Opinion
No. 33566.
February 27, 1939.
1. INJUNCTION.
Where Louisiana resident had instituted a Mississippi action to recover disability benefits under Louisiana policies on her own behalf and on behalf of her Mississippi attorneys who were assignees of one-half interest in amount involved and Louisiana court enjoined such resident from prosecuting the Mississippi action, the attorneys who had knowledge of the temporary restraining order were equally precluded from taking any further steps to litigate alleged liability of insurer under the policies.
2. INJUNCTION.
Louisiana court of Orleans parish had territorial jurisdiction of resident of parish and jurisdiction of subject matter to enjoin prosecution of suit in Mississippi by such resident against a nonresident defendant doing business in Louisiana, where suit was based on contract executed in Louisiana.
3. INJUNCTION.
Where Louisiana court had entered temporary restraining order enjoining Louisiana resident from prosecuting suit instituted by her in Mississippi against a nonresident defendant doing business in Louisiana on contract executed therein, order restraining the prosecution of Mississippi action was not shown to be void.
4. INJUNCTION.
An injunction must be obeyed unless absolutely void.
5. INJUNCTION.
A litigant is under duty to obey a restraining order or injunction, not only literally, but in spirit as well.
6. INJUNCTION.
Where Louisiana court temporarily restrained insured Louisiana resident from prosecuting a Mississippi suit to recover disability benefits under Louisiana policies, the restraint would not be limited to that particular Mississippi suit but would apply to any Mississippi suit seeking to litigate insurer's alleged liability for any disability benefits under the Louisiana policies.
7. INJUNCTION.
Where Louisiana court issued order restraining Louisiana resident from prosecuting Mississippi action on insurance policies, temporary restraining order operated only in personam and therefore location of policies would not affect validity of restraint.
8. INJUNCTION.
Where Louisiana court, restraining Louisiana resident from prosecuting Mississippi action, had territorial jurisdiction of both the Louisiana resident and subject matter, resident receiving notice of the temporary restraining order was under duty to obey it whether it was actually served on her or not.
9. INJUNCTION.
Where Louisiana resident assigned to Mississippi attorneys one-half of disability benefits recoverable under Louisiana policies, attorneys were bound by the Louisiana resident's knowledge and attorneys' own knowledge regarding temporary order of Louisiana court restraining prosecution if Mississippi action on policies, as against contention that restraining order was invalid as to attorneys because of court's lack of jurisdiction of their person.
10. ABATEMENT AND REVIVAL.
Where insurer had no notice of insured's prior assignment of one-half interest in amount recoverable on Louisiana policies to insured's attorneys as contingent fees, insurer could plead, in abatement of attorneys' Mississippi suit to recover their interest under the assignment, an order of Louisiana court restraining the insured from prosecuting Mississippi action on the policies, the pendency of Mississippi action by the insured, and also stipulation of counsel for honoring of the temporary restraining order, although order had been permitted to expire.
11. INJUNCTION.
Where Louisiana court entered temporary order restraining insured Louisiana resident from prosecuting a Mississippi suit to recover disability benefits under Louisiana policies and insured, who made contingent fee assignment to Mississippi attorneys, entered into partition agreement, whereby attorney and deceased attorney's estate were given right to disability benefits for certain months, attorney and estate were barred from maintaining the Mississippi suit against insurer.
APPEAL from the chancery court of Hancock county; HON. D.M. RUSSELL, Chancellor.
Watkins Eager, of Jackson, for appellant.
Complainant is precluded from bringing this suit by virtue of the orders of the Civil District Court of Orleans Parish, Louisiana, and the stipulation keeping the the same in force, both as assignee, privy, attorney and by estoppel.
Davis v. Natchez Hotel Co., 158 Miss. 43, 128 So. 871; Fisher v. Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co., 72 So. 846, 112 Miss. 30; Lbr. Co. v. McGraw, 178 So. 377.
Any defense good as against the assignor at the time of the notice to the debtor of the assignment is equally good against the assignee.
6 C.J.S. 1164; Farr v. Land Co., 188 Fed. 10; Fewell v. New Orleans, etc., R.R. Co., 144 Miss. 319, 109 So. 843; Kapelovitch v. White, 203 N.W. 134; Sections 505 and 506, Code of 1930.
The assignee is bound by every step taken or action had in regard to the suit in the Circuit Court of Hancock County, Mississippi, and the injunction proceedings in Louisiana and would have been so bound even had appellant had notice of the assignment, which is not true here, since complainants, her assignees, were as a matter of fact real parties to the suit in the circuit court as beneficiaries of part interest in the cause which was prosecuted in the name of the assignor pursuant to permission given by statute, i.e., the assignee was a party by representation.
Bates v. Berry, 219 P. 83; Becknal v. Becknal, 296 S.W. 916; 34 C.J., Judgments, pages 995, 996; Hauke v. Cooper, 108 Fed. 922; McClelland v. Rose, 247 Fed. 721; Peters v. Gallagher, 37 Mich. 407; Sayre v. Detroit, 171 N.W. 502; Section 505, Code of 1930; Section 717, Code of 1906; Solomon v. Baking Co., 174 Miss. 890, 166 So. 376; Utilities Co. v. Nunnally, 10 S.W.2d 391.
All proceedings in the suit in the Circuit Court of Hancock, Mississippi, including the pendency thereof, and the stipulation filed therein as well as injunctive proceedings aimed thereat, are binding upon complainants here as attorneys.
Bell v. George. 204 S.W. 516; Hardwood Co. v. West Lbr. Co., 248 Fed. 123.
Complainants are estopped from bringing this suit.
Cleveland v. Heidenheimer, 44 S.W. 551; 5 C.J. 966; 6 C.J.S. 1167; Oil Co. v. Mills Co., 241 S.W. 122; Rubin v. Leosatis, 166 A. 428.
