P. 1008, 207 P. 908.)
Even if respondent should attempt to deny that the condition of putting the road in shape for graveling was a condition precedent on their part to be performed, they are in no better condition as to their pleading, because that condition and the one to gravel are dependent on one another, thus it must be either precedent or concurrent. In 1 Bancroft's Code Pleading, p. 142, it is said: "Hence, in suing on an executory contract consisting of reciprocal promises, to be concurrently performed, the plaintiff must allege, either performance on his part, or a tender of performance, or show some excuse binding on the other party for not performing." ( Los Angeles Gas Elec. Co. v. Amalgamated Oil Co., 156 Cal. 776, 106 P. 55; Daniels v. Morris, 65 Or. 289, 130 P. 397, 132 P. 958; 13 C.J., p. 570.)
Appellants were forced by the rulings of the court to go to prove a negative, to-wit: That respondent had not performed their contract, while proof of respondent's performance was germane to their cause of action and should have been alleged and proved.
There is a rule that if defendants allow plaintiffs, without objection, to introduce evidence which would cure their pleadings, they cannot complain. But in this case every safeguard was taken by the defendants from the start of the trial, and if by the rulings of the court defendants were forced to show this matter of nonperformance to prove they were not in default, that does not abrogate the rule. The lower court forced these appellants to shoulder the burden of respondent.
We submit that no authorities can be cited which would hold that there ever was a cure of the pleadings in a situation as it appears in this case. We also submit that if respondent attempts to predicate a breach of a condition dependent on some duty of theirs they have to allege and prove they were not at fault, and therefore the respondent's pleadings never did, nor now do state a cause of action against these appellants, or either of them.
The court erred in allowing attorneys' fees. It allowed respondent attorneys' fees in the amount of $1,000. There is no stipulation or agreement either in the "Basin Contract" or in the bond in which appellants agreed to pay a reasonable attorney's fee. In the absence of agreement the general rule is that counsel fees are not recoverable in actions either at law or in equity, except where expressly allowed by statute. (8 Cal. Jur. 803, sec. 60.) "Sureties are not liable for the attorney's fees of the creditor or obligee unless there is an express provision in the contract to that effect, or the sureties have agreed to be answerable for all expenses or statute so provides." (50 C.J. 92, sec. 149.)
The phrase "any and all loss or damage" in the bond refers to the ordinary damages arising from a breach of contract, which never includes attorney's fees. There is no reference to "expenses" or "costs." The surety does not bind anyone beyond the provisions of the contract itself. ( Gary Hay Grain Co., Inc., v. Carlson, Inc., 79 Mont. 111, 255 P. 722.)
It was definitely settled in Bovee v. Helland, 52 Mont. 151, 156 P. 416, that the district court may not make a rule allowing attorney's fees as costs in cases where they are not expressly authorized by statute or stipulated for by the parties.
Without conceding that the provision of the contract, "And the party of the first part hereby covenants, contracts and agrees to put the road bed on said project in perfect condition for graveling," etc., was a condition precedent, performance of which should be pleaded, or its performance waived, the pleadings in this case clearly show a waiver of such condition.
It is well settled that if a complaint is defective by failing to allege performance by plaintiff, or waiver of performance by the defendant, it may be cured by the allegations in defendant's answer. ( Schauer v. Morgan, 67 Mont. 455, 216 P. 347; Northwestern Hardware Steel Co. v. Winnett, 67 Mont. 545, 216 P. 568; Anderson v. Wirkman, 67 Mont. 176, 215 P. 224; Hurley v. Great Falls Baseball Assn., 59 Mont. 21, 195 P. 559; Harmon v. Fox, 31 Mont. 324, 78 P. 517.) If the facts alleged show a waiver, it is not necessary to specifically allege waiver. ( Jorgensen v. J.C. Robinson Seed Co., 112 Neb. 573, 199 N.W. 855; Gray v. Cooper, 217 Mo. App. 592, 274 S.W. 941.) The rule is that if facts are pleaded from which an ultimate fact must result, it is not necessary to specifically plead such fact. ( Murphy v. Johns, 56 Mont. 134, 182 P. 115; Harmon v. Fox, 31 Mont. 324, 78 P. 517; Surman v. Cruse, 57 Mont. 253, 187 P. 890.)
