Opinion
No. 03-00-00556-CV.
Filed: April 12, 2001.
Appeal from the District Court of Travis County, 200th Judicial District No. 97-09839, Honorable W. Jeanne Meurer, Judge Presiding.
Raymond C. Winter, Asst. Atty. Gen., Administrative Law Division, Austin, for appellant.
Tammy Danberg-Farney, Eric G. Carter Associates, P.C., Houston, for appellee.
Before Justices KIDD, SMITH and PURYEAR.
Gene Jones sought judicial review of the decision by the Employees Retirement System of Texas ("ERS") to deny insurance coverage to his dependent child, claiming that the ERS rule governing dependency conflicted with the authorizing statute. ERS appeals the order of the trial court declaring its rule invalid and ordering coverage for Jones's child. We will affirm.
BACKGROUND
Jones served in the Texas House of Representatives from 1972 through 1976 and in the Texas Senate from 1976 through 1981. As an elected official, Jones qualified for the Uniform Group Insurance Plan ("UGIP") in 1972. However, Jones chose to maintain other insurance for himself and his dependents during his service to the State of Texas. Jones became an annuitant under the UGIP's authorizing statute, the Texas Employees Uniform Group Insurance Benefits Act (the "Act"), in 1986, yet he waited until 1995 to enroll in the UGIP. Texas Employees Uniform Group Insurance Benefits Act, Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 3.50-2 § 1 (West 1981). At that time, Jones made application for himself and his wife, granddaughter, and son, Clayton, as dependents.
One definition of an "annuitant" found in the Act is an officer or employee, with at least three years of service as an eligible employee under the UGIP, who retires and receives an annuity or is eligible to receive an annuity under Chapter 803 of the Government Code. Texas Employees Uniform Group Insurance Benefits Act, Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 3.50-2, § 3(a)(2)(A) (West Supp. 2001).
Jones's son, Clayton, was born on June 10, 1952 with spina bifida. As a result, he is a paraplegic and has been confined to a wheelchair since birth. Clayton lacks the physical abilities needed to work and support himself; he depends wholly on his parents for care and support, including medical insurance. Clayton has always been insured as a dependent on his father's health coverage plan. His disability and dependency status are undisputed. ERS denied coverage because the ERS rule for dependent coverage required that Clayton was enrolled under the UGIP at the time of his twenty-fifth birthday. When Jones applied for coverage under the UGIP, Clayton was forty-three years old.
The legislature enacted the Texas Employees Uniform Group Insurance Benefits Act in order to provide uniformity in life, accident, and health coverage for all employees of the State of Texas and their dependents. Id. § 2(a) (West Supp. 2001). The legislature delegated to ERS's Board of Trustees the power to administer and implement the Act. Id. § 4. In order to facilitate the administration of the UGIP, ERS promulgated definitions of certain terms, which expand on the Act's definitions, to assist in determining eligibility. Its definition of "dependent" lies at the heart of this controversy.
All references to ERS rules or rule-making processes refer to the Rules of the Board of Trustees of ERS, found at title 34 of the Texas Administrative Code, and their authority to promulgate such rules as provided for under the Act. Id. at § 4 (West Supp. 2001); 34 Tex. Admin. Code § 61.1-87.29 (2000).
The Act defines "dependent" as the spouse of an employee or retired employee and any unmarried child, under twenty-five years of age. Id. § 3(a)(8)(A). The legislature added a further provision to include:
any such child, regardless of age, who lives with or whose care is provided by an employee or annuitant on a regular basis if such child is mentally retarded or physically incapacitated to such an extent as to be dependent upon the employee or retired employee for care or support, as the trustee shall determine.
Id. at § 3(a)(8)(B) (emphasis added).
Based on that legislative mandate, ERS drafted its own definition of "dependent" (the "Rule"). The Rule restates the definition found in section 3(a)(8)(A) and (B) of the Texas Insurance Code, but adds the following:
Mentally retarded or physically incapacitated means any medically determinable physical or mental condition which prevents the child from engaging in self-sustaining employment, provided that the condition commences prior to such child's attainment of age 25, the child was eligible and covered under the plan immediately prior to reaching age 25, and that satisfactory proof of such condition and dependency is submitted by the employee/retiree within 31 days following such child's attainment of age 25.
