Eggum v. Holbrook

Full title: MARLOW TODD EGGUM, Petitioner, v. DONALD HOLBROOK, Respondent.

Court: UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE

Date published: Jun 18, 2020

467 F. Supp. 3d 968 (W.D. Wash. 2020)

Opinion

Civil Action No. 2:14-cv-1328-RAJ

2020-06-18

Marlow Todd EGGUM, Petitioner, v. Donald HOLBROOK, Respondent.

Richard A. Jones, United States District Judge

ORDER ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

This matter is before the Court on Petitioner's (Dkt. # 154) and Respondent's (Dkt. # 161) Objections to the Honorable Mary Alice Theiler's Report and Recommendation partially granting Petitioner's 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition (Dkt. # 151). Having thoroughly considered the parties’ briefing and the relevant record, the Court hereby ADOPTS the Report and Recommendation. Petitioner's habeas petition is GRANTED as to his First Amendment challenge to Washington's intimidating a public servant statute and DENIED as to his remaining claims.

I. BACKGROUND

The factual background of this case is summarized in Judge Theiler's Report and Recommendation (the "Report") and the Court will not repeat it in great detail here. See Dkt. # 151. Of particular relevance is Petitioner's Second Amended Habeas Petition ("SAP") in which he raises seven grounds for relief. See generally Dkt. # 125. These claims are summarized below:

SAP Ground 1: The First Amendment required the State to prove a "true threat" of bodily harm or death to convict petitioner of intimidating a public servant. Dkt. # 125 at 25–39.

SAP Ground 2: Petitioner received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel when his attorney failed to raise the meritorious "true threat" argument. Dkt. # 125 at 39–47.

SAP Ground 3: Insufficient evidence exists to uphold the intimidating a public servant convictions because there is no evidence petitioner made a "true threat" of bodily harm or death. Dkt. # 125 at 48–51.

SAP Ground 4: Numerous trial court evidentiary rulings prevented petitioner from presenting his defense, in violation of due process. Dkt. # 125 at 51–54.

SAP Ground 5: Petitioner's prosecution for threatening to do something he had a legal right to do—distribute pornographic videos of Ms. Gray—violated his right to due process. Dkt. # 125 at 54–55.

SAP Ground 6: The prosecutor constructively amended the information in violation of petitioner's due process rights. Dkt. # 125 at 55–57.

SAP Ground 7: There is insufficient evidence to support petitioner's conviction for stalking Ms. Gray. Dkt. # 125 at 58–59.

Judge Theiler's Report and Recommendation recommends vacating Petitioner's two intimidating a public servant convictions on the grounds that the convictions violate the First Amendment. See generally Dkt. # 151. The Report also recommends denying Petitioner's remaining claims but granting a certificate of appealability as to Petitioner's final claim that there was insufficient evidence to support his stalking conviction. Id.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

District courts review de novo those portions of a report and recommendation to which a party objects. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) ; Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). Objections are required to enable the district court to "focus attention on those issues—factual and legal—that are at the heart of the parties’ dispute." Thomas v. Arn , 474 U.S. 140, 147, 106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985). General objections, or summaries of arguments previously presented, have the same effect as no objection at all since the court's attention is not focused on any specific issues for review. See United States v. Midgette , 478 F.3d 616, 622 (4th Cir. 2007).

III. DISCUSSION

Respondent raises four primary objections to the Report and Recommendation: (1) the Report misstated Black's holding, (2) the Report misunderstood Black's role in the Washington Supreme Court's adjudication of Petitioner's as-applied challenge, (3) the Report erroneously extended Black's holding, and (4) the Report did not apply the "objectively unreasonable" standard to its review of the Washington Supreme Court decision. Separately, Petitioner objects to the Report's rejection of his insufficient evidence claim as to his stalking conviction. Respondent also objects to the Report's recommendation that a certificate of appealability be issued on this claim. The Court will address Respondent's objections first.

A. Respondent's Objections

Petitioner is challenging his two convictions under Washington's intimidating a public servant statute. Under RCW 9A.76.180(1) : "A person is guilty of intimidating a public servant if, by use of a threat, he or she attempts to influence a public servant's vote, opinion, decision, or other official action as a public servant." A threat is defined as: "(a) To communicate, directly or indirectly, the intent immediately to use force against any person who is present at the time; or (b) Threats as defined in RCW 9A.04.110." RCW 9A.76.180(3). Under RCW 9A.04.110, the term "threat" is broadly defined to include:

[T]o communicate, directly or indirectly, the intent:

(a) To cause bodily injury in the future to the person threatened or to any other person; or

(b) To cause physical damage to the property of a person other than the actor; or

(c) To subject the person threatened or any other person to physical confinement or restraint; or

(d) To accuse any person of a crime or cause criminal charges to be instituted against any person; or

(e) To expose a secret or publicize an asserted fact, whether true or false, tending to subject any person to hatred, contempt, or ridicule; or

(f) To reveal any information sought to be concealed by the person threatened; or

(g) To testify or provide information or withhold testimony or information with respect to another's legal claim or defense; or

(h) To take wrongful action as an official against anyone or anything, or wrongfully withhold official action, or cause such action or withholding; or

(i) To bring about or continue a strike, boycott, or other similar collective action to obtain property which is not demanded or received for the benefit of the group which the actor purports to represent; or

(j) To do any other act which is intended to harm substantially the person threatened or another with respect to his or her health, safety, business, financial condition, or personal relationships.

RCW 9A.04.110(28). At Petitioner's trial, the jury received the following instruction:

A person commits the crime of intimidating a public when he, by use of a threat, attempts to influence a public servant's opinion, decision, or other official action as a public servant.