A grant to an attorney of a portion of a fund which is to be recovered is not an assignment of a part of the cause of action but merely of the fund when and if collected and suit cannot be brought by the assignee upon such an assignment.
Cochran v. Henry, 65 So. 213; 6 C.J.S. 1140, 1142, 1055-6; 5 C.J. 845-6; Hofferberth v. Duckett, 162 N.Y. Supp. 166; Nichols v. Orr, 166 P. 561; Richard v. National Transportation Co., 285 N Y Supp. 870; Spellman v. Bankers Tr. Co., 6 F.2d 799.
The bill of complaint is demurrable in that the cause of action is split.
6 C.J.S., par. 126, pages 1180-1181; Fewell v. N.O. N.E.R. Co., 144 Miss. 319, 109 So. 853; Pittman v. Chrisman, 59 Miss. 124.
The present suit must be abated because there is another prior suit pending.
Armstrong v. Phillips, 198 P. 499; 1 C.J.S., pages 739-740, 942 and 957; Miller v. Bode, 139 N.E. 456; State v. Large, 145 So. 346, 164 Miss. 318; Section 517, Code of 1930; U.S. v. Goodhues, 53 F.2d 696.
This suit cannot be brought in Hancock County, Mississippi.
Venue in Hancock County cannot be justified upon the ground that it is the county "where the plaintiff resides."
Burgin v. Smith, 141 So. 760; Griffith's Chancery Practice, section 151; Huff v. Murray, 158 So. 475; Oliver v. Logue, 50 Miss. 323; Sections 363, 474, 497 and 1565, Code of 1930.
This suit cannot be brought in Hancock County because service of process in this case could not be had upon the insurance commissioner so as to make the last sentence of Section 497 applicable.
Morris Co. v. Skandinavia Ins. Co., 161 Miss. 411, 137 So. 110, 73 L.Ed. 762.
The venue here cannot be justified upon the ground that this is a matter in the estate of Walter J. Gex, deceased, in the Chancery Court of Hancock County, Mississippi.
Pate v. Taylor, 66 Miss. 97, 5 So. 515.
The attempt here to give territorial jurisdiction to the Chancery Court of Hancock County is a fraud upon the court.
Nicholson v. R.R. Co., 172 So. 306.
Territorial jurisdiction cannot be sustained upon the ground that appellant had an agent upon whom process could be served in Hancock County.
Firemen's Fund Ins. Co. v. Cole, 169 Miss. 634, 152 So. 872; Fidelity Cas. Co. v. Cross, 127 Miss. 31, 89 So. 780; Great Southern Life Ins. Co. v. Gremillion, 145 Miss. 314, 107 So. 770; Great Southern Life Ins. Co. v. Gilmer, 146 Miss. 22, 111 So. 741; National Surety Co. v. Board of Supervisors, 120 Miss. 706, 83 So. 8; Saxony Mills v. Waggoner, 94 Miss. 73, 47 So. 899.
Walter J. Gex, Jr., of Bay St. Louis, and Green, Green Jackson, for appellees.
This court will keep in mind that citizens, especially Mississippi citizens, acquiring in good faith a property interest in a transitory cause of action, may, consistently with Mississippi's policy, assert those rights in Mississippi's courts.
New Orleans, etc., R. v. Wallace, 50 Miss. 244; Pullman Co. v. Lawrence, 74 Miss. 800, 22 So. 53; Vicksburg, etc., R. Co. v. Forcheimer, 113 Miss. 531, 74 So. 419; Sections 4165 and 4166, Code of 1930; Railroad Co. v. Poole, 72 Miss. 487, 16 So. 753.
Neither the orders of the Civil District Court nor the stipulation in Hancock Circuit Court in Cause No. 2303 affect any other suit or the assertion of any other cause of action.
Missouri Pac. Ry. Co. v. Harden, 158 La. 889, 105 So. 2; Hartford Accident Indemnity Co. v. Delta Pine Land Co., 169 Miss. 196, 150 So. 205, 292 U.S. 143, 78 L.Ed. 1178, 92 A.L.R. 928; Protective Life Ins. Co. v. Lamarque, 177 So. 18; U.S.F. G. Co. v. Yost, 183 So. 260; New Orleans Brewing Co. v. Cahall, 188 La. 749, 178 So. 339; Southern Pacific Co. v. Baum, 38 P.2d 1103; Lindsey v. Wabash Ry. Co., 61 S.W.2d 369; New York C. St. L.R. Co. v. Meek, 1 N.E.2d 611; Kern v. Cleveland, C.C. St. L.R. Co., 204 Ind. 595, 185 N.E. 446; State ex rel. v. Nortoni, 85 A.L.R. 1345, 331 Mo. 764, 55 S.W.2d 272.
There is presently vested in the Estate of Walter Gex and in Walter Gex, Jr., past due installments for disability benefits and future installments yet to accrue during the life of Mrs. Gillin; likewise the future installments due Mrs. Gillin, and the Mississippi Coast is substantially a part of Louisiana and there is no legal right in this nonresident insurance company to compel the appellees to submit to the jurisdiction of the Louisiana Courts, to employ Louisiana counsel, to qualify as a Succession in Louisiana, if it be essential, and to do those other things that are requisite, nor did the injunction or the stipulation so do.
14 R.C.L. 417, sections 119, 121.
Neither Gex, Sr., his estate, Walter Gex, Jr., nor the policies are presently within the jurisdiction of the Louisiana court, and jurisdiction over the person and things conditions the validity of a judgment.
Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714.
Appellant contends: Any defense good as against the assignor at the time of the notice to the debtor of the assignment is equally good against the assignee. Where to, we answer: Properly limited and circumscribed, this is a correct principle of law, but here wholly inapplicable.
