Opinion by Justice DONALD W. LEMONS.

Jonathan Shapiro; David B. Hargett (Nina J. Ginsberg ; DiMuroGinsberg; Greenspun Shapiro; Hargett Law, Alexandria, on briefs), for appellant.

Kathleen B. Martin, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

PRESENT: All the Justices.

Opinion

Opinion by Justice DONALD W. LEMONS. In this appeal, we consider whether the term “expose,” as used in Code § 18.2–370, includes tactile contact or is limited to situations where “sexual or genital parts” are “exposed” to sight. We also consider whether the evidence is sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Samir Allen Farhoumand (“Farhoumand”) exposed his genitalia in violation of Code § 18.2–370(A)(1).

I. Proceedings Below

In January 2012, S.F., a minor child, told his family he had been sexually abused over the course of several years by his older cousin, Samir Farhoumand. On May 21, 2012, Farhoumand was indicted in the Circuit Court of Fairfax County (“trial court”) on four counts of “expos[ing] his sexual or genital parts” to a child under fifteen years of age in violation of Code § 18.2–370(A)(1). The indictments covered a period of two years, divided into four consecutive time periods, with a single act of exposure charged in each indictment.

A trial commenced on August 27, 2012, before the Honorable Randy I. Bellows, Circuit Judge for Fairfax County, without a jury. At the close of the Commonwealth's evidence, the defense moved to strike all four indictments. The trial court dismissed the first indictment, but found there was sufficient evidence to support the remaining three indictments, and denied the motion to strike as to those counts.

After presenting its evidence, the defense moved to strike the remaining three indictments. The trial court denied the second motion to strike, and found Farhoumand guilty of the remaining three counts of “expos[ing] his ... sexual or genital parts” to a minor child in violation of Code § 18.2–370(A)(1). The trial court relied, in part, upon the unpublished decision of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in Mason v. Commonwealth, Record No. 0309–97–2, 1998 WL 778114, slip op. at 4 (November 10, 1998) (en banc), which held: “[e]xposure means not only to ‘lay open to view’ but also to ‘lay open to feel or to touch.’ ”

On November 15, 2012, Farhoumand argued two motions to set aside the verdict, claiming that the trial court had applied an improper definition of the term “expose,” and that the evidence failed to establish with requisite specificity whether any particular act of exposure occurred within the time frames of the individual indictments. The trial court denied both motions. The trial court sentenced Farhoumand to concurrent terms of 10 years imprisonment with 6 years suspended on each of the three counts, with active probation for ten years from the date of the defendant's release from prison.

Farhoumand appealed his convictions to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed the trial court's judgment. In an unpublished opinion, the Court of Appeals held that there is

no compelling reason to conclude that the display of nudity must be limited to a visual display. Indeed, if exposure is defined as “make known” or “lay bare,” such a definition encompasses a tactile exposure as well as visual.

....

We find the reasoning in Mason persuasive, in that “expose” means not only to lay bare to view, but to feel or touch.... We conclude that because appellant “made known” his bare penis to the victim's touch, he physically and tactilely exposed his penis to the victim.

Farhoumand v. Commonwealth, Record No. 2087–12–4, 2013 WL 6230651, at *2–3, 2013 Va.App. LEXIS 353, at *6–7 (Dec. 3, 2013).

Farhoumand appealed the judgment of the Court of Appeals to this Court, and we awarded an appeal on the following assignments of error:

1. The Court of Appeals erred in holding that “exposure” is proven where genitalia is felt but not seen and in failing to dismiss the indictments where the evidence did not prove that his genitalia was “exposed” to sight.

2. The Court of Appeals erred in holding that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the defendant's convictions whether “exposure” is proven where genitalia is seen or felt.

II. Meaning of “Expose” in Code § 18.2–370

Whether the term “expose,” as used in Code § 18.2–370, is limited to visual exposure, or includes tactile exposure, is a question of statutory interpretation reviewed de novo. David v. David, 287 Va. 231, 237, 754 S.E.2d 285, 289 (2014). Code § 18.2–370(A)(1) provides, in relevant part, that:

Any person 18 years of age or over, who, with lascivious intent, knowingly and intentionally ... [e]xpose[s] his or her sexual or genital parts to any child [under the age of

15 years] to whom such person is not legally married or propose[s] that any such child expose his or her sexual or genital parts to such person [is guilty of a Class 5 felony.]