The fact that the Basin Construction Company, through Ronde, proceeded with the graveling and treated the contract as in full force and effect, constituted a waiver of any right to claim a breach by plaintiff on account of its failure to have put the roadbed in condition for graveling. (13 C.J., p. 670, sec. 764; Snowball v. Maney Bros. Co., 39 Wyo. 84, 61 A.L.R. 199, 270 P. 167, 271 P. 875; Hevenor v. Union Ry. Co., 204 App. Div. 535, 198 N.Y. Supp. 409; Olson v. Harvey, 68 Colo. 180, 188 P. 751; Blalock v. Jones, (Tex.Civ.App.) 1 S.W.2d 400; California Raisin Growers v. Abbott, 160 Cal. 601, 117 P. 767; Champion Spark Plugs Co. v. Automobile Sundries Co., 273 Fed. 74; Henderson Tire Rubber Co. v. P.K. Wilson Son, 203 App. Div. 773, 196 N.Y. Supp. 879; Benjamin Fuel Supply Co. v. Bell Union Coal Min. Co., 284 Fed. 227.) Proceeding with the work of graveling, as shown by the pleadings, constituted a waiver by the defendants of any condition precedent to be performed by plaintiff.
Appellants contend it was error to allow an attorney's fee of $1,000 as part of plaintiff's damage. The amount of this fee is admitted to be reasonable, if defendants are liable therefor. This item of damages is based on provisions of the bond of the Fidelity Deposit Company, which provides that the surety "shall indemnify the owner from and against any and all loss or damage directly arising by failure of the principal to perform faithfully said contract." The phrase "any and all loss or damage" in this bond is very broad. There appears to be a conflict of authorities on one question of whether attorney's fees may be included as an element of damages in a suit against a surety for breach of bond. (50 C.J., pp. 91, 92.) For a general discussion of attorney's fees and damages, see Bovee v. Helland, 52 Mont. 151, 156 P. 416.
That attorney's fees may be recovered as an element of damages on a surety bond see Henne v. Summers, 23 Cal.App. 763, 139 P. 907; Cohn v. Smith, 37 Cal.App. 764, 174 P. 682; Kinney v. Massachusetts Bonding Ins. Co., 210 App. Div. 285, 206 N.Y. Supp. 163.
Section 9858, Revised Codes 1921, as amended by Chapter 5, Laws of 1925, provides that an applicant for mandamus if he recovers "may recover the damages which he sustained." This court has repeatedly held that under this general statement he may recover attorney's fees as a part of said damages. ( State ex rel. O'Connor v. McCarthy, 86 Mont. 100, 282 P. 1045.) Section 9259 provides that the condition of an undertaking for writ of attachment must be that the plaintiff will pay all costs and all damages defendant may sustain. The court has held that under this broad statement of damages he may recover attorney's fees as a part of the damage. ( Plymouth Gold Min. Co. v. United States Fidelity G. Co., 35 Mont. 23, 10 Ann. Cas. 951, 88 P. 565.)
While the supreme court in the Bovee Case, cited above, states that attorney's fees cannot be recovered unless authorized by statute or by contract, it would seem that the provisions of a contract, to-wit: surety bond indemnifying the obligee against "any and all loss or damage," would include damages by way of attorney's fees as clearly as the provisions in sections 9259 and 9858 authorize damages in attachment and mandamus proceedings. In other words, the provision in the bond "any and all loss or damage" is in effect a contract authorizing the recovery of attorney's fees as the plaintiff sustained that damage in establishing a default of the bond. As the principal as well as the surety signed this bond, if it is broad enough to include attorney's fees, they are bound by the provisions thereof. ( Sinnott v. Schumacher, 45 Cal.App. 46, 187 P. 105.)