Armfield v. Nash, 31 Miss. 361; Williams v. Luckett, 77 Miss. 394, 26 So. 967; Thorne v. True-Hixon Lbr. Co., 167 Miss. 266, 148 So. 388; Homochitto Development Co. v. Jones, 154 So. 720, 170 Miss. 125; Adams v. Yazoo, etc., Co., 24 So. 200, 77 Miss. 194, 60 L.R.A. 33.
The assignee of any chose in action may sue for and recover on the same in his own name, if the assignment be in writing.
McInnis v. Rather, 111 Miss. 55, 71 So. 264.
It is true that as the statute now stands, an assignee is not a necessary party, but on the other hand, the assignee may, if it elects, so sue.
Hauke v. Cooper, 108 F. 922; Bates v. Berry, 219 P. 83; 34 C.J. 995, 996; Sayre v. Detroit, 171 N.W. 502; Peters v. Gallagher, 37 Mich. 407; Becknal v. Becknal, 296 S.W. 916; Utilities Co. v. Nunnally, 10 S.W.2d 391; McClelland v. Rose, 247 F. 721.
There is no injunction, has never been and can never be one in Louisiana prohibiting Gex Gex from asserting that to them validly assigned and by them presently owned in the State of Mississippi.
That vested in the Estate of Walter Gex and in Walter Gex, Jr., is a present right to specific past due installments, with a right to receive future installments designated when and as they accrue.
An assignment of a sum of money due or to become due will pass to the assignee only so much as a construction of the instrument shows was intended to pass.
Peck-Hammond Co. v. Williams, 27 So. 995, 77 Miss. 824; Whitney v. Cowan, 55 Miss. 643.
Gex Gex are the assignees and entitled to have to them paid the specific amounts declared to be to them due.
Field v. Ware, 28 Miss. 56; Ross v. Merrimack Veneer Co., 92 So. 823, 129 Miss. 693; Pass v. McRea, 36 Miss. 143; Hutchinson v. Simon, 57 Miss. 628; Richardson v. Lightcap, 52 Miss. 513; Moody v. Kyle, 34 Miss. 506; Sivley v. Sivley, 50 So. 552.
As at October 10, 1935, and as at March 12, 1937, (the date of the assignments), Mrs. Gillin had a present existing property right in amounts due her for disability benefits with a right to receive such disability benefits in the future when and as they became due. She had therefore a present estate and a future estate contingent upon surviving. She dealt by the assignment with both and thereunder she might and did create a vested interest in Gex Gex.
Everman v. Robb, 52 Miss. 563; 6 C.J.S., page 1056, and page 1087, par. 38, page 1088, par. 40, page 1101, sec. 58 and pages 1105 and 1106.
It is perfectly true that the installments are due under a single contract, but we have, therefore, monthly installments maturing each month arising out of a contract, and the rule in Mississippi is that each installment when and as it becomes due may be separately sued for and constitutes an independent cause of action.
Armfield v. Nash, 31 Miss. 361; Williams v. Luckett, 77 Miss. 394, 26 So. 967; Thorne v. True-Hixon Lbr. Co., 167 Miss. 266, 148 So. 388; Homochitto Development Co. v. Jones, 154 So. 720, 170 Miss. 125; Adams v. Yazoo, etc., Co., 24 So. 200, 77 Miss. 194, 60 L.R.A. 33; 6 C.J.S., page 1182.
The authorities above cited from Mississippi have uniformly vouchsafed the right of an assignee such as this one to sue. Frankly, we think counsel for appellee substantially concedes our position, certainly there has been no splitting of causes of actions by a suit for an installment and inadvertently opposite counsel have overlooked the many Mississippi decisions directly on the point.
Fewell v. N.O. N.E.R. Co., 144 Miss. 319, 109 So. 853.
In Wood Preserving Co. v. Meyer, 76 Miss. 589, 25 So. 297, Judge TERRAL declared: "A plea in abatement is looked upon disfavor, and the failure of the pleader to allege that the remedy in the suit pending in the chancery court was as ample and efficient as the suit in the circuit court the plaintiff had a lien on the property seized out of which to collect any debt recovered by him against the defendant, and it does not appear by the plea in abatement that this remedy in the chancery court would have been as effective. The plea, we think, was bad. Block v. Lackey, 2 B. Mon., 257; Hatch v. Spofford, 22 Conn. 485; Blanchard v. Stone, 16 Vt. 234; Griswold v. Bacheller, 77 Fed. Rep. 857; Story's Eq. Prac. section 742."
Streckfus Steamers v. Kiersky, 163 So. 835, 174 Miss. 125; Grenada Bank v. Bourke, 110 Miss. 342, 70 So. 449; 1 C.J.S., 51.
This suit in equity being after the suit at law, embraces causes of action for installments due at and to a later date, which may not be obtained in the action at law.
It is said, Section 49, page 79 of 1 C.J.S.: "Since the jurisdiction of a court of equity is generally limited to cases in which there is no adequate remedy at law, it has been stated as a general rule that actions at law and suits in equity are so dissimilar in character that the pendency of one cannot be pleaded in abatement of the other, defendant's remedy in such a case being, as elsewhere stated [Election of Remedies, Section 32 (20 C.J., p. 43, note 91)], to apply to equity to require plaintiff to elect which action he will first prosecute to judgment."
1 Am. Juris., section 31, page 37, and section 20, page 30; Grenada Bank v. Bourke, 110 Miss. 342, 70 So. 449.
In order to make this a plea in abatement, it was requisite for appellant to aver therein that this suit in the Circuit Court of Hancock County was pending, Stoffer v. Garrison, 61 Miss. 67, and that it could be prosecuted. The plea fails in both aspects.
Furthermore, it is a plea not in abatement, but in bar. In Anderson v. Newman, 60 Miss. 532, it was held that an action at law is not in bar to a bill in equity by the same plaintiff to subject property of the defendant fraudulently conveyed. Herein, unquestionably, Gex Gex would have an attorney's lien which they could assert in equity against the cause of action possessed, if that were requisite. A prior suit in personam in a state court does not bar a suit in the Federal Court. Holmes County v. Burton Const. Co., 272 Fed. 565. But if defendant wants this suit in the circuit court carried to judgment or dismissed, it rests with them.
