Summary
In Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Co. v. Hoag (1984), 136 Mich. App. 326, 356 N.W.2d 630, damages were sought on the basis of denial of civil rights for humiliation, public ridicule, loss of reputation, and mental anguish and suffering.
Summary of this case from Univ. of Illinois v. Continental Casualty Co.Opinion
Docket No. 71828.
Decided July 16, 1984.
Charles E. Kovsky, for Richard Morris.
Smith Brooker, P.C. (by Thomas A. Connolly), for Royal Globe Insurance Company.
Richard Morris, appeals from a May 19, 1983, order dismissing with prejudice his cross-claim against Royal Globe Insurance Company, following a hearing on his motion for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(3). The appeal is timely and as of right.
This case involves construing a policy of insurance issued by Royal Globe to Eaton County. The factual background is based upon the findings of the circuit court.
The original action was one for declaratory judgment instituted by Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company, seeking a determination of its liability under a policy of insurance issued to the County of Eaton. Named as defendants in Farm Bureau's complaint, among others, were A. Eugene Hoag, former Sheriff of Eaton County, Morris, and six insurance carriers.
Morris was arrested and charged with murder in Eaton County on June 23, 1971. At that time, Hoag was a lieutenant in the sheriff's department and was placed in charge of the investigation of that homicide. Morris was convicted, following a jury trial, of first-degree murder on April 12, 1972. This Court, in an unpublished per curiam opinion, reversed the conviction and remanded the case to the circuit court for a new trial on the charge of second-degree murder. People v Morris, (Docket No. 14273, decided December 4, 1974 [unreported]).
The attempted retrial of Morris resulted in mistrial due to the alleged misconduct of the investigating officer, Hoag. Morris subsequently moved for dismissal of all charges because of the misconduct of Hoag. A three judge panel of the circuit court heard this motion and, on May 13, 1976, concluded that Hoag had been derelict in his duty and supplied false evidence to the prosecutor. Therefore, the panel dismissed the charges. This dismissal of Morris's charges was affirmed by this Court on August 22, 1977. See People v Morris, 77 Mich. App. 561; 258 N.W.2d 559 (1977).
Morris subsequently brought suit on July 10, 1978, in the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan naming Hoag and Ohio Casualty Insurance Company in a complaint, alleging denial of Morris's civil rights and other theories of recovery. While the federal suit was pending, Farm Bureau filed this suit for declaratory judgment naming as defendants Hoag, Morris and all the insurance carriers who carried insurance or bonds on the county. Thereafter, Farm Bureau and all of the insurance carriers, with the exception of Royal Globe, had settled their claims with Morris in the federal court action.
Royal Globe was the county's liability insurer for the period running from July 22, 1970, until July 22, 1973. It was notified of the suit against Hoag in federal court on September 24, 1980, and again on December 19, 1980. However, Royal Globe denied liability and refused to defend Hoag in the federal court action. Royal Globe claimed that Hoag was not an insured under the policy and asserted that Hoag's actions were excluded from coverage by the policy issued to the county.
Morris filed a cross-claim against Royal Globe, asking the court to declare that Royal Globe was obligated to defend Hoag in the federal court action. Morris thereafter moved for summary judgment on his cross-claim against Royal Globe. This motion was argued on January 19, 1983.
The circuit court's opinion, issued May 5, 1983, found that Hoag was an insured under the Royal Globe policy. The court, however, found that a common sense construction of the term "bodily injury" as used in the Royal Globe policy did not include those injuries described in Morris's suit in federal court against Hoag and held, therefore, that Royal Globe's policy did not insure Hoag for purposes of the suit in federal court. Finally, the circuit court determined that Morris had standing to prosecute the suit against Royal Globe for purposes of determining whether Hoag was a named insured under the Royal Globe policy. The circuit court, finding that its opinion was dispositive of the rights of the parties, dismissed Morris's action with prejudice.
The issue for determination is whether Royal Globe's liability policy issued to the county covers any of the claims asserted by Morris against Hoag in the federal court suit.
The liability and comprehensive insurance portions of the policy both provide:
"The Company will pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury or property damage to which this insurance applied, * * *." (Emphasis added.)
This issue requires application of two basic and well-established areas of insurance law: an insurer's duty to defend and judicial construction of an insurance contract. In Iacobelli Construction Co, Inc v Western Casualty Surety Co, 130 Mich. App. 255, 264-265; 343 N.W.2d 517 (1983), the following passage is quoted regarding an insurer's duty to defend the insured:
"`The duty of the insurer to defend the insured depends upon the allegations in the complaint of the third party in his or her action against the insured. This duty is not limited to meritorious suits and may even extend to actions which are groundless, false, or fraudulent, so long as the allegations against the insured even arguably come within the policy coverage. An insurer has a duty to defend, despite theories of liability asserted against any insured which are not covered under the policy, if there are any theories of recovery that fall within the policy. * * * In a case of doubt as to whether or not the complaint against the insured alleges a liability of the insurer under the policy, the doubt must be resolved in the insured's favor.' (Emphasis in original. Citations omitted.) Detroit Edison Co v Michigan Mutual Ins Co, 102 Mich. App. 136, 141-142; 301 N.W.2d 832 (1980)."
See also Reurink Brothers Star Silo, Inc v Maryland Casualty Co, 131 Mich. App. 139, 143; 345 N.W.2d 659 (1983).