*****

Threat means to communicate, directly or indirectly, the intent to cause bodily injury in the future to the person threatened or to any other person; or to expose a secret or publicize an asserted fact, whether true or false, tending to subject any person to hatred, contempt, or ridicule; or to reveal any information sought to be concealed by the person threatened; or to do any other act that is intended to harm substantially the person threatened or another with respect to that person's health, safety, business, financial condition, or personal relationships.

To be a threat, a statement or act must occur in a context or under such circumstances where a reasonable person, in the position of the speaker, would foresee that the statement or act would be interpreted as a serious expression of intention to carry out the threat rather than as something said in jest, idle talk, or political argument.

Dkt. # 125-5 at 10, 13. Petitioner was found guilty on both counts of intimidating a public servant. Dkt. # 125-5 at 42, 44.

In his most recent personal restraint petition, Petitioner argued that he fell within an exception to the one-year time bar for personal restraint petitions because RCW 9A.76.180 (incorporating the threat definition at RCW 9A.04.110(28) ), is unconstitutional, both facially and as-applied to his conduct, under the First Amendment. See generally Dkt. # 125-10.¹ Specifically, Petitioner argued that the statute was unconstitutional as-applied to him because his convictions were premised on threats to "distribute videos, file a lawsuit, and/or pursue a bar complaint" which do not constitute unprotected "true threats" under Virginia v. Black. See Dkt. # 125-10 at 26. In response, the State argued that Petitioner's as-applied challenge was meritless because states are permitted to regulate protected speech in certain circumstances. Dkt. # 125-10 at 80–81.

1 Petitioner asserted both a facial challenge and as-applied challenge. The Report and Recommendation expressly declined to address Petitioner's facial challenge, focusing on the as-applied challenge.

The Washington Supreme Court rejected Petitioner's as-applied challenge, holding:

Mr. Eggum argues that he falls within the exemption [to the one-year time bar] for convictions based on unconstitutional statutes. RCW 10.73.100(2). Specifically, he contends that the intimidation of a public official statute is unconstitutionally overbroad in that it allows convictions for threats other than "true threats" to kill or cause physical harm. See Elonis v. United States , 575 U.S. 723, 135 S. Ct. 2001, 2009, 192 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2015). Mr. Eggum's convictions arose out of threats made to a prosecutor and a community corrections officer that he would release pornographic videos of his former wife

in her hometown unless the public officials complied with his wishes.

As relevant here, the statute of conviction defines a "threat" to include any act that communicates directly or indirectly, intent "[t]o expose a secret or publicize an asserted fact, whether true or false, tending to subject any person to hatred, contempt, or ridicule." RCW 9A.04.110(28)(e). Because Mr. Eggum fails to demonstrate that he did not make a "serious expression" of intent to subject his former wife to ridicule through publicizing the videos, he fails to show that the statute was applied unconstitutionally to his convictions. See Virginia v. Black , 538 U.S. 343, 359, 123 S. Ct. 1536, 155 L. Ed. 2d 535 (2003). We also find his facial challenge unavailing.

Dkt. # 125-10 at 1–2. As a result, the Court held that Petitioner failed to show an exception to the one-year time bar and dismissed his personal restraint petition as untimely. Id. at 2.

In his SAP, Petitioner argues that the Washington Supreme Court misapplied the "true threat" standard in Black when dismissing his as-applied challenge. Dkt. # 125 at 30–31. The Report concurred, finding that "the Washington Supreme Court's decision is contrary to clearly established Supreme Court precedent." Dkt. # 151 at 18. Respondent objects and contends that the Report "misstated" and "erroneously extended" the holding in Black and the role that Black played in the Washington Supreme Court's decision dismissing Petitioner's as-applied challenge. Dkt. # 161 at 3–11.

Under the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ("AEDPA") a habeas petition may be granted with respect to any claim adjudicated on the merits in state court if the state court's decision was "contrary to" or involved an "unreasonable application of" clearly established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). A state court's decision is "contrary to" clearly established federal law if: (1) the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court on a question of law, or (2) the state court decides a case differently than the Supreme Court on a set of materially indistinguishable facts. See Williams v. Taylor , 529 U.S. 362, 405-06, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). Under the "unreasonable application" clause, a federal habeas court may grant the writ only if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court's decisions, but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the petitioner's case. See id. at 407–09, 120 S.Ct. 1495. A state court's decision may only be overturned if the application is "objectively unreasonable." Lockyer v. Andrade , 538 U.S. 63, 69, 123 S.Ct. 1166, 155 L.Ed.2d 144 (2003). "A state court's determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of the state court's decision." Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101, 131 S.Ct. 770, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011) (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado , 541 U.S. 652, 664, 124 S.Ct. 2140, 158 L.Ed.2d 938 (2004) ).

Clearly established federal law, for the purposes of the AEDPA, refers to "the governing legal principle or principles set forth by the Supreme Court at the time the state court render[ed] its decision." Lockyer , 538 U.S. at 71-72, 123 S.Ct. 1166. This includes the Supreme Court's holdings, not dicta. Id. "If no Supreme Court precedent creates clearly established federal law relating to the legal issue the habeas petitioner raised in state court, the state court's decision cannot be contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law." Brewer v. Hall , 378 F.3d 952, 955 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing Dows v. Wood , 211 F.3d 480, 485–86 (9th Cir. 2000) ). In considering claims pursuant to § 2254(d), the Court is limited to the record before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits, and the petitioner carries the burden of proof. Cullen v. Pinholster , 563 U.S. 170, 181–82, 131 S.Ct. 1388, 179 L.Ed.2d 557 (2011).