State v. Large, 145 So. 346, 164 Miss. 318.
A life insurance policy, being a chose in action, may be assigned before maturity in a bona fide transaction, subject, of course, to such limitations and exceptions as are placed on the right to assign by the terms of the contract of insurance, by statutes, or by public policy.
6 C.J.S., section 123, page 1171; Section 505, Code of 1930; Zerkowski v. Zerkowski, 160 Miss. 278, 131 So. 647; 37 C.J. 422, 426, 605; New York Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Armstrong, 117 U.S. 591, 20 L.Ed. 967; Clark v. Louisville N.R. Co., 158 Miss. 287, 130 So. 302.
In action against foreign insurance corporation on policy, where service is had upon insurance commissioner, suit must be brought in county where loss occurred or plaintiff resides.
Firemen's Fund Ins. Co. v. Cole, 169 Miss. 634, 152 So. 872; Hudson Ins. Co. v. Cole, 152 So. 874; Springfield, etc., Co. v. Cole, 152 So. 875; 28 U.S.C.A., section 112, Judicial Code, section 51.
Under the chancery venue statute, if applicable, the suit was properly brought.
Section 363, Code of 1930; Carroll v. McPike, 53 Miss. 569; Partee v. Kortrecht, 54 Miss. 66; Dean v. Brannon, 139 Miss. 312, 104 So. 173; Clark v. Louisville N.R. Co., 158 Miss. 287, 130 So. 302; Moyse v. Cohn, 76 Miss. 590, 25 So. 169; Gridley, Maxon Co. v. Turner, 179 Miss. 890, 176 So. 733; Section 497, Code of 1930; Chapter 201, Laws of 1916.
When on April 23, 1935, the insurance company discontinued disability payments, Gex Gex were employed and given at that time an assignment of an undivided one-half interest in writing. This was a Mississippi assignment, whereunder valuable rights were vested and whereon an action might have been by them brought in Mississippi.
Wells v. Edwards Hotel City R. Co., 96 Miss. 191, 50 So. 628; McInnis Lbr. Co. v. Rather, 111 Miss. 55, 71 So. 264; Chicago, St. L., etc., Co. v. Packwood, 59 Miss. 280; Abernethy v. Savage, 163 Miss. 789, 141 So. 329; Halsey v. Turner, 84 Miss. 432, 36 So. 531; Chattanooga Sewer Pipe Works v. Dumler, 153 Miss. 276, 120 So. 450; Miss. P. L. Co. v. Lowe, 175 So. 196; Trolio v. Nichols, 160 Miss. 611, 132 So. 750; Stoll v. Mutual Benefit L. Ins. Co., 115 Wis. 558, 92 N.W. 277; 7 C.J. 1133; Bauer v. Myers, 244 Fed. 908; Phoenix Ry. Co. v. Landis, 108 P. 247; 1 Words Phrases, "Beneficiary;" Dumphy v. Com. Union Assur. Co., 142 S.W. 116; 5 C.J. 1414; Douglass v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc., 90 So. 834; Beck v. Rosser, 8 So. 259, 68 Miss. 72; McInnis Lbr. Co. v. Rather, 71 So. 264, 111 Miss. 55; Lamar Life Ins. Co. v. Moody, 122 Miss. 99, 84 So. 135; Bank of Belzoni v. Hodges, 132 Miss. 238, 96 So. 97; Fleming v. Grimes, 142 Miss. 522, 107 So. 420; Williams v. Penn Mut. L. Ins. Co., 160 Miss. 408, 133 So. 649.
We take it that where parties have right under insurance policies and may become plaintiffs, at law thereasto they are beneficiaries thereunder, within the purview of this section, and to deny these parties, as suggested by the chancellor, thus interested, the right to sue at their respective residences, would take from them rights which have been conferred by this statute.
Atlantic Mut. L. Ins. Co. v. Gannon, 60 N.E. 933; Martin v. Stubbins, 18 N.E. 662; Balknap v. Northwestern Mut. L. Ins. Co., 188 A. 899.
Opposite counsel completely fail to appreciate that as to the rights vested in the estate of Walter Gex and in Walter Gex, Jr., the State of Louisiana is without any jurisdiction or power whatsoever.
Farmers Loan Tr. Co. v. Minnesota, 280 U.S. 204, 74 L.Ed. 371; 86 A.L.R. 741; 42 A.L.R. 327; Blodgett v. Silberman, 277 U.S. 3, 72 L.Ed. 754; 1st National Bank v. State, 284 U.S. 334, 76 L.Ed. 313; Frick v. Pennsylvania, 268 U.S. 486, 69 L.Ed. 1061; Buff v. Murray, 158 So. 475; Burgin v. Smith, 141 So. 760.
We respectfully submit that the decree should be affirmed in all particulars. Mississippi certainly has jurisdiction of the res and the Mississippi court will certainly protect Mississippi's citizens, especially when they be officers of the court in good faith discharging their duty and where in the discharge of that duty they have met every objection, even though captious, urged by the Equitable, to the suit in the Circuit Court, by bringing the matter before the Chancellor where they would be free from passion, prejudice and sympathy alleged to exist in a jury, but we somehow fear that the Equitable just does not want to try this case and by reason of doing of business in Louisiana, seeks to compel an estate and a Mississippi lawyer, as to their very own, to litigate away from home in a court where they are not admitted to practice and where they would be compelled to divide with other counsel that which they have earned in this State. No one but an insurance company would have the temerity to seek to take from them that so justly belonging.
Argued orally by W.H. Watkins, Sr., for appellant, and by Walter Gex, Jr., and Garner Green, for appellee.
