Opinion
No. 05-1374.
Filed July 18, 2006. This case not for publication
Dare County No. 04 CVS 460.
Appeal by Plaintiff from orders entered 1 June 2005 and 6 June 2005 by Judge J. Richard Parker in Superior Court, Dare County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 16 May 2006.
Dan L. Merrell Associates, P.C., by James A. Clark for plaintiff-appellant Ann K. Etheridge. Baker, Jones, Daly, Murray, Askew, Carter Daughtry, P.A., by Ronald G. Baker for defendant-appellee Roanoke Island Historical Association, Inc. Patterson, Dilthey, Clay, Bryson Anderson, L.L.P., by Reid Russell for defendant-appellee The Elizabethan Gardens, Inc.
This appeal arises from the trial court's grant of summary judgment to Defendants The Elizabethan Gardens, Inc., and Roanoake Island Historical Association, Inc. in Plaintiff's action to recover money damages for personal injuries allegedly sustained when she slipped and fell while providing cleaning services on Defendant The Elizabethan Gardens, Inc.'s premises. After careful review of the evidence, we affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment.
The evidence before the trial court upon its consideration of the motions for summary judgment tended to show that Plaintiff Ann K. Etheridge worked as a contract laborer at The Elizabethan Gardens. On 24 July 2001, Ms. Etheridge arrived to work at 2:00 a.m., and began cleaning at various locations on the premises. While she was cleaning a toilet in the women's bathroom, Ms. Etheridge slipped and fell. As a result of the fall, Ms. Etheridge suffered injuries to her right arm and pelvic bone, as well as to her right knee.
On 26 July 2004, Ms. Etheridge brought an action against The Garden Club of North Carolina, Inc. and its subsidiary, The Elizabethan Gardens, Inc., and Roanoke Island Historical Association, Inc., as owner of the property. Following their responsive pleadings, Defendants moved for summary judgment, which the trial court granted in June 2006. Ms. Etheridge appeals to this Court.
The sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in granting Defendant The Elizabethan Gardens's motion for summary judgment because there were genuine issues of material fact which should have been decided by a jury. After careful consideration of the evidence, we affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment.
Ms. Etheridge only argues in her brief that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Defendant The Elizabethan Gardens, Inc. Thus, her remaining assignments of error are deemed abandoned. See N.C.R. App. P. 28(b)(6).
Summary judgment is appropriate when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2005). Specifically, in a slip and fall case, a premises owner is entitled to summary judgment if he can prove that "an essential element of the opposing party's claim is nonexistent, or . . . that the opposing party cannot produce evidence to support an essential element of his claim." Roumillat v. Simplistic Enterprises, Inc., 331 N.C. 57, 63, 414 S.E.2d 339, 342 (1992). If the moving party meets its burden for summary judgment, then the non-moving party must "produce a forecast of evidence demonstrating that the plaintiff will be able to make out at least a prima facie case at trial." Id. (citing Collingwood v. G.E. Real Estate Equities, 324 N.C. 63, 66, 376 S.E.2d 425, 427 (1989)). To meet that burden, the non-moving party may not rest upon the allegations or denials of her pleadings but "must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1A-1, Rule 56(e) (2005). When considering a summary judgment motion, "all inferences of fact must be drawn against the movant and in favor of the nonmovant." Roumillat, 331 N.C. at 63, 414 S.E.2d at 342. To prove that The Elizabethan Gardens was negligent, Ms. Etheridge must show that it either "(1) negligently created the condition causing the injury or (2) negligently failed to correct the condition after actual or constructive notice of its existence." Nourse v. Food Lion, Inc., 127 N.C. App. 235, 238, 488 S.E.2d 608, 611 (1997) (internal quotation marks omitted), aff'd, 347 N.C. 666, 496 S.E.2d 379 (1998). On appeal, we must determine whether there is sufficient evidence from the pleadings, affidavits and depositions to create a genuine issue of material fact on Ms. Etheridge's allegations of negligence.
Ms. Etheridge argues that she presented sufficient evidence to show that The Elizabethan Gardens negligently caused, or failed to correct, the dangerous condition, namely the alleged water in the bathroom stall, upon which she fell. Ms. Etheridge alleges that The Elizabethan Gardens caused or contributed to her accident by turning off the de-humidifier in the bathroom "to save money." However, Carleton Woods, manager of The Elizabethan Gardens, Inc., stated in his affidavit that a de-humidifier had never been used in the women's restroom in which Ms. Etheridge allegedly slipped. Woods further stated that while there had been a small de-humidifier used in a storage room for another purpose, whether it was on the day of the accident involving Ms. Etheridge would have had no effect on the humidity levels in the women's restroom. Moreover, Woods said that turning off the de-humidifier in the storage room would not have saved any significant money. Ms. Etheridge argues these statements create a genuine issue of material fact that must be decided by a jury.