Here, the Washington Supreme Court clearly relied upon Black in dismissing Petitioner's as-applied challenge. But the substance of the citation is key—the decision directly cited to Black's definition of a "true threat." See Dkt. # 125-10 at 1–2 ("Because Mr. Eggum fails to demonstrate that he did not make a ‘serious expression’ of intent to subject his former wife to ridicule through publicizing the videos, he fails to show that the statute was applied unconstitutionally to his convictions. See Virginia v. Black , 538 U.S. 343, 359, 123 S. Ct. 1536, 155 L. Ed. 2d 535 (2003)"). The problem is that the Court based this conclusion on only one element of Black's definition of a "true threat." The full quotation reads: "[t]rue threats are statements where the speaker means to communicate a serious expression of an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or group of individuals." Black , at 359, 123 S. Ct. 1536 (emphasis added). Thus, the Court's determination that Petitioner's convictions were permissible because Petitioner made a "serious expression" of intent to ridicule his former wife was the result of a mischaracterization of Black .

Respondent argues that the report and recommendation misinterpreted Black as holding that only true threats could be prohibited. Because Black recognized that there are other categories of low-value speech that may be constitutionally proscribed, Respondent reasons, Petitioner's convictions are not directly inconsistent with Black . Dkt. # 161 at 9–11. This argument is misplaced. Although Respondent is correct that the Supreme Court did not expressly prohibit the recognition of non-bodily threat intimidation against public officials as a new category of protected speech, nothing in the Washington Supreme Court's decision suggests that the Court concluded that Petitioner's conduct qualified as a new category of low-value speech. Instead, the Court directly relied on Black ’s definition of a "true threat" to uphold Petitioner's convictions. It is not necessary to identify the outer limits of the Black holding to conclude that the Washington Supreme Court's decision was "contrary to" clearly established federal law. The Washington Supreme Court misapplied Black in dismissing Petitioner's as-applied claim and de novo review is now appropriate.

Finally, Respondent objects to the Report's supposed failure to apply the "objectively unreasonable" standard. Dkt. # 161 at 12. Somewhat confusingly, however, Respondent's objection appears to be based on Petitioner's facial challenge. Id. ("[T]he R&R analysis on p. 15–18 is erroneous. It ignores the fact that, first of all, the state court's denial of the facial challenge did not cite to Black or any Supreme Court case law.").² But the Report expressly does not address Petitioner's facial challenge, focusing solely on the as-applied challenge. See Dkt. # 151 at 25 n.9 ("Given this conclusion, the Court does not discuss petitioner's facial challenge to the intimidating a public servant statute."). And the Washington Supreme Court very clearly did rely on Black in dismissing Petitioner's as-applied challenge. See Dkt. # 125-10 at 1–2. Thus, any objections based on Petitioner's facial challenge are misplaced. Dkt. # 151 at 14. Moreover, with respect to Petitioner's as-applied challenge, Court cannot conceive of any interpretation of the Washington Supreme Court's holding, objectively reasonable or otherwise, that would be consistent with the Black decision. See Lockyer v. Andrade , 538 U.S. 63, 69, 123 S.Ct. 1166, 155 L.Ed.2d 144 (2003) ; Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101, 131 S.Ct. 770, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011). The Court concurs fully in the Report's recommendation that RCW 9A.76.180 is unconstitutional as applied to Petitioner's convictions.

2 Respondent raises this objection several times throughout the briefing. See e.g. , Dkt. # 161 at 8 ("The state court denied Eggum's facial challenge to the statute without holding that Black applies ... The R&R misread the state court's holding. As the state court's opinion, above, makes clear, the state court did not hold that Black's holding applied to Eggum's case."); Dkt. # 161 at 11 ("Again, contrary to the R&R's erroneous conclusion, the state court never stated that Black was controlling precedent and that Eggum's speech proscription was in any way regulated by Black . In fact, the state court did not cite to any Supreme Court precedent in support of its rejection of Eggum's facial challenge.").

B. Petitioner's Objections

Petitioner objects to the Report and Recommendation to the extent that it rejected his claim that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his stalking conviction. See generally Dkt. # 154. In the Report, Judge Theiler concluded that Petitioner's claim failed because he did not properly exhaust the claim and it was procedurally defaulted. See Dkt. # 151 at 29. Petitioner contends that the Report erred by focusing on whether the State reasonably responded to Petitioner's multiple filings in state court, rather than whether Petitioner gave the state courts a "full and fair opportunity" to adjudicate his claim. Dkt. # 154 at 2–3. Petitioner also claims that any procedural default was excused by cause and prejudice. Id. at 5–7. The Court has reviewed the record de novo and agrees that Petitioner did not properly exhaust this claim by "fairly presenting" it through the "proper vehicle" and that cause and prejudice do not excuse the procedural default.

That said, the Court does not agree with Respondent that the Report erred in granting a certificate of appealability as to this claim. See Dkt. # 161 at 15. A certificate of appealability may issue only where a petitioner has made "a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(3). A petitioner satisfies this standard "by demonstrating that jurists of reason could disagree with the district court's resolution of his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further." Miller-El v. Cockrell , 537 U.S. 322, 327, 123 S.Ct. 1029, 154 L.Ed.2d 931 (2003). While the Court does not believe that Petitioner properly exhausted this claim and it is now procedurally defaulted, Petitioner meets the standard to justify a certificate of appealability.