A. Plain Meaning

We construe statutes to “ascertain and give effect to the intention” of the General Assembly. Rutter v. Oakwood Living Ctrs. of Va., Inc., 282 Va. 4, 9, 710 S.E.2d 460, 462 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because the General Assembly's intent “is usually self-evident from the statutory language,” we apply the plain meaning of the words used in the statute. Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Boynton v. Kilgore, 271 Va. 220, 227, 623 S.E.2d 922, 925–26 (2006).

Webster's Third New International Dictionary 802 (1993) defines expose as “to lay open to view” or “lay bare.” It also offers the definitions to “make known” or “set forth,” with the qualifying example: “[E]ach had started exposing his views.” The Webster's New College Dictionary 252 (3d ed.2008), defines “expose” as “to lay bare or uncover.” Merriam–Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 441 (11th ed.2003), defines “expose” as “caus[ing] to be visible or open to view.” In The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 625 (5th ed.2011), “expose” is defined simply as “to make visible.” Each of these definitions supports our conclusion that, in the context of Code § 18.2–370, “expose” unambiguously means revealing one's genitalia to sight.

B. Legislative History

The legislative history of Code § 18.2–370 further supports our conclusion that the General Assembly intended exposure to be limited to instances of visual display. Subsection 2 of Code § 18.2–370(A) previously criminalized fondling. It read:

Any person eighteen years of age or over, who, with lascivious intent, shall knowingly and intentionally.... [i]n any manner fondle or feel, or attempt to fondle or feel, the sexual or genital

part of any child, or the breast of any such female child.... shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.

Former Code § 18.2–370(A)(Cum.Supp.1980). However, in 1981, the General Assembly repealed Subsection 2 and re-codified its provisions in two closely related statutes: Code §§ 18.2–67.3 and 18.2–67.4.1981 Acts ch. 397.

Subsection (A)(4)(a) of Code § 18.2–67.3, Virginia's aggravated sexual battery statute, prohibits “sexually abus[ing] the complaining witness [if] ... [t]he act is accomplished against the will of the complaining witness by force, threat or intimidation, and [t]he complaining witness is at least 13 but less than 15 years of age.” Code § 18.2–67.4(A) provides: “An accused is guilty of sexual battery if he sexually abuses, as defined in § 18.2–67.10, (i) the complaining witness against the will of the complaining witness, by force, threat, intimidation, or ruse....” In turn, Code § 18.2–67.10 defines “sexual abuse,” in pertinent part, as:

an act committed with the intent to sexually molest, arouse, or gratify any person, where:

a. The accused intentionally touches the complaining witness's intimate parts or material directly covering such intimate parts; [or]

b. The accused forces the complaining witness to touch the accused's, the witness's own, or another person's intimate parts or material directly covering such intimate parts.

(Emphasis added.) Additionally, in 2007, the General Assembly enacted Code § 18.2–67.4:2, which provides that an accused is guilty of sexual abuse of a child under 15 if he “with lascivious intent, commits an act of sexual abuse, as defined in § 18.2–67.10, with any child 13 years of age or older but under 15 years of age.” 2007 Acts ch. 463.

Because the General Assembly specifically removed Subsection 2 from Code § 18.2–370(A) and re-codified it as Code §§ 18.2–67.3, 18.2–67.4 and 18.2–67.10, and as recently as 2007 enacted Code § 18.2–67.4:2, we conclude that the General Assembly did not intend for Code § 18.2–370(A) to continue to criminalize fondling, or situations where the accused forces the complaining witness to touch the accused's genitalia. The interpretation given by the Court of Appeals renders at least one of these statutes superfluous and ignores the General Assembly's specific act of segregating the crime of fondling/molestation from the crime of taking indecent liberties with minors. Therefore, the Court of Appeals erred by holding that Code § 18.2–370(A) proscribes the same conduct as Code §§ 18.2–67.3, 18.2–67.4, 18.2–67.4:2 and 18.2–67.10.

C. Precedent

In Noblett v. Commonwealth, 194 Va. 241, 247, 72 S.E.2d 241, 244 (1952), we held that, under the common law, indecent exposure required proof that the defendant's private parts were “likely to have been seen by persons using the street.” Similarly, in Wicks v. City of Charlottesville, 215 Va. 274, 276, 208 S.E.2d 752, 755 (1974), we construed a Charlottesville City Code provision making it illegal to indecently “expose” oneself as proscribing “an intentional and indecent exposure in a public place where it is likely to be seen, whether actually seen by one or several persons.” However, we have never specifically addressed whether the meaning of the word “expose,” within the context of Code § 18.2–370(A)(1), requires the possibility of a visual sighting.