This action was instituted by the plaintiff, Federal Surety Company, to recover the sum of $13,989.13 from the defendants, Basin Construction Company and the Fidelity Deposit Company, for an alleged breach of contract for the construction of a portion of a federal aid highway between Billings and Hardin. A jury was waived and the cause was tried to the court, after the conclusion of which the court made and entered its findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with the prayer of the plaintiff's complaint awarding to the plaintiff the sum of $10,139.75 for loss of profits, $2,849.49 for money actually expended in excess of the amount received from the state of Montana on completion of the work, together with interest on $12,989.13, the total of these sums, from July 29, 1929, and additionally the sum of $1,000 found to be a reasonable attorney's fee incurred in prosecution of the action. Judgment was entered accordingly, from which the defendants have appealed.
Defendants have assigned many errors alleged to have been committed as reason for reversal of the judgment, but in our opinion but two questions are necessary to be considered in disposition of this appeal, viz.: (1) Is the complaint sufficient upon which to predicate the judgment; and (2) did the court err in allowing attorney's fees to the plaintiff as a part of its damages?
In plaintiff's complaint it is alleged that on or about March 21, 1928, one C.W. Eggers entered into a written contract with the state of Montana through the state highway commission "to furnish and deliver all the materials and to furnish all tools, machinery and implements, and to do and perform all the work and labor in the construction" of the portion of the highway described in consideration of the sum of $77,458.38; that by the terms of such contract the contractor was to be paid and receive the sum of $2.40 per cubic yard for crushed gravel surfacing in place; that Eggers as principal, and the plaintiff as surety, made, executed, and delivered to the state of Montana a bond for the faithful performance of the contract, which, among other things, required the work to be completed on or before November 1, 1928, otherwise that the contractor should be subject to the payment of a penalty of $15 per day for every day thereafter the completion of the work was delayed; that on January 15, 1929, Eggers having defaulted in the performance of his contract, the plaintiff took over the work and became subrogated to the rights of Eggers thereunder; that on the thirtieth day of January, 1929, the plaintiff for the purpose of completing the work in accordance with the Eggers' contract, and with the consent of the state highway commission, entered into a written agreement with the defendant Basin Construction Company, by which the latter was to surface the road with gravel in accordance with the plans and specifications of the state highway commission and to the satisfaction of such commission, for the sum of $1.90 per cubic yard, for the faithful performance of which contract the Fidelity Deposit Company of Maryland became surety. By the terms of the last-mentioned contract, it in part provided:
"That, whereas, the party of the first part has taken over the contract between the State of Montana and C.W. Eggers of Great Falls, Montana, doing business under the name and style of the Good Roads Construction Company, for the construction of Federal Aid Project 187-D, Unit 8, also known as a part of the Billings-Hardin road, and whereas party of the first part is desirous of completing said Project * * * by subletting the remainder of the work to be done under said contract, consisting of the crushing and spreading of the gravel only, to the satisfaction of the State Highway Commission;
"Now, Therefore, the party of the second part, for and in consideration of the payment to be made to it by the said party of the first part, as hereinafter provided, does by these presents hereby covenant, contract and agree to finish the graveling only, on Federal Aid project known as Project No. 187-D, Unit 8, said graveling consisting of crushing and spreading between 14,000 and 16,000 cubic yards of gravel, according to the plans and specifications of the State Engineers of the State of Montana, and to furnish all necessary equipment and labor to perform the crushing and laying of the gravel, in a good and workmanlike manner so as to meet with the approval of the State Highway Commission and to do whatever trenching is necessary to complete the job, and said party of the second part further covenants and agrees to move onto the said project and start work as soon as weather conditions during the year 1929 permit, and to complete said work as soon as possible, weather permitting; using both day and night shift;
"And the party of the first part hereby covenants, contracts and agrees to put the road bed on said project in perfect condition for graveling, it being understood that party of the second part is to do no earth work except the trenching and it being further understood by the parties hereto that the three and one-half miles of road at the West end of said project has already been completed by C.W. Eggers and that no work is to be done by party of the second part on said three and one-half miles."