C. Motion for Bail

As a final matter, the Court notes that on April 1, 2020, Petitioner filed a motion for bail pending this Court's final resolution of his § 2254 petition. Dkt. # 155.³ Because the standard for bail pending appeal of a habeas petition is different than the standard for bail during the pendency of the district court proceedings, the Court cannot consider it for the purposes of determining Plaintiff's entitlement to release pending any eventual appeal. Thus, Petitioner's motion is DENIED without prejudice to refiling if this Court's decision is appealed. The remaining related motions are TERMINATED as moot. Dkt. ## 164, 168, 169, 171. IV. CONCLUSION

3 Judge Theiler issued a report and recommendation recommending that Petitioner's motion be denied (Dkt. # 165) and Petitioner filed objections (Dkt. # 168).

The Court has reviewed the balance of the Report and Recommendation and finds no error. For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby finds and ORDERS as follows:

1. The Court ADOPTS the Report and Recommendation. Dkt. # 151.

2. Petitioner's objections to the Report and Recommendation are OVERRULED . Dkt. # 154.

3. Respondent's objections to the Report and Recommendation are OVERRULED . Dkt. # 161.

4. Petitioner's Second Amended Habeas Petition is GRANTED as to SAP Ground 1 and DENIED as to all other claims. Dkt. # 125.

5. Petitioner's convictions in Counts I and III are VACATED , and the State is ORDERED to release petitioner unless he is resentenced on the remaining convictions within 15 days of the date of this Order.

6. Petitioner's request for an evidentiary hearing is DENIED .

7. A certificate of appealability is GRANTED as to SAP Ground 7 and DENIED as to all other claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c).

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

Mary Alice Theiler, United States Magistrate Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

Petitioner, a state prisoner who is currently confined at the Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla, Washington, seeks relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 from a 2011 Whatcom County Superior Court judgment and sentence. Although petitioner initiated this action pro se , he is now represented by the Office of the Federal Public Defender.

Respondent has filed an answer (Dkt. 133) to petitioner's second amended habeas petition ("SAP") (Dkt. 125) and submitted relevant portions of the state court record. Petitioner has filed a reply in support of his SAP. (Dkt. 136.) Petitioner requests oral argument, an evidentiary hearing, and accelerated consideration. (See id. ) Petitioner also filed a motion to expand the record. (Dkt. 126.) After reviewing the parties’ submissions, the Court ordered supplemental briefs, which the parties supplied. (Dkts. 139 (order), 143 (respondent's brief), 144 (petitioner's brief).) Having considered the parties’ submissions, the balance of the record, and the governing law, the Court recommends that petitioner's habeas petition be GRANTED as to his First Amendment challenge to Washington's intimidating a public servant statute and DENIED as to his remaining claims, that petitioner's request for an evidentiary hearing be DENIED, that petitioner's motion to expand the record be GRANTED in part, and that a certificate of appealability be GRANTED in part.¹

1 Petitioner's request for oral argument is DENIED. The parties have thoroughly briefed the issues and oral argument would not be of assistance to the Court. See Partridge v. Reich , 141 F.3d 920, 926 (9th Cir. 1998) (court may deny request for oral argument when parties submit briefs to the court).

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The Washington State Court of Appeals ("Court of Appeals"), on direct appeal, summarized the facts relevant to petitioner's conviction as follows:

Between 2007 and 2009, Eggum was serving a sentence imposed following his guilty plea to two counts of felony stalking and one count of felony harassment. The victim of these offenses was Eggum's former spouse, Janice Gray. In

2009, before his scheduled release date, the State filed a new criminal complaint against Eggum based on letters he wrote while in prison. In some cases, the recipient of Eggum's letters provided the letters to law enforcement. The charges were also based on letters Eggum wrote to his mother that were copied and sent to the Whatcom County Sheriff's Office by the Department of Corrections (DOC).

Following a jury trial, Eggum was convicted of five charges based on his letters: two counts of intimidating a public servant (counts I and III), two counts of felony harassment (counts IV and V), and one count of felony stalking (count VI).² The new offenses involved three victims: Gray; Eric Richey, the prosecutor who handled two prior prosecutions of Eggum; and Community Correction Officer (CCO) Melissa Hallmark.

*****

Eggum's [intimidating a public servant] conviction involving the CCO was based on a letter he wrote to her in 2009 after she denied approval of his proposed release address. Eggum accused Hallmark of denying approval in order to thwart his plan to sell his [pornographic] movies containing images of Gray upon release. He threatened to file suit against Hallmark for her unlawful actions and also to release 1,000 films in Gray's hometown in Newfoundland, Canada in retaliation for her decision. He further stated, "For every month my release date is delayed past my ERD, I am going to release an additional thousand free promotional movies into the St. Johns [Newfoundland] market." Eggum also told Hallmark that if his elderly mother died while his release was delayed because of her actions, "I’[ll] hold you personally responsible." Exhibit (Ex.) 25.

A separate June 2009 letter forms the basis for Eggum's conviction for intimidating a public servant involving the prosecutor. In this letter, Eggum told Richey he should be less concerned about his business plans upon release and more concerned about the fact that if he remains in prison, he will continue to sell pornographic videos to fellow inmates on McNeil Island, many of whom are sex offenders. He wrote, "And here you are filing new charges against me, keeping me in prison where I tell everyone my story. Doesn't make sense." Ex. 26. He told Richey he believed the new charge was baseless and offered to relocate to Snohomish County, stay out of the town where Gray lives, and withdraw a bar complaint filed against Richey in exchange for dismissal of the charge.

2 [Court of Appeals footnote] The jury acquitted Eggum of count II, an additional count of felony harassment.