Ambiguities in insurance contracts are to be liberally construed in favor of the insured. As a general rule, it is the court's duty to ascertain the meaning which the insured would reasonably expect from the language of the contract. If the language is clear and unequivocal, the court will enforce its terms and will not rewrite the contract. Further, an insured must be held to knowledge of the terms and conditions contained within the insurance policy, even though he may not have read them. Usher v St Paul Fire Marine Ins Co, 126 Mich. App. 443, 447; 337 N.W.2d 351 (1983); Herring v Golden State Mutual Life Ins Co, 114 Mich. App. 148, 152; 318 N.W.2d 641 (1982); Foremost Life Ins Co v Waters, 88 Mich. App. 599, 604; 278 N.W.2d 688 (1979); see also Zurich Ins Co v Rombough, 384 Mich. 228, 232-233; 180 N.W.2d 775 (1970).
While the rules covering both the insurer's duty to defend and the interpretation of insurance contracts require favoring the insured, it is our opinion that the express language of the insurance contract requires us to uphold the decision of the trial court. In the federal court action, Morris alleged his damages as follows:
"14. As a direct and proximate result of defendant Hoag's misconduct under color of state law plaintiff was denied his rights, privileges and immunities secured by the constitution, which denial of rights resulted in incarceration for four years, humiliation, public ridicule, loss of reputation, mental anguish and suffering, and expenditure of attorney fees and bail bond premium."
Both below and on appeal, Morris made much of the definition of "personal injury" and its application to the present case. However, we are asked to construe a policy which uses the term "bodily injury", which is apparently undefined by the insurance contract. We find authority from other jurisdictions instructive on the definition of "bodily injury".
In Rolette County v Western Casualty Surety Co, 452 F. Supp. 125 (D ND, 1978), the court considered a case factually similar to the instant case. The plaintiff county sought attorney's fees and expenses incurred in defending a civil action brought against its sheriff by the Guzmans. The Guzmans had sought damages because the sheriff had wrongfully seized their mobile home and automobile pursuant to a warrant of attachment obtained in a state court. The Guzmans alleged constitutional violations which resulted in their being embarrassed and humiliated, as well as being subjected to great mental anguish and emotional distress. That court noted that a condition precedent to finding the insurer had a duty to defend was the need for an allegation in the complaint of damages caused by an "occurrence". An occurrence was defined by the policy as being accidental in nature. Since the acts complained of were clearly intentional, there was no coverage pursuant to the policy. 452 F. Supp. 129-130.
The court then went on to note that the policy would provide no coverage for the claim in question regardless of the existence of an occurrence because the type of damages alleged did not constitute "bodily injury". 452 F. Supp. 130. The court concluded that the use of the term "bodily injury" in the policy limited the harm covered by the policy to "physical injury, sickness or disease" and did not include nonphysical harm to the person. 452 F. Supp. 130, citing United States Fidelity Guaranty Co v Shirgley, 26 F. Supp. 625, 628 (WD Ark, 1939). The court then cited extensive case law to support the proposition that mental suffering has been consistently distinguished from physical harm in tort actions. 452 F. Supp. 130 and cases cited therein.
While the Rolette Court couched its reasoning in terms of defining occurrence, it concluded its opinion by finding:
"Although the Guzmans' allegations constitute claims for `injury to the person,' no `bodily injury' was alleged in the complaint. Therefore, the court concludes Western had no duty to defend on the basis of the policy provisions for bodily injury coverage.
"Since Western had no duty to defend the action against LeRoy Ouelette, it is unnecessary for the court to reach the other issues in the case." 452 F. Supp. 130.
As a general rule, other jurisdictions have found the term "bodily injury" to be unambiguous and understood to mean hurt or harm to the human body, contemplating actual physical harm or damage to a human body. See, e.g., Cotton States Mutual Ins Co v Crosby, 244 Ga. 456; 260 S.E.2d 860 (1979); Nickens v McGehee, 184 So.2d 271, 278 (La App, 1966).
We do note that the Louisiana courts have shifted their position somewhat from the definition given in the Nickens case. In Lees v Smith, 363 So.2d 974 (La App, 1978), the court found that the term "bodily injury", which was defined by the insurance policy as including injury, sickness or disease, did not so unambiguously exclude coverage for alleged "humiliation" and "extreme and keen mental anguish and pain" so as to abrogate the insurer's duty to defend. 363 So.2d 980-981. This case drew support from a previous decision of that court which found that it was "unable to separate a person's nerves and tensions from his body". Levy v Duclaux, 324 So.2d 1, 10 (La App, 1975). For this reason, the Levy Court concluded that the plaintiff's humiliation, mental anguish, pain, and suffering were within the purview of coverage against bodily injury. We do not believe that such an expansive interpretation of the term "bodily injury" is warranted.
Even though the duty to defend is generally broader than normal policy coverage, we are of the opinion that there was no duty to defend here. As in Rolette, supra, we believe that the term "bodily injury" is not ambiguous and does not include humiliation and mental anguish and suffering as alleged in plaintiff's complaint in federal court. When policy language is clear and unequivocal, given its ordinarily understood meaning, its terms must be enforced. The courts should not rewrite the contract. See Usher v St Paul Fire Ins, supra. As a minimum, we would require alleged physical manifestation of Morris's mental suffering to require Royal Globe to defend Hoag in federal court.
Affirmed.