Opinion
(September Term, 1897.)
Action for Penalty — Election Expenses — Gifts to Electors by Candidates in Order to Be Elected — Intent — Pleading — Repeal of Statute — Vested Rights.
1. There is a manifest difference between contributions made by a candidate for office for his part of the necessary expenses of a political campaign, or paying persons to assist in conducting his own personal canvass, and the giving of money or other things of value to electors in order to be elected.
2. In an action for the penalty imposed by section 42, chapter 159, Laws 1895, it is not necessary that the complaint should allege a willful and corrupt intent on the part of the defendant in giving money, etc., to electors in order to be elected to office.
3. In the trial of an action for the penalty given by section 42, chapter 159, Laws 1895, it appeared that the defendant, in the statement of his expenses filed with the clerk, had stated that he gave $20 to a certain named elector, who was of his own political party, "for services to the ticket," and there was testimony that such elector was opposed to the election of the defendant and had organized a club hostile to him and had worked for the rival candidate up to the day of the election, when he was "quiet." The field statement of defendant's expenses also showed that four other electors of a different political party from defendant's also received money and whiskey from him, to be used by them "as best they could and thought proper" and "as they liked." There was further proof in the statement on the same line: Held, that there was sufficient evidence to be submitted to the jury on the issue they were trying, since, if they believed the testimony, the jury might reasonably have concluded that the defendant had used money and whiskey in order to be elected, as charged in the complaint.
4. The repeal by section 42, chapter 185, Laws 1897, of the penalty imposed by the act of 1895, subsequent to the commencement of the action for such penalty, did not destroy the plaintiff's cause of action. (Section 3764 of the Code.)
ACTION tried before Robinson, J., and a jury, at May Term, 1897, of VANCE.
T. M. Pittman for plaintiff. (160)
W. B. Shaw and T. T. Hicks for defendant.
DOUGLAS, J., dissents arguendo.
(158) The plaintiff introduced the sworn statement of election expenditures, filed by the defendant in the office of the Clerk of the Superior Court of Vance County, as required by section 72, chapter 159, Laws 1895, in which (among others) appeared the following items:
"To Andrew Watkins, services (straight ticket)...................... $10.00 "To H. B. Eaton, for services to the ticket......................... 20.00 "To Giles Weir, two gallons whiskey, to be used as he thought proper........................................................... 3.80 "To Lovelace Young, one gallon of whiskey, to be used as he thought best..................................................... 1.90 "To Joe and Phil Hunt, to be used as best they could and thought proper........................................................... 5.00 "To Jim Gill, whiskey, to be used as he wished...................... 1.00 "To one gallon whiskey furnished R. M. Townes, to be used as he pleased.......................................................... 1.75 "To half-gallon whiskey furnished to Daniel Bullock, to be used as he pleased.................................................... 1.00 "To one gallon furnished J. A. Greenway, to be used as he liked..... 1.60 "To one gallon furnished Henry Turner, to be used as he liked....... "To one gallon furnished W. H. Reaves, to be used as he liked......."
The statement filed also contained the following:
"The parties named above are all Republicans and are working for the straight Republican ticket, as I am informed, except Mr. Weir and Mr. Greenway (and perhaps one more) and Joe and Phil Hunt. I treated and drank with men of all parties before and during and since the campaign, but not with a view of influencing their votes nor in aiding my election; would have done so if I had not been a candidate."
R. A. Field, witness for plaintiff, testified: "I live in Williamsborough. I know H. B. Eaton. During the campaign of 1896 (159) Eaton favored and worked for Garrett for sheriff. He got up a Garrett club at my store. I think he continued for Garrett until the day of election, when he was quiet. He is a quiet man on election days — not the quietest nor the wildest man. He was dull on Garrett, and I tried to get him to work faster. I don't know how Eaton voted. I know Andrew Watkins; he was chairman of the Republican executive committee for Williamsborough Township. I don't know what his attitude was as to Smith, except that he told me that `the Republican Convention (of which he was a member) and the Populist Convention had agreed to nominate Garrett.' "
Cross-examined, he said: "I don't know that Watkins attended the second Republican County Convention, held 22 August, 1896 (at which Smith was nominated for sheriff), as a delegate. I heard him say, after his return from the Republican Convention, held in May, that they had fused on a satisfactory ticket. I know that Garrett was the candidate for sheriff."
Lovelace Malone, a witness for plaintiff, testified: "I don't know whether Eaton was a Smith, a Garrett, or a Powell man. Andrew Watkins was township chairman of the Republican committee. I heard Andrew Watkins say, at a meeting about ten days before the election, he had seen Holton in Henderson, and he advised that Garrett or Smith get off the ticket. I heard Andrew Watkins ask, in a meeting in Williamsborough the night before the election, if Williamsborough would indorse Garrett. He said he was not tied to either one."
Plaintiff rested his case.
His Honor, being of opinion that there was not sufficient evidence to go to the jury, directed a verdict for defendant and gave judgment accordingly. Plaintiff excepted and appealed.
This action was brought by the plaintiff to recover of the defendant the forfeiture pronounced for violation of section 42, chapter 159. Laws 1895. The allegation is, that in the times just preceding the last general election, the defendant, who was a candidate for the office of Sheriff of Vance County, gave money and whiskey to various electors in order that he might be elected to that office. The chief evidence in the case against the defendant is furnished by his own sworn statement of his election expenses, filed under the requirement of section 72 of the act of 1895.
