Opinion
No. 7,994.
Submitted January 26, 1940.
Decided February 17, 1940.
Quieting Title — Judgments — Collateral Attack on Judgment in Foreclosure Suit — Jurisdiction — Presumption — Alleged Defective Service of Summons — Contention Held not Sustained. Judgment — "Collateral Attack" — Definition. 1. A "collateral attack" is every proceeding in which the integrity of a judgment is challenged, other than attacks made in the action in which the judgment was rendered or on appeal thereof, and in suits brought to obtain decrees declaring judgments to be void ab initio. Same — Suit to Quiet Title is Collateral Attack on Former Judgment or Record. 2. A suit to quiet title is a collateral attack on a former judgment or record. Same — Collateral Attack — Presumption of Jurisdiction Over Persons of Parties Conclusive, When. 3. On collateral attack upon a judgment of a domestic court of general jurisdiction acting within its ordinary scope, the presumption of jurisdiction over the persons of the parties is conclusive, unless lack of it affirmatively appears upon the face of the judgment roll. Same — Collateral Attack — Defective Service of Summons — Identity of Names of Defendant in Summons and Suit. 4. Identity of persons is presumed from identity of names; hence, where on collateral attack upon the validity of a foreclosure decree the assertion of the defaulting defendants that the decree was void because they were not identified in the sheriff's return of service of summons as the defendants, held not meritorious, the names therein stated having been identical with their names in the suit. Same — Collateral Attack — Co-defendants — Service of Copy of Summons on Only One Defendant — Contention Held not Sustained. 5. In a quiet title suit in which the defendants (man and wife) in their collateral attack upon the decree in a foreclosure suit in which they defaulted, contended that it was void because the sheriff's return of the service of summons showed that only one copy of the summons was delivered to them, whereas a service of a copy thereof was required to be made upon each one of them, held that while the return may have been ambiguous, the showing of lack of jurisdiction in the trial court was insufficient, where the return in the matter of costs also showed that two services were made (aided by the presumption that official duty had been properly performed), and the trial court found that summons had been duly made upon defendants "and each of them," nothing appearing in the record demonstrating affirmatively the untruth of such matters.
Appeal from the District Court, Glacier County; R.W. Hattersley, Judge.
Mr. James E. Burdett, Jr., for Appellants, submitted a brief and argued the cause orally.
Mr. John M. Kline, for Respondent, submitted a brief and argued the cause orally.
Defendants have appealed from a judgment in plaintiff's favor quieting title to certain land in Glacier county, in an action in which they had filed a cross-complaint to quiet title in themselves.
In 1919 defendants, then owners of the property, gave plaintiff a mortgage thereon, which it foreclosed in 1921. Plaintiff has claimed title since 1926 as successor in interest to the grantee named in the sheriff's deed.
The defendants defaulted in the foreclosure suit and it is their contention here that the decree of foreclosure is void because of alleged defects in the sheriff's return of service of summons. That return is as follows, the words not italicized constituting the printed form on the back of the summons, and the words italicized having been inserted with pen and ink by the deputy sheriff:
"Office of the Sheriff "County of Glacier, "State of Montana.
"I hereby certify, that I have received the within Summons on the 30th day of Sept. A.D. 19 21, and personally served the same on the 30th day of Sept. A.D. 19 21, upon Leo Brown Eva Brown by delivering to said Leo Brown Eva Brown personally in the County of Glacier a copy of said summons, and a copy of the Complaint referred to in said Summons.
"Dated at Browning this 30th day of Sept. A.D. 19 21.
" P.A. Davis, Sheriff "By Chas. Simon, Dpty.
"Service .............. $ 2.00 "Copy ................. $ ____ "Mileage .............. $ .40 "Total ................ $ 2.40"
The alleged defects in the return are, first, that the return merely states that service was made upon Leo Brown and Eva Brown without identifying them as the defendants in the case; second, that it states that it was made upon them "by delivering to said Leo Brown and Eva Brown personally in the county of Glacier a copy of said summons and a copy of the complaint referred to in said summons."
In the present case the trial court set forth in its findings the return in the foreclosure suit and expressly stated that no other evidence was submitted to it with reference to the service. The trial judge then proceeded to make further excellently detailed and complete findings and conclusions and to enter decree in plaintiff's favor.