(Dkt. 125-8 at 93-94, 102-103.) With respect to petitioner's sentence, the Court of Appeals explained:

The State alleged and the jury found an aggravating factor with respect to each count. As to the three counts involving the CCO and the prosecutor, the jury found that Eggum committed the crimes against a public official or court officer in retaliation for performance of his or her duties to the criminal justice system. See RCW 9.94A.535(3)(x). As to the two crimes involving Gray, the jury found the crimes were part of an ongoing pattern of psychological abuse manifested by multiple incidents over a prolonged period of time. See RCW 9.94A.535(2)(h)(i).

Based on Eggum's four prior felony convictions, the top of the standard range

was 60 months on the stalking count and 57 months on all other counts. The trial court found that each aggravating factor was a substantial and compelling reason to impose an exceptional sentence and sentenced Eggum to a total term of 240 months’ imprisonment.

(Id. at 94-95.)

Petitioner filed a direct appeal through counsel and a pro se statement of additional grounds.³ (Dkt. 125-5 at 68-122; Dkt. 125-6.) The Court of Appeals affirmed in an unpublished opinion and denied petitioner's pro se request for reconsideration. (Dkt. 125-8 at 93-109, 121-41, 143.) Petitioner, proceeding pro se , unsuccessfully sought discretionary review by the Washington Supreme Court. (See id. at 144-64, 167-76; Dkt. 125-9 at 1-37, 44-45, 86-102.) Petitioner subsequently filed numerous pro se personal restraint petitions in the Court of Appeals and Washington Supreme Court.⁴ (See Dkt. 133 at 11-16.)

3 Petitioner filed numerous other pro se motions in the Court of Appeals while his appeal was pending. (See Dkt. 125 at Exs. 43, 45-47, 49, 54, 56-57, 61-62, 65-67, 70-71.)

4 The Court provides a detailed discussion of the state court filings that are relevant to exhaustion in section IV.B.

Petitioner filed the instant federal habeas petition pro se in August 2014. (See Dkt. 1.) After it became apparent petitioner had personal restraint petitions that were still pending in the state courts, the Court granted respondent's motion to stay and abey this action. (Dkt. 42; see also Dkt. 63.) Petitioner subsequently moved for the appointment of counsel. (Dkt. 82.) On May 17, 2017, the Court temporarily lifted the stay, granted petitioner's motion, and appointed the Office of the Federal Public Defender. (Dkt. 92; see also Dkts. 83-91.) With leave of the Court, petitioner filed an amended habeas petition. (Dkts. 99-100.) Petitioner also filed a motion to stay and abey this action so that he could file one last personal restraint petition in the state courts with the assistance of counsel. (Dkt. 101.) On August 10, 2017, the Court granted petitioner's motion and stayed this action. (Dkt. 103.) Petitioner did not prevail on the personal restraint petition, and on January 2, 2019, the parties filed a joint motion to lift the stay. (Dkt. 108.)

On April 17, 2019, the Court ordered petitioner to file a second amended habeas petition. (Dkt. 122.) On May 22, 2019, petitioner filed his SAP, supporting evidence, and a motion to expand the record. (Dkts. 125, 126.) Respondent opposed the motion to expand the record, and petitioner filed a reply. (Dkts. 129, 130.)

On June 12, 2019, respondent filed an answer to the SAP and relevant excerpts from the state court record. (Dkts. 133, 134.) On June 26, 2019, petitioner filed his reply in support of his SAP. (Dkt. 136.) On August 30, 2019, the Court directed the parties to file supplemental briefs. (Dkt. 139.) After being granted an extension of time, the parties filed their supplemental briefs on October 4, 2019. (Dkts. 143, 144.) On December 31, 2019, petitioner filed a notice to supplemental authority, arguing that a new Court of Appeals decision was relevant to his claims. (Dkt. 145.) At the direction of the Court (Dkt. 146), respondent filed a brief addressing this new authority (Dkt. 147). Both parties subsequently requested leave to file additional briefs (Dkts. 148, 149), which the Court denied (Dkt. 150).

III. GROUNDS FOR RELIEF

Petitioner's original pro se petition raised 26 grounds for relief. (Dkt. 13.) His SAP waives some of the original grounds, consolidates others, and presents them in a different order. (See Dkt. 125.) The Court will refer to the grounds for relief in the order they are presented in the SAP. Those claims, and the original grounds for relief to which petitioner claims they relate,⁵ may be summarized as follows:

5 Respondent argues that some grounds in the SAP do not relate back to the original petition.

SAP Ground 1: The First Amendment required the State to prove a "true threat" of bodily harm or death to convict petitioner of intimidating a public servant. (Original Grounds 11, 16.) (Dkt. 125 at 25-39.)

SAP Ground 2: Petitioner received ineffective assistance of appellate counsel when his attorney failed to raise the meritorious "true threat" argument. (Original Ground 26.) (Dkt. 125 at 39-47.)

SAP Ground 3: Insufficient evidence exists to uphold the intimidating a public servant convictions because there is no evidence petitioner made a "true threat" of bodily harm or death. (Dkt. 125 at 48-51.)

SAP Ground 4: Numerous trial court evidentiary rulings prevented petitioner from presenting his defense, in violation of due process. (Original Grounds 5, 7-8, 10.) (Dkt. 125 at 51-54.)

SAP Ground 5: Petitioner's prosecution for threatening to do something he had a legal right to do—distribute pornographic videos of Ms. Gray—violated his right to due process. (Original Ground 9.) (Dkt. 125 at 54-55.)

SAP Ground 6: The prosecutor constructively amended the information in violation of petitioner's due process rights. (Original Ground 13.) (Dkt. 125 at 55-57.)