The Court of Appeals has discussed the meaning of “expose” in several recent published cases. In Siquina v. Commonwealth, 28 Va.App. 694, 697–99, 508 S.E.2d 350, 352–53 (1998), the Court of Appeals held that “[Code § 18.2–370 ] proscribes the intentional display by an adult, with lascivious intent, of his or her genitals in the presence of a child where a reasonable probability exists that they might be seen by that child, regardless of the child's actual perception of such a display.” In affirming the defendant's conviction in that case, the Court of Appeals concluded that the victim had a reasonable probability of seeing the defendant's genitalia when the two were in a bathroom together and the defendant's “pants and underwear were pulled down to his feet.” Id.

In Moses v. Commonwealth, 45 Va.App. 357, 611 S.E.2d 607 (2005), the Court of Appeals, sitting en banc, addressed the difference between “display” and “expose” as used in Code § 18.2–387. It held that:

Unless the word “display” is superfluous, it must mean something different from “exposure.” If “exposure” can only mean some degree of nudity, then “display” necessarily means something different. And so it does. Among the definitions of “display” in ordinary speech (particularly where, as here,

it is used as a noun rather than a verb) is the “demonstration or manifestation of something.” It is just that definition we give to the word “ display” when used in other provisions of the Code.

....

Properly understood, every visible exposure of one's genitals necessarily involves a display of one's genitals. But that does not prove the reverse: that every display necessarily includes an exposure. Hence, a robber can still display a handgun in his pocket while not exposing it to sight. So too a man masturbating in public can still display his “person” or “private parts” while not exposing his penis to sight. We thus reject Moses's claim that the display-or-exposure formulation in Code § 18.2–387 codifies a mere semantic redundancy, a pairing of interchangeable synonyms.

Moses, 45 Va.App. at 363–64, 611 S.E.2d at 610 (citation omitted). In affirming Moses' conviction under Code § 18.2–387, the Court of Appeals determined that he had “displayed” his genitalia by “exercising his penis” underneath “his pants.” Id. at 359, 611 S.E.2d at 608.

The Court of Appeals diverged from its reasoning in Siquina and Moses in several unpublished decisions—including its opinion in this case. In Mason, Record No. 0309–97–2, 1998 WL 778114, slip op. at 4 (Nov. 10, 1998), the Court of Appeals held that: “[e]xposure means not only to ‘lay open to view’ but also to ‘lay open to feel or to touch.’ ” The Court of Appeals cited no authority for this proposition, noting only that the “[c]ommon usage of the word ‘expose’ ” encompasses more than visual exposure, such as when “a person is exposed to a toxin even though the person may have no visual perception of the substance.” Id.

In this case, the Court of Appeals found:

the reasoning in Mason persuasive, in that “expose” means not only to lay bare to view, but to feel or touch. This conclusion is consistent with the dictionary definition of “expose.” Further, to limit exposure to visual observation unduly limits the behavior that the statute intends to prevent. Children should not be subjected in any sensory capacity to the sexual or genital parts of an adult who harbors lascivious intent.

The panel of the Court of Appeals erred in this case by applying Mason , an unpublished decision, in place of its earlier published opinions. We hold that the word “expose,” as it is used in Code § 18.2–370, requires a visual display where the genitalia are seen, or where there is a possibility that they could be seen. Accordingly, exposure does not include situations where the genitalia are felt but are otherwise covered or obscured from view.

III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Having found that the Court of Appeals erred in applying a tactile definition of exposure to the facts of this case, we must now review the all of the relevant evidence supporting Farhoumand's conviction under each indictment. Then, applying the correct definition, we must determine whether the evidence offered under each indictment was sufficient to prove that Farhoumand “expose [d]” his “genital or sexual parts” in violation of Code § 18.2–370(A)(1).

A. Relevant Facts

At trial, S.F. testified that all of the abuse occurred while Farhoumand was staying with S.F.'s family during Farhoumand's school breaks. The abuse allegedly began shortly before Farhoumand graduated from the University of Virginia and continued while he was attending dental school at the University of California, Los Angeles. While S.F. testified that the first incident of sexual abuse occurred during the winter of 2009, during his seventh grade year, the time periods covered by the indictments only encompassed S.F.'s eighth and ninth grade years.