34 Tex. Admin. Code § 81.1(I) (2000). ERS claims that the additional language provides a standard for eligibility that is necessary for the efficient and cost-effective administration of the UGIP. Jones claims that the Rule adds enrollment requirements and deadlines which violate the Act and were improperly relied upon by ERS in denying coverage for his disabled and dependent son, Clayton.
At the time Jones applied for coverage for his son, the definition of "dependent" was set forth in subsection H of section 81.1. Subsequently, ERS amended its rules and that provision is now found in subsection I of section 81.1 without substantive change. For convenience, we refer to the Rule in its current location in the Administrative Code.
DISCUSSION
An administrative agency's construction or interpretation of a statute, which the agency is charged with enforcing, is entitled to serious consideration by reviewing courts, so long as that construction is reasonable and does not contradict the plain language of the statute. Steering Comms. for the Cities Served by TXU Elec. Cent. Power Light Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm'n, No. 03-00-00469, slip op. at 4-5 (Tex.App.-Austin March 15, 2001). In determining if a rule exceeds statutory authority, we must ascertain whether the rule complies with the general objectives of the statute. Int'l Ins. Agency, Inc. v. R.R. Comm'n, 893 S.W.2d 204, 207 (Tex.App.-Austin 1995, writ denied). That determination requires us to look not only at a particular provision, but to all applicable provisions. Id. "In construing a statute, our objective is to determine and give effect to the legislature's intent." Nat'l Liab. Fire Ins. Co. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525, 527 (Tex. 2000).
In accordance with its delegated responsibilities, ERS has the authority to (1) prepare specific coverages under the UGIP, (2) determine eligibility requirements, (3) provide for beginning and ending coverage dates for qualified persons, (4) adopt rules and regulations consistent with the Act in order to implement and maintain the UGIP, and (5) design and monitor the UGIP in an effort to promote efficiency, discourage excessive utilization, and contain costs. Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 3.50-2 § 4(a), (b), (g), (h), (n).
ERS takes the position that the Rule is drafted specifically to further its duties set forth in the Texas Insurance Code. It claims the Rule's general purpose is to prevent the cessation of coverage for dependent and disabled children after their twenty-fifth birthday. As worded, the Rule accomplishes this goal. But on the facts of this case, the Rule also has the effect of barring coverage for Clayton and other disabled and dependent children whose parents do not enroll in the UGIP until after their child has reached twenty-five years of age. Jones argues that denying Clayton coverage because of his age at the time of application violates the Act's definition of "dependent," which includes "any such child, regardless of age, who lives with or whose care is provided by" an annuitant on a regular basis if the child is physically incapacitated to such an extent as to be dependent on the annuitant "for care or support, as the trustee shall determine." Id. § 3(a)(8)(B) (emphasis added).
ERS responds that the inclusion of the language "as the trustee shall determine" in the Act's definition of "dependent" gives ERS the authority to expand on that definition and add requirements for eligibility. ERS misinterprets the meaning of that clause. That language allows ERS to make determinations concerning whether a child meets all the requirements to qualify as a "dependent," but ERS's authority extends no further. The doctrine of last antecedent supports this reading. See Spradlin v. Jim Walter Homes, Inc., 34 S.W.3d 578, 580 (Tex. 2000). "That canon of construction states that a qualifying phrase in a statute or the Constitution must be confined to the words and phrases immediately preceding it to which it may, without impairing the meaning of the sentence, be applied." Id. We are bound to construe this language in the Act as applying to the "disability" and "dependency" of the child. See id. The enrollment qualifications ERS has created in the Rule do not affect eligibility based on the capacity of the child, which ERS may properly determine, but rather the child's age and enrollment status. These requirements exceed the authority granted to ERS by the "as the trustee shall determine" provision.
The legislature placed an absolute prohibition on age-based criteria for dependent and disabled children; ERS may not circumvent the canons of statutory construction to avoid this legislative mandate. The Rule's first sentence restates, nearly verbatim, the Act's definition of "dependent" as it relates to disabled children. In the second sentence, ERS added a definition of "mentally retarded or physically incapacitated" to mean "any medically determinable physical or mental condition which prevents the child from engaging in self-sustaining employment." 34 Tex. Admin. Code § 81.1(I). The added definition provides a uniform standard for determining which individuals are disabled for the purposes of the Act. Because this definition complies with the plain meaning of the Act's "as the trustee shall determine" language and the doctrine of last antecedent, its inclusion is proper. Following that definition, the Rule, however, contains three criteria that a disabled child must meet to be eligible for the UGIP. Specifically, the Rule requires that (1) the child's condition must commence prior to the attainment of age twenty-five, (2) the child must be eligible and covered under the UGIP prior to that age, and (3) the eligible parent must provide proof of the child's condition within thirty-one days following such child's twenty-fifth birthday. Jones contends that the second and third criteria run afoul of the Act.