SAP Ground 7: There is insufficient evidence to support petitioner's conviction for stalking Ms. Gray. (Original Grounds 21-24.) (Dkt. 125 at 58-59.)

IV. DISCUSSION

In SAP Ground 1, petitioner argues that Washington's intimidating a public servant statute violates the First Amendment as applied to him and because it is facially overbroad. (Dkt. 127 at 25.) SAP Grounds 2 through 6 are also directed at invalidating his convictions under the intimidating a public servant statute. SAP Ground 7 seeks to overturn his conviction for stalking. As discussed below, the Court concludes that petitioner is entitled to habeas relief on SAP Ground 1 but not on SAP Ground 7. Because SAP Grounds 2 through 6 attack the same convictions as SAP Ground 1, the Court does not address those claims except to the extent the parties’ arguments are relevant to consideration of SAP Ground 7.

A. SAP Ground 1 – First Amendment Challenge to Convictions for Intimidating a Public Servant Convictions

The parties dispute whether SAP Ground 1 is barred by the statute of limitations and whether petitioner is entitled to relief on the merits. The Court concludes that petitioner timely filed SAP Ground 1 and is entitled to habeas relief on the merits of the claim.

1. Statute of Limitations

There is no dispute that petitioner filed his original habeas petition within the one-year statute of limitations period set forth in the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ("AEDPA") and that he filed his SAP after the limitations period expired. Respondent contends that SAP Ground 1 is untimely because it raises newly asserted claims that do not relate back to the original petition under Mayle v. Felix , 545 U.S. 644, 125 S.Ct. 2562, 162 L.Ed.2d 582 (2005). (Dkt. 133 at 24-28.) In Mayle , the petitioner's original pro se habeas petition was timely, but his amended petition, which added a new claim, was filed after the limitations period expired. 545 U.S. at 649, 125 S.Ct. 2562. The Supreme Court held, "An amended habeas petition ... does not relate back (and thereby escape AEDPA's one-year time limit) when it asserts a new ground for relief supported by facts that differ in both time and type from those the original pleading set forth." Id. at 650, 125 S.Ct. 2562 ; see also id. at 664, 125 S.Ct. 2562 ("So long as the original and amended petitions state claims that are tied to a common core of operative facts, relation back will be in order."). The petitioner's original petition raised a Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause claim based on the admission at trial of a witness's videotaped statements, while the amended petition added a Fifth Amendment challenge to statements the petitioner made before trial. Id. at 657, 125 S.Ct. 2562. The Supreme Court determined that the petitioner's claims "targeted separate episodes" that occurred "at a different time and place," and therefore the newly added claim did not relate back to the original petition and was untimely. Id. at 660, 125 S.Ct. 2562.

Petitioner argues that SAP Ground 1 is the same claim as his Original Grounds 11 and 16, and therefore Mayle ’s relation back analysis does not apply. (Dkt. 136 at 3.) The Court agrees. In Original Ground 11, petitioner asserted that the First Amendment protected the statements he made in the letters to Ms. Hallmark and Mr. Richey, and that the trial court used a faulty definition of "threat" to convict him of intimidating a public servant. (Dkt. 13 at 59.) In Original Ground 16, petitioner maintained that his conviction for intimidating a public servant required evidence of a "true threat," and that absent such a requirement, his conviction violated his First Amendment rights. (Id. at 64.) He stated, "Had Eggum threatened bodily harm or death if the decision wasn't changed, then that would have been [intimidating a public servant]." (Id. ) He further stated, "The question before this Court is whether count-1 requires a valid threat or a ‘true threat.’ " (Id. )

Like Original Grounds 11 and 16, SAP Ground 1 asserts that the First Amendment required the State to prove a "true threat" of bodily harm or death to convict petitioner of intimidating a public servant. (Dkt. 125 at 25.) Petitioner fleshes out this claim by arguing that the intimidating a public servant statute was unconstitutional as applied to him and also on its face. (See id. at 26-27, 30-39.) The as-applied claim is the same as the claims in his original petition. He did not assert the facial challenge in his original petition, but to the extent Mayle ’s relation back analysis is required, it is clearly satisfied because both the original and amended claims "are tied to a common core of operative facts," namely the statements petitioner made in his letters to Ms. Hallmark and Mr. Richey, which did not threaten bodily harm or death, and the non-"true threat" basis on which the jury was permitted to convict him. Mayle , 545 U.S. at 664, 125 S.Ct. 2562. The Supreme Court also cited with approval the principle that relation back is ordinarily allowed "when the new claim is based on the same facts as the original pleading and only changes the legal theory." Id. at 664 n.7, 125 S.Ct. 2562 (quoting 3 J. Moore, et al., Moore's Federal Practice § 15.19[2], p. 15-82 (3d ed. 2004)). Thus, the Court concludes that SAP Ground 1 does not run afoul of the statute of limitations and should be considered on the merits.⁶ 2. Legal Standards for AEDPA Review

6 There is no dispute that petitioner properly exhausted SAP Ground 1 as required by AEDPA. (See Dkt. 133 at 17.)

Under AEDPA, a habeas petition may be granted with respect to any claim adjudicated on the merits in state court only if (1) the state court's decision was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court, or (2) the decision was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). This action involves only § 2254(d)(1).