Ms. Etheridge's argument, however, is not based upon facts in evidence but rather upon mere speculation. At deposition, Ms. Etheridge testified that although she did not see any moisture on the floor, she believes that there must have been moisture on the floor in order for her to slip. She further testified that the moisture on the floor would have come from the sweating of the commode, but admitted that she did not remember if the commode was sweating on the morning of the accident. As it relates to the de-humidifier, Ms. Etheridge testified that she did not know what the de-humidifier looked like, or where it was located. In fact, Ms. Etheridge admitted that she had never seen this de-humidifier in the restroom or anywhere else.
To survive a motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff must show that her theory is more than mere speculation. Williamson v. Food Lion, Inc., 131 N.C. App. 365, 369, 507 S.E.2d 313, 316 (1998), aff'd, 350 N.C. 305, 513 S.E.2d 561 (1999). While the threshold to overcome summary judgment is not great, "[c]ases are not to be submitted to a jury on speculations, guesses, or conjectures." Roumillat, 331 N.C. at 69, 414 S.E.2d at 345. Because there is no evidence that The Elizabethan Gardens negligently created the hazardous condition that resulted in Ms. Etheridge's fall, there is no genuine issue of material fact to submit to a jury and summary judgment is appropriate. Ms. Etheridge also contends she presented sufficient evidence to create a material issue of fact on the issue of whether The Elizabethan Gardens failed to remedy the dangerous condition after notice of its existence. Ms. Etheridge states in her brief that she notified The Elizabethan Gardens "of the hazardous condition which it then corrected by using a de-humidifier, and then turned off the de-humidifier on the day that she fell." However, Ms. Etheridge fails to cite to any portion of the record to support this assertion in her brief, nor can we find such evidence in the record on appeal. To the contrary, the record reveals that Woods stated in his affidavit that no one from The Elizabethan Gardens, Inc. had received any notice of, or had any knowledge of, any alleged hazardous condition in the women's restroom prior to the morning of the alleged accident. He further states that he had never noticed, and had never received a complaint about, the floor of the women's restroom being slippery prior to the alleged accident. Because Ms. Etheridge offered no evidence that The Elizabethan Gardens had actual knowledge of the presence of water on the floor of the women's restroom, the present issue before this Court is whether The Elizabethan Gardens had constructive knowledge of the dangerous condition.
A plaintiff can establish constructive knowledge of a dangerous condition in two ways: (1) by presenting direct evidence of the dangerous condition's duration; or (2) by presenting circumstantial evidence from which a jury could infer that the dangerous condition existed for a sufficient length of time that the defendant should have known of its existence. Thompson v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 138 N.C. App. 651, 654, 547 S.E.2d 48, 50 (2000). Where there is a "reasonable inference that a [dangerous] condition had existed for such a period of time as to impute constructive knowledge to the defendant," it is a question for a jury to decide. Carter v. Food Lion, Inc. 127 N.C. App. 271, 275, 488 S.E.2d 617, 620, disc. review denied, 347 N.C. 396, 494 S.E.2d 408 (1997). Notwithstanding, any inferences a jury makes must be based upon facts established by the evidence, and not based solely upon other inferences. See Thompson, 138 N.C. App. at 654, 547 S.E.2d at 50.
In this case, there is no evidence in the record as to how long the alleged hazardous condition had existed prior to Ms. Etheridge's fall. Although Ms. Etheridge testified that she believes that there was moisture on the floor which caused her to slip, she also testified that she does not know how much moisture was on the floor, or how long the alleged moisture had been on the floor. Ms. Etheridge's evidence, without more, is sufficient only to permit speculation that the condition had existed long enough to impute constructive knowledge of its existence to The Elizabethan Gardens. See France v. Winn-Dixie Supermarket, 70 N.C. App. 492, 493, 320 S.E.2d 25 (1984), disc. review denied, 313 N.C. 329, 327 S.E.2d 889 (1985) (holding that mere speculation about how long a dangerous condition existed was not enough to create a material issue of fact for a jury). As Ms. Etheridge has failed to present any evidence of actual notice of the alleged hazardous condition and any evidence as to how long the alleged condition had existed prior to her alleged fall to establish constructive notice, we conclude the trial court properly granted The Elizabethan Gardens's motion for summary judgment.
Because we have concluded the trial court appropriately granted The Elizabethan Gardens's motion for summary judgment on Ms. Etheridge's negligence claim, we need not address Ms. Etheridge's remaining assignments of error concerning contributory negligence. See Goynias v. Spa Health Clubs, Inc., 148 N.C. App. 554, 558, 558 S.E.2d 880, 883, aff'd, 356 N.C. 290, 569 S.E.2d 648 (2002).
The judgment of the trial court is
Affirmed.
Judge STEPHENS concurs.
Judge GEER concurs in separate opinion.
Report per Rule 30(e).