S.F. testified that the first incident of abuse occurred in the middle of the night. S.F. stated that he “woke up” and saw Farhoumand “fondling [him].” He testified that the second incident of abuse occurred days later and involved the “same thing.” Indictment No. 2: Jan. 1, 2010–Sept. 3, 2010

Indictment No. 2 covered the spring of S.F.'s eighth grade year and the following summer. S.F. testified that in “the beginning, and throughout eighth grade” there were incidents where “[Farhoumand] would take [S.F.'s] hand, put it on [Farhoumand's] penis” and “masturbate himself” with it. When Farhoumand placed S.F.'s hand on Farhoumand's penis, S.F. would “sometimes ... [be] turn [ed] to his side ... [a]way from [Farhoumand].” During these acts, S.F. stated that Farhoumand's underwear “was not fully down, sometimes it wasn't at all. Very rarely was it fully down.” However, S.F. testified that “occasionally [Farhoumand's penis] was exposed, but most of the time it was inside [his underwear].” S.F. described these acts with clarity, but could not remember precisely when they occurred:

Q When you say, “over time,” do you know how long afterwards that occurred?

A Unh-huh.

Q Do you remember what grade you were in when that occurred?

A No.

Q Did you ever see your cousin's penis?

A Yes, I did.

Q And how often did that happen?

A I'm not certain—rarely.

When asked again to specify when the defendant first began placing S.F.'s hand on the defendant's penis, S.F. testified:

THE WITNESS: It—I can be for sure that it happened, like, before ninth grade began, was the first incident. So all throughout ninth grade, but

the first incident basically must have been, I can pretty much assure the Court, that it was before ninth grade.

THE COURT: You're saying the first incident occurred before ninth grade?

THE WITNESS: Yes.

THE COURT: And then after that—you mean, where he took your hand and put it on his penis?

THE WITNESS: Yes.

During the defense's case-in-chief, Farhoumand testified on his own behalf and was cross-examined by the Commonwealth. He explained that he graduated from the University of Virginia in December of 2009 and lived “the majority of the time” at S.F.'s house from January 1, 2010 to March 30, 2010. Farhoumand took several trips that spring and summer but the evidence shows that he was back in Virginia: May 2, 2010 to May 21, 2010; May 24, 2010 to June 2, 2010; June 8, 2010 to July 26, 2010; August 2, 2010 to August 22, 2010; and August 25, 2010 to September 4, 2010.

During these periods, Farhoumand admitted to being a frequent house guest at S.F.'s home, sometimes sleeping in the same bed with S.F., and that between March 2010 and August 2010 Farhoumand “may have touched [S.F.] [o]n eight occasions.” On cross-examination, he acknowledged admitting to “fondling” S.F., “four to eight times.” However, Farhoumand denied ever forcing S.F. to touch his penis, and he also disavowed ever visually exposing his genitalia to S.F.

Indictment No. 3: Sept. 4, 2010—Dec. 31, 2010

Indictment No. 3 covers the fall and early winter of S.F.'s ninth grade year. As described above, S.F. testified that the incidents when S.F. was made to touch Farhoumand's penis continued to occur “[d]uring the course of ninth grade.” However, S.F. said that the abuse that happened “during ninth grade” was “probably the most traumatic.” S.F. stated: “[Farhoumand] would essentially turn me over to face him, and essentially place his penis touching mine, and masturbate it or put my hand on it and masturbate it.” S.F. provided the following details about these incidents:

Q And how were your cousin's clothes?

A They were pulled down, or again through the fly. I didn't really look, so I wasn't sure.

Q And did you ever see his penis during those

A Once, because I didn't—I wasn't sure what was happening, but once I figured it out, I wouldn't look.

Q And were you able to feel his penis?

A Yeah. That was strange.

S.F. also testified that he could see Farhoumand's face during the abuse that involved penis-to-penis contact.

During the time frame covered by Indictment No. 3, Farhoumand's testimony supports that he was in Virginia September 4 to September 11 and December 11 to December 31, 2010. While Farhoumand testified that S.F. went out of the country from December 22 through the remainder of the indictment period, at least 17 days remain where he was in Virginia and had access to the victim. Indictment No. 4: Jan. 1, 2011—Sept. 3, 2011

Indictment No. 4 covers the late winter and early spring of S.F.'s ninth grade year and the following summer. Farhoumand testified that he was only in Virginia from June 12 to June 24 and September 1 through September 3, 2011 during this time period.

As mentioned under Indictment No. 3, S.F. testified that he saw Farhoumand's penis “once” during the ninth grade. He also testified, as described above, that he was made to touch Farhoumand's penis “during the course of ninth grade” and that Farhoumand had placed his uncovered penis against S.F.'s penis “in ninth grade.”