In this case we need not address the validity of the requirement that the child's disability must commence prior to the attainment of twenty-five years of age because it is undisputed that Clayton was born with his condition. He has been, and will continue to be, dependent on his parents his entire life.
In reviewing ERS's interpretation of the Act, we must consider the statute in its entirety, its nature and object, and the consequences that would follow from each construction. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm'n, 31 S.W.3d 631, 640 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, pet. filed). Interpretations that would produce absurd results are to be avoided. Id. The second criterion relies on the parent's employment and choice of insurance carrier; the third imposes a notice requirement on the parent. The eligible parent's choice to participate in or forego the UGIP has no bearing on whether a child is disabled and dependent. Likewise, providing notice of a child's disability immediately following the child's twenty-fifth birthday has no correlation with a child's dependency status. That the Rule requires a correlation between them leads to an absurd interpretation. ERS attempts to avoid this interpretation by advocating that these criteria were added to further the administrative goals and responsibilities found within the Act and should be interpreted in light of the Act as a whole. The doctrine of last antecedent precludes us from following ERS's suggested interpretation and we decline to do so.
Because ERS is charged with enforcing the Act, its interpretation, if consistent with the plain language of the Act, is entitled to serious consideration. Steering Comms., slip op. at 4-5. We must, nevertheless, adhere to certain guiding principles of statutory construction. "First and foremost, we must follow the plain language of the statute." Hunter Indus. Facilities, Inc. v. Tex. Natural Res. Conservation Comm'n, 910 S.W.2d 96, 102 (Tex.App.-Austin 1995, writ denied). The legislature clearly intended by the plain language of the Act to cover any dependent child with a mental or physical disability regardless of age. Because we may determine the legislature's intent from the plain language of the Act, ERS's interpretation is in conflict and cannot stand.
While the Rule is designed to ensure that no disabled child's coverage will be terminated at age twenty-five, its design also precludes coverage if the child is over twenty-five at the time of application. The Rule complies with the Act by not terminating coverage based on age, but it ignores the Act's mandate against refusing initial coverage because of age. When Jones applied for coverage, Clayton was forty-three years of age. Neither party disputes the fact that Clayton is disabled and fully dependent on his parents for support and care. ERS recognized that Jones was qualified for the UGIP; he has been enrolled since his initial application in 1995. However, because the Rule fails to allow for the beginning of coverage after the attainment of age twenty-five, Clayton has been denied coverage. There is no suggestion that Clayton fails to meet the requirements of "disabled" under the Act; but he does fail to meet the extra criteria added by ERS. Because under these facts the Rule bars coverage for a person eligible under the Act, we conclude that the Rule is invalid as applied.
Finally, ERS attempts to rely on the doctrine of legislative acceptance in support of its Rule. "When the legislature reenacts without substantial change a statute that has been previously construed by an agency charged with its execution, a court should ordinarily adopt the agency construction." Southwestern Life Ins. Co. v. Montemayor, 24 S.W.3d 581, 585 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, pet. denied). While "[i]t is true that the construction of a law by those whose duty it is to apply and execute it, especially when it has prevailed for a long time, is entitled to great weight," it is not controlling. Teacher Ret. Sys. v. Duckworth, 260 S.W.2d 632, 636 (Tex.Civ.App. Fort Worth 1953), aff'd, 264 S.W.2d 98 (1954). Further, the doctrine of legislative acceptance does not apply where the meaning of the statute is plain. Id. A rule of an administrative agency is void if it conflicts with the statute, regardless of how long-standing such rule may be. Id. Accordingly, we reject ERS's legislative acceptance argument.
CONCLUSION
The primary goal of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the legislative intent by looking first to the plain language used by the legislature. Southwestern Bell, 31 S.W.3d at 637. Because the language in the Act is clear, we are bound to construe it in accordance with its common, everyday meaning. See id. The ERS rule in question contradicts the plain language and legislative intent of the Act by placing restrictions on eligibility not found in the statute. We affirm the trial court's order declaring the Rule invalid and hold that Jones's son, Clayton, is entitled to coverage under the UGIP.