On February 5, 1936, a suit was filed in the Circuit Court of Hancock County, Mississippi, entitled "Mrs. Kathryn Gillin v. The Equitable Life Assurance Society," Cause No. 2303, seeking recovery of certain alleged total and permanent disability benefits under four insurance policies. The declaration was in as many counts, identical in form, except that the basis for recovery under each count was a separate numbered policy. The plaintiff's attorneys of record in that suit was the law firm of Gex Gex of Bay St. Louis, Mississippi.
Prior to the filing of that suit, the plaintiff therein had executed an assignment in favor of her attorneys as follows:
"Assignment
"Mrs. Kathryn Gillin v. The Equitable Life Assurance Society.
"In consideration of services rendered and to be rendered in the above styled and entitled cause, I, Mrs. Kathryn Gillin, do hereby assign to Gex Gex, an one-half interest in and to whatever amount may be recovered either by way of suit, settlement, or compromise, in said cause, same being a suit for compensation due under policies which the said Mrs. Kathryn Gillin has in the Equitable Assurance Society.
"It is understood that this is a contingent fee, and if no amount is recovered herein, that said Gex Gex will receive no amount whatever.
"This the 10th day of October, 1935.
"(Signed) Mrs. Kathryn McN. Gillin."
This assignment was not filed among the papers in said cause, nor did the insurance society have any actual knowledge thereof until the institution of the present suit in the Chancery Court of Hancock County, Mississippi, in May, 1937.
Shortly after the filing of the suit at law, hereinbefore referred to, the insurance society, as defendant therein, filed in the Civil District Court for the Parish of Orleans, Louisiana, a petition entitled "The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States v. Mrs. Kathryn Gillin," Cause No. 216,220, alleging that said insurance society was qualified to and was doing business in Louisiana; that Mrs. Kathryn Gillin was at that time, and had been prior thereto, a resident of the State of Louisiana and the Parish of Orleans, and that she had never resided in Mississippi; that the application for the policies sued on in the Circuit Court of Hancock County, Mississippi, were made in New Orleans and that the policies were issued there; and that the alleged cause of action arose, if at all, in that State. The petition further alleged the pendency of the suit for disability benefits under the policies in the Circuit Court of Hancock County, Mississippi, and that the rights and liabilities of the parties were governed solely by the Laws of Louisiana; that all of the witnesses whose testimony was necessary, material and pertinent resided in New Orleans; and that not only was the purpose of filing the suit in Mississippi to inconvenience and subject to extra expense the insurance society, but also was to gain an advantage by resorting to the courts of Mississippi, where the laws and procedure governing suits of that character were more favorable to the plaintiff. The petition further alleged that had the suit been tried in Louisiana the same would have been triable before a judge rather than a jury as in Mississippi, and that in Louisiana, the appellate court would have had power to review the issues of fact as well as the issues of law, while in Mississippi the appellate court could review only the errors of law. That, furthermore, the plaintiff was seeking to obtain an undue and inequitable advantage by virtue of Mississippi's "Privileged Communication Statute," Code 1930, Section 1536, between physician and patient, Louisiana having no such statute or rule of law; and that it was contrary to the public policy of Louisiana for the courts of that state to permit a resident of Louisiana to maintain the suit in question in Mississippi.
Thereupon, there was entered in the Civil District Court for the Parish of Orleans, Louisiana, on March 10, 1936, an order requiring the said Mrs. Kathryn Gillin to show cause on the 18th day of March, 1936, why a preliminary writ of injunction should not issue. It was further ordered that a temporary restraining order issue forthwith restraining and prohibiting Mrs. Gillin from in any way further prosecuting, or causing to be prosecuted, the suit instituted by her in the Circuit Court of Hancock County, Mississippi, being Cause No. 2303, as aforesaid, on the docket of said court; and also restraining her from taking any other proceedings of any nature or character whatsoever in said suit, either individually or through her attorneys, agents or representatives.
We deem it unnecessary to set forth at length the temporary restraining order above referred to, as issued by the clerk of the said civil district court, and authorized by judges H.C. Cage, Wm. H. Byrnes, Jr., W.L. Gleason, Michel Provosty and Nat W. Bond, members of the said court, other than to say that it restrained and prohibited the said Mrs. Gillin, her agents or attorneys, from further prosecuting the suit enjoined, or from taking any other proceedings of any nature or character whatsoever therein, either individually or through her attorneys, agents or representatives, as heretofore stated, until further order of the said Civil District Court of the Parish of Orleans, Louisiana.
On March 18, 1936, the date fixed for the hearing of the rule to show cause why the injunction should not issue, the matter was continued until March 26, 1936, by agreemen of the attorneys representing The Equitable Life Assurance Society and the firm of Gex Gex of Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, attorneys for Mrs. Gillin, and a proper motion and order were entered in the said Civil District Court to that effect. At that time an agreed stipulation in regard to continuing in effect the temporary restraining order was being negotiated. A few days prior thereto the firm of Gex Gex informed attorneys of the insurance society that due to the pressure of business engagements they were referring to the firm of Curtis, Hall Foster of New Orleans, Louisiana, the matter of negotiating the necessary stipulations and agreements to defer action on the rule to show cause why the injunction should not be granted.
Whereupon, in due time, there was prepared and filed in the said Civil District Court a certain stipulation signed by Curtis, Hall Foster, as attorneys for Mrs. Gillin, and by one of the firms of attorneys representing the insurance society, whereby it was agreed that the rule to show cause, which was re-set to be heard on April 2, 1936, should be continued indefinitely, but that the temporary restraining order theretofore issued should be permitted to expire on said date. It was further stipulated in said agreements that the said Mrs. Kathryn Gillin, individually, and her attorneys, agents or representatives should honor said temporary restraining order, although permitted to expire, to the same effect as though the same was kept in full force and effect until the trial of the rule to show cause could be had on a date to be re-fixed by agreement of counsel. A copy of this stipulation was filed in the injunction proceeding then pending in the said Civil District Court, and whereupon an order signed by one of the judges thereof was duly entered which recognized the continuance of the rule to show cause, and it was ordered by the court that by virtue of the agreement of counsel the hearing thereon should be continued indefinitely to be re-fixed for trial by agreement of counsel. Another copy of this stipulation of counsel was filed by the firm of Gex Gex in the enjoined Cause No. 2303 in the Circuit Court of Hancock County, Mississippi; this is true according to the statement of counsel for appellant in their brief, which is unchallenged.