The language of the statute under which the action is brought is clear, and we think its meaning is also clear. It would seem almost impossible to confuse or confound the natural understanding of men as to the meaning of this law by arguing that there is no difference between a contribution made by a candidate for office for his part of the necessary expenses of a political campaign or paying individual persons to help him conduct his own personal canvass, provided the electioneering be honest and the service duly rendered, and the giving of money or any other thing of value to electors in order to be elected. The first is the payment for proper services rendered; the last is the giving for no service rendered and for no return, except that of the vote of the elector. The law contemplates that the elector shall not receive money for his vote, nor shall a candidate, or any other person for him, give money to an elector in order that the candidate may be elected to office.
The defendant's counsel insisted here that it was necessary that the complaint should have alleged a willful and corrupt intent on the part of the defendant to do the acts complained of. We are not of (161) that opinion. It is the doing of the particular act, to-wit, giving money to electors in order to be elected, that gives the cause of action, and the intent with which the act is done is not material, except that the purpose must be to procure the election of the defendant. Even in statutory crimes, where the act itself is made indictable, this Court has held, over and over again, that the intent is not to be considered, except as to the intent to do the act forbidden. In S. v. Voight, 90 N.C. 741, this Court said: "The criminal intent is inseparably involved in the intent to do the act which the law pronounces criminal." In S. v. McBrayer, 98 N.C. 619, the Court said: "When the language is plain and positive, and the offense is not made to depend upon the positive, willful intent and purpose, nothing is left to interpretation." To the like effect are the decisions in S. v. Kittelle, 110 N.C. 560; S. v. Downs, 116 N.C. 1064; S. v. McLean, post, 589.
In the statement of the defendant, heretofore referred to, he said that he gave $20 to a certain named elector, who was of his own political party, "for services to the ticket." A witness was introduced for the plaintiff who testified that that elector was opposed to the election of the defendant to the office of sheriff and had organized a political club hostile to him and for his opponent; that he worked for the rival candidate in a half-hearted way until the day of election, when he was "quiet." The statement of the defendant also showed that four other named electors of a different political party from that of the defendant received from him money and whiskey to be used by two of them "as best they could and thought proper," and by the other two "as they liked." There was further proof in the statement on the same line. We do not agree with his Honor that the above was not sufficient evidence to be (162) submitted to the jury on the issue they were trying. The jury, if they believed the testimony, might reasonably have concluded that the defendant had used money and whiskey in order to be elected sheriff of the county, as charged in the complaint.
Section 42, chapter 159, Laws 1895, under which this action was begun, was amended at the last session of the General Assembly (chapter 185, section 42); the amendment consisting in the striking out from the act of 1895 the forfeiture of $400. The defendant's counsel argued that, notwithstanding the provisions of section 3764 of the Code, which reads, "The repeal of a statute shall not affect any action brought before the repeal for any forfeitures incurred or for any recovery for any rights accruing under such statute," the repeal of the penalty clause after this action was begun took away the plaintiff's cause of action, if he ever had any. The contention was that section 3764 of the Code was not in harmony with the Constitution, that instrument ordaining that "The General Assembly shall have no power to deprive the judicial department of any power of jurisdiction which rightly appertains to it as a coordinate department of the government." In his brief the defendant's counsel said: "It is admitted that this section (3764) undertakes to define the meaning and effect of future legislation and to encroach upon the judicial power, and that it ought not to be allowed to do so." We do not understand how the section of the Code referred to in the brief can be said to affect future legislation on the subject of penalties. There is nothing to prevent any succeeding General Assembly from repealing section 3764, and, in doing so, leave to judicial determination, if it should ever become necessary, the effect of the repeal. Neither do we see in that section of the Code any encroachment upon the power of the judiciary. In the case cited (Houston v. Bogle, 32 N.C. 496) by the defendant's counsel the question involved was the right of the General Assembly to declare in the act under discussion here what the legal (163) rights of the parties to the suit were before the passage of the act, and where the act had injuriously affected rights already vested. The judge who delivered the opinion in that case stated the question in this language: "The statute was passed afterwards, and the question is, Can it have any effect upon the rights of the parties in this case, or change the law, so far as they are concerned, from what it was at the time their rights vested?" This question does not arise in the case before us.
The defendant's counsel called our attention to the fact that the act under which this suit was brought had its origin in Laws 1777, ch. 116, sec. 22, and he stated that he had been unable to find in our reports a single case brought under its provisions during this century and more, except the one against his client. This may be so, and yet some enterprising citizen of Vance County, some genuine reformer, may have determined not to let this statute perish from "innocuous desuetude." It may be of consolation to his client for him to believe that in his trouble, wherever it is known, he has the deepest sympathy of many of his brother officers; and from the argument of his counsel here, it may not be rash to infer that both client and attorney feel, with redoubled conviction of its truth, even if the client should be convicted, the force of the scriptural declaration that the men upon whom the tower of Siloam fell were no greater sinners that those who escaped.
There was error in the ruling of his Honor, and there must be a
New Trial.