Opinion
No. 16,450.
Decided October 2, 1950.
An action for damages resulting from an auto-pedestrian accident. Judgment for plaintiff, with an order for body execution.
Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part.
1. APPEAL AND ERROR — Deficient Abstract. Where the specific grounds and objections interposed to instructions on the trial of a cause are not disclosed in the abstract of the record, error is waived, and the matter will not be considered on review "except in case of grave injustice."
2. TRIAL — Instructions — Objections. An objection to an instruction given by the court, that it "was not a true statement of the law," held insufficient.
3. Argument of Counsel — New Trial. In an action for damages resulting from an auto-pedestrian accident, a statement in counsel's argument to the jury, to which objection was made, reviewed and held not "so prejudicial as to require the granting of a new trial."
4. STATUTES — Imprisonment for Civil Liability — Construction. "The statute authorizing imprisonment for civil liability is penal in its nature and requires strict construction."
5. NEGLIGENCE — Torts. The terms, "negligence," and "torts," discussed and defined.
6. TRIAL — Negligence — Evidence. In an action for damages resulting from an auto-pedestrian accident, the reviewing court holds: "The evidence patently justified submission of the issue of negligence to the jury, but contained no showing of 'reckless or willful disregard of the rights or safety of others' to warrant submission to it of that issue."
Error to the District Court of Boulder County, Hon. James D. Lewis, Judge.
Mr. EDWARD H. SHERMAN, Mr. MAX M. GLASTON, for plaintiff in error.
Mr. M. M. RINN, Mr. WADE P. CONNELL, Mr. LYMAN P. WELD, for defendant in error.
WRIGHT, as plaintiff, obtained judgment below against Fanstiel in an action grounded in negligence and, pursuant to determination by the jury that in committing the tort complained of, defendant was guilty of negligence consisting of a reckless disregard of the rights and safety of others, execution was ordered against the body of defendant for a period of one year.
Review of the judgment is sought on specification of error in the giving and refusing of instructions, and of prejudicial argument to the jury; and review of the order for body execution is sought on the ground that there was no evidence to justify it.
[1, 2] As to the instructions given, the abstract of record fails to disclose the specific grounds and objections interposed in the trial court so that, as we have frequently held, error is waived and we should not give the matter consideration except in case of grave injustice. It is principally urged that under its instructions the court failed properly to submit to the jury issues of contributory negligence and unavoidable accident, but no evidence is called to our attention, and careful reading of the abstract fails to disclose any evidence requiring submission of either of those issues to the jury. Instruction No. 5, which is here challenged, was not a correct statement of the applicable law, but, although plaintiff in error states in his brief that objection was made to this instruction of the ground that it "was not a true statement of the law," the record shows no such objection and, even if made, it would not have been sufficient. A careful reading of the requested instructions refused by the court fails to disclose any abuse of discretion in their rejection.
The abstract contains no showing of improper argument. It appears from the record that at the close of the trial, after instructions had been given and argument made, and the jury had retired, counsel for defendant made the following statement: "Object to the argument of counsel where he stated to the jury in his argument that the defendant owns a farm and likewise where he stated that he needs the jury to answer 'Yes' to the interrogatory because without it any judgment they might get would be useless, or words to that effect. We claim that either of these and both of them constitute such error as to justify a new trial, and this objection is made with timely application to the Court." The court apparently construed this belated objection as a motion for a mistrial and denied it as such. Assuming that the objection was in fact timely, we find nothing in the statement, that defendant owned a farm, so prejudicial as to require the granting of a new trial. The second statement, if made, would not be prejudicial as to the verdict, but only as to the application for execution against the body, and, in view of our determination of that question, any discussion as to its prejudicial effect becomes idle here.
[4, 5] The challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to require submission to the jury of the question of defendant's guilt of reckless or willful disregard of the rights or safety of others, presents a more serious question. The statute '35 C.S.A. c. 93, sections 73, 74, authorizing imprisonment for civil liability is penal in its nature and requires strict construction. Coryell v. Lawson, 25 Colo. App. 432, 139 Pac. 25. Negligence, in its generally accepted meaning, is the negative of attention — the failure to give attention to the character or probable consequences of an act or omission. Negligence consisting of a reckless disregard of the rights or safety of others, as required by the statute, involves more than that. To be so classified, conduct must negative both attention and concern; it must demonstrate indifference as well as inattention to consequences which may result. Millington v. Hiedloff, 96 Colo. 581, 45 P.2d 937. "Reckless," as the word is used in the statute, is equivalent to "wanton."
The requirements of the statute, we think, are well stated in Restatement of the Law — Torts, page 1293, chapter 19, section 500: "The actor's conduct is in reckless disregard of the safety of another if he intentionally does an act or fails to do an act which it is his duty to the other to do, knowing or having reason to know of facts which would lead a reasonable man to realize that the actor's conduct not only creates an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to the other but also involves a high degree of probability that substantial harm will result to him." This definition has been approved in numerous jurisdictions. In re Whitlatch, 60 Cal. App. 2d 189, 140 P.2d 457; People v. Young, 20 Cal. 2d 832, 129 P.2d 353; Wright v. Carey (Tex.Civ.App.), 169 S.W.2d 749; Universal Concrete Pipe Co. v. Barrett, 130 Ohio St. 567, 200 N.E. 843; Reilly v. Philadelphia, 328 Pa. 563, 195 Atl. 879. "Reckless disregard" has elsewhere been defined as meaning an act destitute of heed or concern for consequences, especially foolishly heedless of danger; headlong, rash; without thought or care for consequences. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Newby (C.C.A.), 145 F.2d 768.
There is surprisingly little conflict in the testimony. In brief summary, it discloses that plaintiff was a patrolman on the Longmont police department. On a rainy evening in September, he was called to go to the scene of a fire alarm on the main business street of the city. The street is 68 feet wide. On each side cars were parked diagonally and behind such cars there was room for two lines of cars on each side of the center line. Plaintiff found the fire truck parked behind the diagonally-parked cars, on the west side of the block, about 184 feet from its south line. In order to protect the firemen in removal of equipment from their truck, plaintiff attempted to enforce one-way traffic through the block. After he had permitted north-bound traffic for a time, he attempted to change to south-bound traffic and stopped the two front cars which had been approaching from the south in the line west of the parked cars, and proceeded up the center line to start traffic from the north. Meantime, defendant and his wife, on their way home from Denver to the vicinity of Fort Collins, is a pickup car, came along the street and followed other cars entering the block. In evident ignorance of the fact that traffic going north had been stopped by the patrolman, he proceeded along the inside or center lane on his right side of the street past the line of double-parked cars to go through the block. He failed to see the patrolman who stood facing north in the approximate center of the street and struck him with the left fender of his car. There was no evidence of speeding. Defendant stopped immediately and assisted in picking up plaintiff who was lying on the pavement across the center line. A car which had started south through the block was just opposite defendant when the accident occurred and the driver testified that defendant's car was over on the east side of the center line at the time of the accident. There was no evidence to the contrary other than testimony that plaintiff's flashlight and eyeglasses were found a foot west of the line.
The evidence patently justified submission of the issue of negligence to the jury, but contained no showing of "reckless or willful disregard of the rights or safety of others" to warrant submission to it of that issue.
Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed insofar as the recovery is concerned, and reversed as to the part awarding execution against the body of defendant and ordering him imprisoned.