Under § 2254(d)(1) ’s "contrary to" clause, a federal court may grant the habeas petition only if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court on a question of law, or if the state court decides a case differently than the Supreme Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts. See Williams v. Taylor , 529 U.S. 362, 405-06, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). Under the "unreasonable application" clause, a federal habeas court may grant the writ only if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court's decisions, but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the petitioner's case. See id. at 407-09, 120 S.Ct. 1495. The Supreme Court has made clear that a state court's decision may be overturned only if the application is "objectively unreasonable." Lockyer v. Andrade , 538 U.S. 63, 69, 123 S.Ct. 1166, 155 L.Ed.2d 144 (2003). The Supreme Court has further explained that "[a] state court's determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of the state court's decision." Harrington v. Richter , 562 U.S. 86, 101, 131 S.Ct. 770, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011) (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado , 541 U.S. 652, 664, 124 S.Ct. 2140, 158 L.Ed.2d 938 (2004) ).

Clearly established federal law, for purposes of AEDPA, means "the governing legal principle or principles set forth by the Supreme Court at the time the state court render[ed] its decision." Lockyer , 538 U.S. at 71-72, 123 S.Ct. 1166. This includes the Supreme Court's holdings, not its dicta. Id. "If no Supreme Court precedent creates clearly established federal law relating to the legal issue the habeas petitioner raised in state court, the state court's decision cannot be contrary to or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law." Brewer v. Hall , 378 F.3d 952, 955 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing Dows v. Wood , 211 F.3d 480, 485-86 (9th Cir. 2000) ).

In considering claims pursuant to § 2254(d), the Court is limited to the record before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits, and the petitioner carries the burden of proof. Cullen v. Pinholster , 563 U.S. 170, 181-82, 131 S.Ct. 1388, 179 L.Ed.2d 557 (2011) ; see also Gulbrandson v. Ryan , 738 F.3d 976, 993 (9th Cir. 2013).

3. State Court Adjudication

Washington's intimidating a public servant statute states: "A person is guilty of intimidating a public servant if, by use of a threat, he or she attempts to influence a public servant's vote, opinion, decision, or other official action as a public servant." RCW 9A.76.180(1). "Threat" means "(a) To communicate, directly or indirectly, the intent immediately to use force against any person who is present at the time; or (b) Threats as defined in RCW 9A.04.110." RCW 9A.76.180(3). Under RCW 9A.04.110, "threat" means to communicate, directly or indirectly, the intent:

(a) To cause bodily injury in the future to the person threatened or to any other person; or

(b) To cause physical damage to the property of a person other than the actor; or

(c) To subject the person threatened or any other person to physical confinement or restraint; or

(d) To accuse any person of a crime or cause criminal charges to be instituted against any person; or

(e) To expose a secret or publicize an asserted fact, whether true or false, tending to subject any person to hatred, contempt, or ridicule; or

(f) To reveal any information sought to be concealed by the person threatened; or

(g) To testify or provide information or withhold testimony or information with respect to another's legal claim or defense; or

(h) To take wrongful action as an official against anyone or anything, or wrongfully withhold official action, or cause such action or withholding; or

(i) To bring about or continue a strike, boycott, or other similar collective action to obtain property which is not demanded or received for the benefit of the group which the actor purports to represent; or

(j) To do any other act which is intended to harm substantially the person threatened or another with respect to his or her health, safety, business, financial condition, or personal relationships.

RCW 9A.04.110(28).

With respect to the intimidating a public servant counts in this case, Counts I and III, the trial judge instructed the jury:

A person commits the crime of intimidating a public when he, by use of a threat, attempts to influence a public servant's opinion, decision, or other official action as a public servant.

*****

Threat means to communicate, directly or indirectly, the intent to cause bodily injury in the future to the person threatened or to any other person; or to expose a secret or publicize an asserted fact, whether true or false, tending to subject any person to hatred, contempt, or ridicule; or to reveal any information sought to be concealed by the person threatened; or to do any other act that is intended to harm substantially the person threatened or another with respect to that person's health, safety, business, financial condition, or personal relationships.

To be a threat, a statement or act must occur in a context or under such circumstances where a reasonable person, in the position of the speaker, would foresee that the statement or act would be interpreted as a serious expression of intention to carry out the threat rather than as something said in jest, idle talk, or political argument.

(Dkt. 125-5 at 10, 13.) The jury instructions thus incorporated subsections (a), (e), (f), and (j) of RCW 9A.04.110(28). The jury found petitioner guilty of Counts I and III. (Dkt. 125-5 at 42, 44.)

In his most recent personal restraint petition, filed through counsel, petitioner argued that he fell within an exception to the one-year time bar for personal restraint petitions because the "statute he was convicted of violating, RCW 9A.76.180 (incorporating the threat definition at RCW 9A.04.110(28) ), is unconstitutional both as applied to his conduct and because it is facially overbroad." (Dkt. 125-10 at 14; see also id. at 25-26.) With respect to his as-applied challenge, petitioner specifically reiterated each definition of "threat" included in the jury instructions. (Id. at 26.) He also argued that given the testimony presented at trial and the prosecutor's arguments, the jury "must have relied solely on definitions of ‘threat’ that failed to require a threat of bodily harm or death." (Id. at 27.) Petitioner further argued that RCW 9A.76.180 was "unconstitutionally overbroad because the vast majority (if not all) of its threat definitions address speech that is fully protected by the First Amendment." (Id. at 30.) The State responded that the intimidating a public servant statute was constitutional because its restrictions complied with the requirements for regulating speech in a nonpublic forum as they were "reasonable in light of its important purposes and viewpoint neutral." (Id. at 60; see also id. at 65.) The State further argued that petitioner's as-applied challenge failed because states can properly regulate protected speech. (Id. at 80-81.) The Washington Supreme Court ruled:

Mr. Eggum argues that he falls within the exemption [to the one-year time bar] for convictions based on unconstitutional statutes. RCW 10.73.100(2). Specifically, he contends that the intimidation of a public official statute is unconstitutionally overbroad in that it allows convictions for threats other than "true threats" to kill or cause physical harm. See Elonis v. United States , 575 U.S. 723, 135 S. Ct. 2001, 2009, 192 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2015). Mr. Eggum's convictions arose out of threats made to a prosecutor and a community corrections officer that he would release pornographic videos of his former wife in her hometown unless the public officials complied with his wishes.