From April, 1936, until May, 1937, and thereafter, no further proceedings were or have been had by any of the parties in the circuit court case in Hancock County, Mississippi, the further prosecution which had been enjoined as aforesaid, nor has the temporary restaining order of the Louisiana Civil District Court been dissolved or modified. However, in May, 1937, Walter J. Gex, Sr., the senior member of the firm of Gex Gex, had died. There was then filed in the Chancery Court of Hancock County, Mississippi, the suit in which this appeal is prosecuted, and which seeks recovery on behalf of the attorneys of record in the enjoined suit for their one-half of the alleged monthly disability benefits accruing under the same insurance policies both before and after the restraining order was issued and served on the plaintiff therein, according to the terms of the assignment sued on.
The chancery suit is brought by W.J. Gex, Jr., surviving partner of Gex Gex, and by W.J. Gex, Jr. and Ethel H. Gex, administrators of the estate of W.J. Gex, Sr., deceased, and against the said Mrs. Kathryn Gillin, a resident and citizen of the City of New Orleans, Louisiana, and the appellant The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, as a nonresident corporation.
The bill of complaint sets out in reference to the original assignment from the said Mrs. Gillin to the firm of Gex Gex, executed prior to the filing of the Circuit Court suit in Hancock County, Mississippi, that a further contract was made on the 12th day of March, 1937, subject to the approval of the chancery court of said county in which the estate of W.J. Gex, Sr., deceased, was being administered, whereby the said Mrs. Gillin and the executors of the estate and Walter J. Gex, Jr., had undertaken to partite the rights and benefits held by them respectively under the policies of insurance in question. A copy of this contract was attached to the bill of complaint, and is in the following language:
"Assignment.
"Gex Gex having received an assignment from the undersigned as at the 10th day of October, 1935, wherein they were by the undersigned employed as attorneys to prosecute her claim against the Equitable Life Assurance Society of The United States, under policies numbered A475557 and 4,642,400, and No. 4,869,601 and No. 4,869,602 and No. 7,776,813 and
"Whereas, since that date Walter J. Gex, Sr., a member of said co-partnership of Gex Gex has died, rendering directions that there be to his estate assigned that portion to which he was lawfully entitled,
"Now, Therefore, in order to carry out the agreement it is understood that as at the 23rd day of April, 1935 (all payments prior to that date having been paid by the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States to the undersigned without question), there shall be paid to the Estate of Walter J. Gex, Sr., the payments for the months here listed, to-wit:
"June, August, October, 1935; February, April, June, October, 1936; and February 1937, and subsequently thereafter, four months in each year, according to the months here set out.
"There shall be paid to Walter J. Gex, Jr., the payments for the months, to-wit:
"December 1935, August and December, 1936, and subsequently thereafter two months in each year, according to the months here set out.
"Witness my signature this the 12 day of March, 1937.
"(Signed) Kathryn Gillin."
The bill of complaint asks that the Chancery Court of Hancock County, Mississippi, enter a decree approving and validating this partition agreement and for a decree for the amount of the monthly installments thus assigned to the attorneys. The bill of complaint alleges, among other things, that the complainants are entitled "to have and recover from said society for those certain months assigned under said partition to said estate, also to W.J. Gex, Jr., but if there be any inequity in said partition, then there should be a proper partition made at this time, and to that end said Gillin is made a party defendant hereto." No recovery is sought in this suit as to the one-half interest retained by Mrs. Gillin in the disability benefits alleged to have accrued under the policies. She is made a party defendant for the purpose of enabling the court to pass upon and approve the equity of the partition agreement. Thus, it will be seen that she would not be bound by a decree, if so rendered by the chancellor, whereby recovery on behalf of the complainants might be denied. Moreover, upon a dissolution of the restraining order issued by the Civil District Court of New Orleans, Louisiana, she could resume the prosecution of her suit in the Circuit Court of Hancock County, Mississippi, for the recovery of the alleged disability benefits retained by her under the assignment; wherefore the appellant contends in effect that it would thus be required to twice litigate the question of her alleged physical disability. Therefore, the question arises as to whether or not the maintenance of the present suit in chancery would result in the splitting of the cause of action enjoined. In response to this contention, it is urged by the appellees here that no splitting of the cause of action would thereby result; that the law permits a separate action to be maintained for each monthly disability installment as the same may accrue, and that the rule announced by this court in the case of Fewell v. New Orleans, Etc., R.R. Company, 144 Miss. 319, 109 So. 853, is therefore not applicable.