This is a collateral attack upon the foreclosure decree. By [1] "collateral attack" is meant every proceeding in which the integrity of a judgment is challenged, except those made in the action wherein the judgment is rendered or on appeal thereof, and except suits brought to obtain decrees declaring judgments to be void ab initio. ( Burke v. Inter-State Savings Loan Assn., 25 Mont. 315, 64 P. 879, 87 Am. St. Rep. 416; Jenkins v. Carroll, 42 Mont. 302, 112 P. 1064; Sharkey v. City of Butte, 52 Mont. 16, 155 P. 266; Thompson v. Chicago, Burlington Quincy R.R. Co., 78 Mont. 170, 253 P. 313; State ex rel. Delmoe v. District Court, 100 Mont. 131, 46 P.2d 39; Frisbee v. Coburn, 101 Mont. 58, 52 P.2d 882; Hanrahan v. Andersen, 108 Mont. 218, 90 P.2d 494.) Thus, a quiet title suit is a collateral [2] attack on former judgments or records. ( Burke v. Inter-State Savings Loan Assn., supra; Thompson v. Chicago, Burlington Quincy R.R. Co., supra; Frisbee v. Coburn, supra.)
On collateral attack upon a judgment of a domestic court of [3] general jurisdiction acting within its ordinary scope, the presumption of jurisdiction over the persons of the parties is conclusive, unless a lack of it affirmatively appears upon the face of the judgment roll. ( Hanrahan v. Andersen, supra, and cases therein cited.)
The first objection that Leo Brown and Eva Brown were not [4] identified in the return as the defendants is immaterial since the names there stated are identical with the names of the defendants in the suit, and identity of persons is presumed from identity of names. (Subd. 25, sec. 10606, Rev. Codes.)
The second objection is quite technical. The statutory [5] requirement of course is that personal service be made by delivering a copy of the summons together with a copy of the complaint to each defendant, except that if two or more of them reside within the same county a copy of the complaint need be delivered to only one of them. (Secs. 9110, 9111, Rev. Codes.) Appellants' contention is that the return shows that only one copy of the summons was delivered to the defendants, thus constituting a joint service, which is not valid service under the statute. But even if only one copy of the summons was actually used that fact would not necessarily indicate a joint service, since the one copy might in some way have been used successively in serving each party individually. Thus if we interpret that part of the return literally as indicating that only one copy of the summons was delivered to the two defendants, it does not follow that the record affirmatively discloses a want of jurisdiction. The most that can be said is that this part of the return is ambiguous. The ambiguity may well have arisen out of the fact that the words "a copy of said summons" constituted part of the printed form and that the deputy merely omitted inserting words to show anything other than the date of receipt and service of the summons and the names of the parties served and of the town and county, or that he considered anything further unnecessary. The portion of the form provided for showing costs, however, was filled out to show that two services were made. Since it is presumed that official duty has been properly performed and no wrongful charge made, that part of the return constitutes some evidence at least that copies of the summons were served upon each defendant.
Furthermore, in the findings of fact in the foreclosure suit the court expressly found that the summons was "duly and regularly served upon the defendants and each of them." It does not appear whether the court received other evidence of the service than the return, but the recital is clearly entitled to due credit in the absence of matter in the record affirmatively demonstrating its manifest untruth, which is not here the case.
Our search of the authorities indicates that, although the precedents are not numerous, like returns are generally considered sufficient, Texas apparently being the only state whose courts hold otherwise. The majority rule is expressed in McMillon v. Harrison, 66 Fla. 200, 63 So. 427, 49 L.R.A. (n.s.) 946; Keith Bros. Co. v. Stiles, 92 Wis. 15, 19, 65 N.W. 860; Martin v. Hargardine, 46 Ill. 322; Greenman v. Harvey, 53 Ill. 386; Isley v. Boon, 113 N.C. 249, 18 S.E. 174; and see note 49 L.R.A. (n.s.) 946.
None of these cases cited seems quite as strong as the present one, in which the inclusion in the printed form of the words "a copy of said summons" can readily have led to the ambiguity, and the sheriff's charge for the service and the court's express findings of fact both tend to cure any doubt about the return and to negative the alleged lack of service.
In the McMillon and Martin Cases, supra, emphasis was placed upon the effect of the statement of costs, while in the Keith, Isley and Greenman Cases, supra, it was held that the language used in the return "clearly imports," or "is not inconsistent with the idea" that a copy was delivered to each defendant, or that such delivery of a copy to each "may reasonably be inferred therefrom."
Most of the Texas cases contra seem to involve either direct attacks or clearly distinguishable fact situations, but in so far as any of them may be considered to apply to the facts in this case we must decline to follow them.
Without expressly approving any of the decisions cited above with reference to the service, we regard them as establishing the correct rule on collateral attack, in weaker cases than the present one. Since it does not appear affirmatively upon the face of the record in the foreclosure suit that there was a lack of jurisdiction in the court, the decree appealed from in the present suit must be, and it is hereby, affirmed.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICES MORRIS, ANGSTMAN, ARNOLD and ERICKSON concur.