S.F. claimed that the last incident of abuse occurred on September 2, 2013, “right before tenth grade began, a day before [S.F.'s fifteenth] birthday.” S.F. testified that on this occasion he also had a friend sleeping over in his room. S.F. slept on the floor and S.F.'s friend slept on the bed. S.F. stated that Farhoumand came next to him on the floor and “ proceeded to fondle” him. S.F. explained that this incident was “actually less severe than other times.”

On cross-examination, when asked whether Farhoumand had placed S.F.'s hand on Farhoumand's penis during that encounter, S.F. replied, “to be quite honest, it's difficult to remember but if I had to say ... today for the court officially, I would say yes.” There was no evidence offered as to whether Farhoumand's penis was ever uncovered during this incident.

B. Analysis

We review the sufficiency of the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, and only reverse the judgment of the circuit court when its decision is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. Maldonado–Mejia v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 49, 54, 752 S.E.2d 833, 835 (2014).

Farhoumand argues that each of his convictions must be reversed because “[t]he Commonwealth ... failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant's penis was exposed to sight during any one of the time periods covered by the three indictments.” The Commonwealth responds that an indictment is not invalid if it omits or misstates the time at which an offense occurs when time is not an element of an offense. The Commonwealth further argues that there was sufficient evidence to support the convictions under each indictment.

Code § 19.2–226 provides that “no indictment or other accusation shall be quashed or deemed invalid ... [f]or omitting to state, or stating imperfectly, the time at which the offense was committed when time is not the essence of the offense.” In Harris v. Commonwealth, 185 Va. 26, 37 S.E.2d 868 (1946), we reaffirmed the longstanding principle that, “[i]n a felony case the Commonwealth may prove the commission of a crime charged on a date different from that alleged in the indictment.” Id. at 33, 37 S.E.2d at 871 (citing Puckett v. Commonwealth, 134 Va. 574, 585, 113 S.E. 853, 856 (1922) ).

Several federal circuits agree, holding that “[t]ime is not a material element of a criminal offense unless made so by the statute creating the offense.” United States v. Stuckey, 220 F.3d 976, 982 (8th Cir.2000) (citing Ledbetter v. United States, 170 U.S. 606, 612, 18 S.Ct. 774, 42 L.Ed. 1162 (1898) (stating that it is not “necessary to prove that the offence was committed on the day alleged, unless a particular day be made material by the statute creating the offence”)). See also Real v. Shannon, 600 F.3d 302, 308 (3rd Cir.2010) ; United States v. Creamer, 721 F.2d 342, 343 (11th Cir.1983) (“reject[ing] the contention that time becomes a material element of a criminal offense merely because the defense of alibi is advanced.”); United States v. King, 703 F.2d 119, 123–24 (5th Cir.1983).

While an indictment is not invalid if it omits or misstates the time at which an offense occurs when time is not an element of the offense, each indictment must meet due process requirements:

These criteria are, first, whether the indictment “contains the elements of the offense intended to be charged, ‘and sufficiently apprises the defendant of what he must be prepared to meet,’ ” and, secondly, “ ‘in case any other proceedings are taken against him for a similar offence, whether

the record shows with accuracy to what extent he may plead a former acquittal or conviction.’ ”

Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 763–64, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962) (collecting cases).

In Clinebell v. Commonwealth, 235 Va. 319, 321, 368 S.E.2d 263, 264 (1988), the defendant was convicted of five counts of sexual assault against his daughter. On appeal, he argued that the indictments were fatally defective because they failed to specify the precise dates of the offenses for which he was convicted. Id. We concluded that the indictments were legally sufficient and adopted the holding and rationale of the Court of Appeals. Id. In that referenced opinion, the Court of Appeals observed:

In most criminal cases, there is no doubt that a crime occurred; the only issue is who committed the crime. An alibi-based defense is offered in such cases to prove that it was impossible for the defendant to have committed the offense because he was not at the scene of the crime during its commission.

The question in most parent-child sexual abuse cases, however, is not who committed the crime, but whether a crime was ever committed.

The evidence shows that Farhoumand was a frequent house guest in S.F.'s family home during the time periods alleged in the indictments. By his own admission, Farhoumand was alone with, and fondled, S.F. on at least four to eight separate occasions. The question here, like the question presented in Clinebell, is not who committed the crime, but whether the crime charged in each of the indictments was committed.