However, we deem it unnecessary to the decision of this case to pass on the question as to whether there is an attempt to split the cause of action for the reason that the case filed by Mrs. Gillin against the appellant in February 1936, in the Circuit Court of Hancock County, Mississippi (at a time when the firm of Gex Gex held an assignment of a one-half interest in and to whatever amount may be recovered by her by way of suit, settlement or compromise, in said cause), was being maintained both on her own behalf and on behalf of the firm of Gex Gex, the assignee, said law firm being a real party in interest to the extent of one-half of whatever recovery should be had. As assignor of their one-half interest of the claim sued on under the policies in her own name she was their agent and representative in bringing the suit, and they, with knowledge of the temporary restraining order issued by the Civil District Court of the Parish of Orleans, Louisiana, were equally bound and restrained from taking any further steps to litigate the alleged liability of the appellant under the policies sued on. They were likewise so bound as attorneys of record in said cause. A judgment in that suit would have been as equally binding on them as on Mrs. Gillin. Fewell v. New Orleans, Etc., R.R. Company, supra. Moreover, the temporary restraining order expressly prohibits both Mrs. Gillin and her attorneys from taking any other proceeding of any nature or character whatsoever in that cause. While it is true that the order singles out Cause No. 2303, and that suit alone, on the docket of the Circuit Court of Hancock County, Mississippi, nevertheless, the manifest purpose of the writ was to restrain the further litigation in the State of Mississippi of the claim of disability under the policies until the further order of the Civil District Court of the Parish of Orleans, Louisiana. The proceedings in that Civil District Court affirmatively disclose that the purpose of obtaining the restraining order was to prohibit the litigation of the alleged cause of action in Mississippi rather than in the State of Louisiana, and the stipulation entered into with the attorneys of the insurance society by Messrs. Curtis, Hall and Foster, as attorneys for Mrs. Gillin, and acquiesced in by the firm of Gex Gex when they filed the copy of same in Cause No. 2303 in the Circuit Court of Hancock County, expressly bound her, as well as all of her attorneys, to honor the temporary restraining order, although permitted to expire, to the same effect as though it was kept in full force and effect.
It appears that the Civil District Court of the Parish of of Orleans Louisian, had territorial jurisdiction of Mrs. Gillin, on whom the restraining order was served, and likewise had jurisdiction of the subject matter to enjoin the prosecution of the suit in Mississippi filed by her, as a citizen of Louisiana, against a nonresident defendant doing business in the latter state, when such suit was based on a contract executed therein. The injunction proceedings and the temporary restraining order entered therein appear to be regular and valid. At least it does not affirmatively appear that the order is void. Much is said in the bill of complaint and brief of appellees in regard to the lack of merit in the petition filed by the appellant in the Civil District Court of the Parish of Orleans, Louisiana, but these are considerations to be addressed to that court from which the temporary restraining order issued, and subject to review by the appellate courts of that state. "An injunction must be obeyed unless absolutely void. It may be erroneous, or it may have been improvidently or even oppressively issued, but if erroneous only, however erroneous, it must be obeyed until dissolved. The bond is the means for obtaining redress if it be wrongful." Section 450, Griffith's Mississippi Chancery Practice.
In the case of Fisher v. Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co., 112 Miss. 30, 72 So. 846, 848, plaintiff, a resident of Tennessee, filed suit in the Circuit Court of Pearl River County, Mississippi, and was enjoined at the instance of the insurance company from its further prosecution by the Chancery Court of Shelby County, Tennessee. Whereupon, defendant in the Mississippi court filed a plea in abatement setting up the existence of the injunction. The court, in holding that a citizen of a state could be enjoined from prosecuting, against a nonresident corporation doing business in that State, an action in a foreign jurisdiction, although the suit enjoined had been commenced in the other State before the injunction issued, used the following language:
"And the rule is well established that a citizen of one state may be enjoined from prosecuting an action against another citizen of the same state in a foreign jurisdiction for the purpose of evading the law of his own state. 22 Cyc. 814. And this rule applies, although the suit enjoined has been commenced in another state before the injunction issues. 1 Joyce on Injunctions, sec. 606; 1 High on Injunctions, sec 106; 7 Ruling Case Law, section 65, p. 1035.
"It is hardly necessary to say that the above rule, to the effect that a citizen of one state may be enjoined from prosecuting an action against another citizen of the same state, applies equally when an injunction is sought to restrain a citizen of one state from prosecuting an action against a nonresident corporation doing business with lawful authority in such state.
"We have no hesitation in deciding upon principles of comity that so long as the injunction remains in force issued by the chancery court of Shelby county, Tenn., against Dr. Fisher, a citizen of said jurisdiction, he will not be permitted to proceed with his suit in the courts in Mississippi."
And the court in the course of its opinion in that case further stated: "Counsel for appellant argued in his brief and in oral argument that the chancery court of Tennessee was in error in granting the writ of injunction issued at the instance of the appellee herein, but in view of the fact that the appellant is a citizen of Tennessee, and the appellee is engaged in business there, and the courts of Tennessee have full and complete jurisdiction over both the subject-matter and persons, we are of the opinion that it is not proper for this court to question the correctness of the finding of the Tennessee court, but hold that before the appellant can continue to prosecute his suit upon this cause of action in Mississippi he must obtain a dissolution of the injunction issued against the prosecution of said suit by the chancery court of Shelby county, Tenn.; and if said court was in error in issuing said injunction, he must first seek redress by an appeal to the proper appellate courts of Tennessee, for so long as said injunction remains in force it must be respected by the courts of this state."
Likewise, in the case of Davis v. Natchez Hotel Co., 158 Miss. 43, 128 So. 871, 874, this Court upheld the right of our state courts to issue an injunction against one of our own citizens to prevent a suit being prosecuted against another such citizen in the State of Louisiana, contrary to his right in the premises so to do, and quoted with approval from the Fisher Case, supra, as follows: "The rule is well established that a citizen of one state may be enjoined from prosecuting an action against another citizen of the same state in a foreign jurisdiction for the purpose of evading the law of his own state. 22 Cyc. 814, and this rule applies, although the suit enjoined has been commenced in another state before the injunction issues."