In the complaint it is further alleged that after the plaintiff had entered into the contract with the Basin Construction Company, and executed bond for its faithful performance signed by the Fidelity Deposit Company, as surety, it defaulted in performance and without the plaintiff's consent abandoned the contract, and made a pretended assignment thereof to one S.F. Ronde, an individual doing business under the name and style of S.F. Ronde, Inc., "and thereafter refused to perform or carry out any of the terms and conditions of said contract, or at all"; that it failed, neglected, and refused to put onto the project sufficient equipment and men to operate both day and night shifts, as required by the terms of the contract and as demanded by the plaintiff, or "to prosecute the work with reasonable diligence so as to complete the same as soon as possible, as required by said contract, and refused to supply additional equipment and labor to properly complete said project as soon as possible, when requested by plaintiff so to do, and failed and neglected to furnish necessary equipment and labor and to prosecute the work on said project to the satisfaction and approval of the State Highway Commission of Montana, as required by said contract"; that thereupon the plaintiff took over the work and fully completed it on or about July 29, 1929, in accordance with the Eggers contract, with damages suffered in consequence for which judgment is prayed as hereinabove set forth.
In separate answers filed, both defendants affirmatively allege by way of cross-complaint, in substance, that the Basin Construction Company was proceeding with the work through its employees and would have completed the contract in all respects in accordance with its terms had not the plaintiff interfered by taking over the work, thus preventing the Basin Construction Company from executing the contract to its damage in the sum of $7,493.20; and that when ousted, the Basin Construction Company had already laid under the contract 2,632 cubic yards of crushed gravel. The answers do not allege failure of the plaintiff to perform its part of the contract by having the roadbed in condition for the spreading of the gravel as a defense, nor that the Basin Construction Company was hindered or impeded by reason of the nonperformance of any act by plaintiff. Issue was joined by replies.
1. A general demurrer was filed to the complaint which was [1-4] submitted without argument and by the court overruled. Objection to the introduction of evidence in support of the complaint was made by the defendants at the outset of the trial on the ground the complaint fails to state facts sufficient to state a cause of action, which was overruled pro forma, and upon the conclusion of the plaintiff's case the defendants moved for a nonsuit upon the ground, among others stated, that the complaint fails to state a cause of action. Conceding that technically the complaint is insufficient by reason of its failure to affirmatively allege performance of the condition precedent required to be performed by the plaintiff, viz., that it had put the roadbed on such project in perfect condition for graveling, yet, as noted, in the answers filed by the defendants such breach is not relied upon as a defense; on the contrary, the defendants rely solely upon the alleged interference by the plaintiff with the progress of the work. The defense is not predicated upon the failure of the plaintiff to perform the conditions precedent, and it is by the answers averred that the Basin Construction Company, when ousted, was at work on the ground and had to that time laid 2,632 cubic yards of crushed gravel on the project and should have completed the work had it not been prevented by the plaintiff's interference. And the case was tried on that theory, which is now binding upon the parties on appeal. ( Flannery v. Campbell, 30 Mont. 172, 75 P. 1109; Bode v. Rollwitz, 60 Mont. 481, 199 P. 688; Newman v. Association of Credit Men, 63 Mont. 545, 208 P. 914; Berne v. Stevens, 67 Mont. 254, 215 P. 803.) The defense pleaded and the theory in consequence upon which the case was tried, in our opinion, constitute a waiver of the necessity of the plaintiff averring and proving performance of the condition precedent by it to be performed under the terms of the contract. It is elementary that a material allegation omitted from the complaint may be supplied by the answer ( Stephens v. Conley, 48 Mont. 352, Ann. Cas. 1915D, 958, 138 P. 189; Hurley v. Great Falls Baseball Assn., 59 Mont. 21, 195 P. 559; Anderson v. Wirkman, 67 Mont. 176, 215 P. 224); and also that the parties are bound by the theory upon which the case was tried. Generally, a waiver when relied upon should be pleaded, and while there is no direct allegation of waiver contained in either the complaint or the answers, the allegations of part performance by the Basin Construction Company, and that it would have fully performed its contract but for the plaintiff's interference, in our opinion, constitute a waiver of the condition precedent required of the plaintiff to put the road in shape for graveling. No complaint on this score is made by the answers. The allegations contained in the answers treat the contract fulfilled as to conditions precedent to be performed by the plaintiff, it being alleged in effect that the Basin Construction Company, through Ronde, was proceeding with the work and should have completed the same but for the plaintiff's interference. And such was defendants' theory on the trial. After judgment, on appeal, the defendants will not be permitted to set up a defense wholly at variance from their position at the trial predicated upon their pleadings. "A party to a contract who is entitled to demand performance of a condition precedent, may waive the same, either expressly, or by acts evidencing such intention, and performance of a condition precedent to taking effect of the contract may be waived by the acts of the parties in treating the agreement in effect." (13 C.J., p. 671.) "As applied to problems of breach, in cases in which the party who is not in default has the right of election between treating the breach on the part of the party who is in default as a discharge of the contract, or as treating the contract as in full force and effect, the party who is not in default may, if he elects to do so, take the latter alternative and treat the contract as in effect. Such election waives the right of the party who is not in default to treat the contract as discharged by the breach which such party has thus waived." (Page on the Law of Contracts, 2d ed., sec. 3038; Snowball v. Maney Bros. Co., 36 Wyo. 84, 61 A.L.R. 199, 270 P. 167.)