Indictment No. 2: Jan. 1, 2010–Sept. 3, 2010

S.F. testified that the first time Farhoumand placed S.F.'s hand on Farhoumand's penis and “masturbated himself” with it was “before ninth grade began.” S.F. stated that when Farhoumand placed S.F.'s hand on Farhoumand's penis, that the defendant's underwear “was not fully down, sometimes it wasn't at all. Very rarely was it fully down.” However, S.F. testified that Farhoumand's penis was “occasionally” exposed. Farhoumand acknowledged that during the time frame covered by Indictment No. 2, he lived “the majority of the time” at S.F.'s house, except for a few trips that he took during the summer of 2010. He also admitted that he had at least eight opportunities to molest S.F., and that he fondled S.F. four to eight times between March and August of 2010. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, we cannot conclude that the trial court's judgment convicting Farhoumand on this count is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it; therefore, we will affirm the conviction as to Indictment No. 2.

Indictment No. 3: Sept. 4, 2010—Dec. 31, 2010

S.F.'s testimony that he saw Farhoumand's penis “once” during ninth grade and that Farhoumand touched his uncovered penis to S.F.'s penis “during ninth grade,” combined with Farhoumand's access to S.F. for at least 17 days during the indictment period and evidence of contact with S.F. during that time, support the trial court's judgment convicting the defendant. Therefore, under Indictment No. 3, we find that the evidence was sufficient to prove that Farhoumand visually exposed his penis in violation of Code § 18.2–370(A)(1). Indictment No. 4: Jan. 1, 2011–Sept. 3, 2011

S.F. testified that he saw Farhoumand's penis “once” during the ninth grade. He also testified, as described above, that he was made to touch Farhoumand's penis “during the course of ninth grade” and that Farhoumand had placed his uncovered penis against S.F.'s penis “in ninth grade.” However, this is the same evidence used to support the conviction under Indictment No. 3 and cannot be used to support a second conviction under Indictment No. 4.

The only other specific evidence of abuse offered under Indictment No. 4 was the final incident on September 2, 2011. No evidence was offered as to whether Farhoumand's penis was ever uncovered during this incident. Therefore, we conclude that the evidence in the record was insufficient to sustain a conviction under Indictment No. 4.

IV. Conclusion

Accordingly, we will reverse and vacate Farhoumand's conviction under Indictment No. 4 (FE–2012–707) because the evidence was insufficient to prove that a distinguishable act of visual exposure occurred during the time period stated in the indictment. To the extent that the trial court relied on a tactile definition of exposure in convicting Farhoumand under Indictment No. 2 and Indictment No. 3, we hold that such reliance was error. Nevertheless, after reviewing the evidence, we will affirm Farhoumand's convictions under Indictment No. 2 (FE–2012–705) and Indictment No. 3 (FE–2012–706) because there was sufficient evidence to prove that the defendant visually “expose[d]” his penis to S.F., a minor child, in violation of Code § 18.2–370(A)(1), during the time frames alleged. We reject the conclusion set forth by the Court of Appeals that “ expose” under Code § 18.2–370(A)(1) includes tactile exposure. The plain meaning of the statute, the legislative history, our decisions interpreting “ exposure,” and the published decisions of the Court of Appeals all support our conclusion that exposure is limited to a visual display where the child saw, or could have seen, the uncovered genitalia.

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and final judgment.

Justice McCLANAHAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

The General Assembly placed no limitation on the nature of the knowing and intentional “expos[ure]” of one's sexual or genital parts to a child, with lascivious intent, in criminalizing such act under Code § 18.2–370. Thus, the legal question before this Court as posed by the majority opinion—“[w]hether the term ‘expose,’ as used in Code § 18.2–370, is limited to visual exposure, or includes tactile exposure”—is answered in the asking. Because tactile exposure is indeed a form of exposure, it is proscribed under the statute.

“Expose” is defined as to “lay open to view[,] lay bare[,] make known [,] exhibit.” Webster's Third New International Dictionary 802 (1993). Based on this definition, I find no compelling reason to conclude that the proscribed conduct must be limited to a visual exposure. Indeed, because exposure is defined as “make known” or “lay bare,” such a definition encompasses a tactile exposure as well as visual.

I concur in the result reached by the majority opinion on Indictment Numbers 2 and 3 because I conclude there was sufficient evidence to convict Farhoumand as to these two indecent liberties charges based on proof of visual, as well as, tactile exposure. But, I would also affirm Farhoumand's conviction on Indictment Number 4 as I conclude, like the Court of Appeals, that there was also sufficient evidence of tactile exposure on this charge.