The question as to whether Mrs. Gillin filed her suit in Mississippi for the purpose of evading the law of her own state is not for our decision. Nor is it for this court to say whether or not the fact that the present suit is brought in chancery where it can be tried before a judge instead of a jury in Mississippi, and coupled with the further consideration that the appellees have offered in their bill of complaint to waive the Mississippi "Privileged Communication Statute" on behalf of Mrs. Gillin, who appears only as a party defendant, are sufficient in themselves to remove all objections that may have actuated the judges of the Civil District Court of Louisiana in granting the temporary restraining order, which is still in force by virtue of the stipulation of counsel, prohibiting Mrs. Gillin from prosecuting her claim under the policies in the Courts of Mississippi. This changed aspect of the proceeding might be taken into consideration by said Civil District Court upon a motion to dissolve or modify the restraining order. It is not proper for us to pass on the question of the propriety of its issuance or as to whether it should be continued in force, since it is a valid order of a court of competent jurisdiction.
It is urged by the appellees, however, that neither do the orders of the Civil District Court nor the stipulation of counsel filed in that court and in the circuit court case in Hancock County, Mississippi, cause No. 2303, affect any other suit or the assertion of any other cause of action. To so hold would in our opinion restrict the force and effect of the temporary restraining order within limits entirely too narrow. To allow the suit to proceed in chancery, either for the recovery by appellees of the monthly disability benefits covered by the assignment, which accrued either prior to the institution of the suit enjoined, or thereafter, would violate the purpose and spirit of the restraining order. To limit the restraining order specifically to Cause No. 2303 in the circuit court would also enable Mrs. Gillin, if she should so desire, to file a suit in the chancery court of the same county and further prosecute the cause of action as to her one-half interest in the disability benefits sued for. In that situation the assignor who has been enjoined from the further prosecution of the cause of action, and which she was maintaining in her own behalf and in behalf of her assignee, would be found suing in the same jurisdiction on one-half of the cause of action and her assignee maintaining a separate suit for the other half, all in violation of the spirit of the restraining order, although the strict letter thereof may not be thereby disregarded. It is the duty of a litigant to obey a restraining order or injunction not only literally, but in spirit as well. 1 Joyce on Injunctions, sec. 251; Ex Parte Miller, 129 Ala. 130, 30 So. 611, 87 Am. St. Rep. 49; Gorsch v. Birkhahn, 151 A. 121, 8 N.J. Misc. 491; 2 High, Inj., sec. 1443; Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wheat. 1, 29, 6 L.Ed. 253; 24 Am. Eng. Enc. Law (1 Ed.), sec. 496; Hines Hobbs v. Rawson, 40 Ga. 356, 2 Am. Rep. 581. And, as was said in the case of Ex Parte Miller, supra, the words "`from the further prosecution of said suit,' when regard is had to the terms of the writ, its purposes, and the condition of the parties, are not wrested from their proper signification, when made to include any further proceeding, looking to the accomplishment of the main purpose of said action" [ 129 Ala. 130, 30 So. 613] — here the collection of the disability benefits through litigation in a court of Mississippi rather than in the courts of Louisiana.
Appellees further say that neither Walter Gex, Sr. and Walter Gex, Jr., nor the policies of insurance, were presently within the jurisdiction of the Civil District Court of Louisiana at the time of the issuance of the temporary restraining order, and contend that jurisdiction both over their persons and of the insurance policies would condition the validity of the judgment of that court in causing the order to be issued. The location of the insurance policies, however, would, in our opinion, be wholly immaterial. The injunction operates only in personam. Moreover, it was not even essential that the writ be served upon Mrs. Gillin in order to be effectual if she otherwise had notice that the same had been issued. Section 449, Griffith's Mississippi Chancery Practice; Fisher v. Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co., supra. The Louisiana court had territorial jurisdiction of both Mrs. Gillin and the subject matter, and when she received notice of the restraining order it was her duty to obey it whether it was actually served on her or not. Likewise, her attorneys of record, who were assignees of one-half of the proceeds of the disability benefits if and when collected as aforesaid, and who were represented by her as assignor and plaintiff in the suit enjoined, were likewise bound by her knowledge and their own in regard thereto. Suffice it to say on the question of knowledge or notice, the Louisiana Civil District Court injunction proceeding and the restraining order entered therein are filed as exhibits to the bill of complaint in this case.
Moreover, the appellant having no notice of the prior assignment, was entitled to plead in abatement of this suit the restraining order of the Louisiana court; the pendency of the suit by the assignor in her own right and on behalf of appellees, as assignee, in the Circuit Court of Hancock County, Mississippi; and also the stipulation of counsel entered therein, with the same force and effect as if Mrs. Gillin herself were prosecuting the cause of action in the chancery court of said county. If it be said that this suit is for specific monthly disability benefits accruing to appellees by virtue of their assignment, separate and apart from those accruing to Mrs. Gillin for other months, and that they constitute different causes of action, a sufficient answer should be that the recovery of such installments by appellees must be predicated on proof of the continued total disability of the insured, and that likewise the right of Mrs. Gillin to recover under the policies as to the interest retained by her in the disability benefits is conditioned upon such proof; and hence we come back to the proposition that the thing prohibited by the restraining order is the litigation of the appellant's alleged liability for any disability benefits at all in the jurisdiction foreign to the residence of the parties to the suit enjoined, since all liability whatsoever for any disability benefits under the policies sued on in both cases is denied in the injunction proceedings.
Aside from the foregoing considerations, it may be noted that the assignment to the firm of Gex Gex is neither an assignment of a one-half interest in the policies of insurance nor in the cause of action instituted thereo, but the same constitutes an assignment only of a one-half interest in and to whatever amount may be recovered. We deem it unnecessary, however, to enter into a discussion and review of the authorities on the question as to whether or not a suit could be maintained on these insurance policies in the name of the attorneys alone under the terms of this assignment of a one-half interest in whatever amount may be recovered, since the decree of the court below must be reversed and the cause remanded on the ground that no further action or proceeding can be taken to litigate in the courts of this State the alleged liability of the appellant under the policies of insurance sued on as long as the restraining order issued by the Civil District Court of the Parish of Orleans, Louisiana, remains in force and effect. The plea in abatement filed by the appellant was well taken, and the demurrers should likewise have been sustained.
Reversed and remanded.