The case was tried on its merits on the theory of the defense interposed by the defendants in their answers, although evidence was introduced by them and received without objection showing that the roadbed had not been placed in condition for graveling by the plaintiff prior to the time it took over the execution of the work embraced in the Basin Construction Company's contract. It is now too late for the defendants to change base on their theory of defense.
2. The evidence amply supports the judgment, but is the item [5-7] of $1,000 included therein properly allowable as damages? The amount so assessed as attorney's fees is admitted to be reasonable, if properly chargeable. This item of damages is predicated on the provisions of the bond to the effect that "the surety will indemnify the owner [here meaning the plaintiff] from and against any and all loss and damage directly arising by failure of the principal (Basin Construction Company) to perform faithfully said contract." The general rule is that attorney's fees are not recoverable in actions at law or in equity, except where expressly allowed by statute (8 Cal. Jur., p. 803), or the contract in suit makes definite provision for the payment thereof. Here we have neither an express provision of statute nor of the contract warranting the recovery either as damages or as costs, and in our opinion the court erred in including them in its findings and in the judgment. A provision in a contract for the allowance of attorney's fees upon action instituted to recover on the contract is in the nature of a provision for special damages, recoverable only upon appropriate allegations and proof. ( Bovee v. Helland, 52 Mont. 151, 156 P. 416.) The obligation of a surety is coextensive with and measured by the promises of the principal to the obligee contained in the contract. The surety by the bond only binds itself to the performance of the acts which the principal promises to perform as a part of its contract. Both the bond and the contract are to be construed and considered together in determination of the surety's liability, in instances such as this, where the bond is given for the faithful performance of the contract. ( Gary Hay Grain Co. v. Carlson, 79 Mont. 111, 255 P. 722.) And where, as here, there is no express provision made either by statute or by the contract or the bond for the allowance of attorney's fees as a part of the damages or costs in an action for breach of contract, they are not recoverable. In our opinion the words "any [8] and all damages directly arising by failure of the principal to perform faithfully said contract," as employed in the bond, were not intended to include attorney's fees, but rather the usual and ordinary damages resulting from a breach of the contract.
An action to recover on an injunction or attachment bond wherein, by reason of the statutes, the surety obligates itself to pay such damages as the defendant may sustain by reason of the issuance of either writ, is in a different category. In such cases attorney's fees for the dissolution of the writ may reasonably be said to have been within the contemplation of the parties as damages naturally flowing from a failure to justify the issuance of the writ. ( Plymouth Gold Min. Co. v. United States Fid. Guar. Co., 35 Mont. 23, 10 Ann. Cas. 951, 88 P. 565.)
For the reasons stated, it is ordered that the judgment be modified by striking therefrom the item of attorney's fees, and when so modified it will stand affirmed. One-third of defendants' costs on this appeal are assessed to the plaintiff.
Modified and affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE CALLAWAY and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES FORD, ANGSTMAN and MATTHEWS concur.