As relevant here, the statute of conviction defines a "threat" to include any act that communicates directly or indirectly, intent "[t]o expose a secret or publicize an asserted fact, whether true or false, tending to subject any person to hatred, contempt, or ridicule." RCW 9A.04.110(28)(e). Because Mr. Eggum fails to demonstrate that he did not make a "serious expression" of intent to subject his former wife to ridicule through publicizing the videos, he fails to show that the statute was applied unconstitutionally to his convictions. See Virginia v. Black , 538 U.S. 343, 359, 123 S. Ct. 1536, 155 L. Ed. 2d 535 (2003). We also find his facial challenge unavailing.

(Dkt. 125-10 at 1-2.) The Washington Supreme Court thus held that petitioner failed to show that the exemption to the time bar applied to him and dismissed his personal restraint petition as untimely. (Id. at 2.)

4. First Amendment Overview

As noted, petitioner challenges the intimidating a public servant statute as-applied to him and as facially overbroad. "As a general matter, a facial challenge is a challenge to an entire legislative enactment or provision," Hoye v. City of Oakland , 653 F.3d 835, 857 (9th Cir. 2011), and a successful facial challenge "invalidates the law itself," Italian Colors Restaurant v. Becerra , 878 F.3d 1165, 1175 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoted source omitted). "A paradigmatic as-applied attack, by contrast, challenges only one of the rules in a statute, a subset of the statute's applications, or the application of the statute to a specific circumstance." Hoye , 653 F.3d at 857 (citation and quotation marks omitted). "[A] successful as-applied challenge invalidates only the particular application of the law." Italian Colors , 878 F.3d at 1175 (internal quotation and citation omitted). "Facial and as-applied challenges can be viewed as two separate inquiries." Acosta v. City of Costa Mesa , 718 F.3d 800, 822 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Bd. of Trs. of State Univ. of New York v. Fox , 492 U.S. 469, 482-86, 109 S.Ct. 3028, 106 L.Ed.2d 388 (1989) ; City Council v. Taxpayers for Vincent , 466 U.S. 789, 800 n.19, 104 S.Ct. 2118, 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (1984) (stating that an overbroad regulation of speech may be facially invalid, even though its application in the instant case is constitutional); City of Houston, Tex. v. Hill , 482 U.S. 451, 457, 107 S.Ct. 2502, 96 L.Ed.2d 398 (1987) (illustrating that although the Court of Appeals found a statute facially unconstitutional, the Supreme Court nevertheless left undisturbed the district court's ruling that the statute had not been applied in an unconstitutional manner)).

In his supplemental briefing, petitioner suggests the Court may wish to address his facial challenge first, and only turn to his as-applied challenge if necessary. (See Dkt. 144 at 3-4, 19-20.) While petitioner cites to some authority suggesting a facial challenge may be considered before an as-applied challenge (see id. ), there is also countervailing guidance from the Supreme Court, which has explained that it is "not the usual judicial practice ... nor do we consider it generally desirable, to proceed to an overbreadth issue unnecessarily—that is, before it is determined that the statute would be valid as applied," Bd. of Trustees of State Univ. of N.Y. v. Fox , 492 U.S. 469, 484-85, 109 S.Ct. 3028, 106 L.Ed.2d 388 (1989) ; see also New York v. Ferber , 458 U.S. 747, 768, 102 S.Ct. 3348, 73 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1982) (striking down a statute under facial attack is employed "with hesitation and then only as a last resort") (internal quotation and citation omitted). Given this authority, the Court will address petitioner's as-applied challenge first. See Porter v. Gore , 354 F. Supp. 3d 1162, 1174 (S.D. Cal. 2018) (concluding that court should address as-applied challenge before facial challenge).

5. AEDPA Review of Petitioner's As-Applied Claim

The essence of petitioner's as-applied challenge is that, contrary to clearly established Supreme Court law, the Washington Supreme Court impermissibly expanded the "well-defined and narrowly limited classes of speech," Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire , 315 U.S. 568, 571-72, 62 S.Ct. 766, 86 L.Ed. 1031 (1942), within which the Supreme Court has permitted restrictions consistent with the First Amendment. The First Amendment provides that "Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech." U.S. Const., Amdt. 1. "[A]s a general matter, the First Amendment means that government has no power to restrict expression because of its message, its ideas, its subject matter, or it content." United States v. Stevens , 559 U.S. 460, 468, 130 S.Ct. 1577, 176 L.Ed.2d 435 (2010) (quoting Ashcroft v. Am. Civil Liberties Union , 535 U.S. 564, 573, 122 S.Ct. 1700, 152 L.Ed.2d 771 (2002) ); see also City of Houston , 482 U.S. at 461, 107 S.Ct. 2502 ("Speech is often provocative and challenging.... [But it] is nevertheless protected against censorship or punishment, unless shown likely to produce a clear and present danger of a serious substantive evil that rises far above public inconvenience, annoyance, or unrest.") (quoting Terminiello v. Chicago , 337 U.S. 1, 4, 69 S.Ct. 894, 93 L.Ed. 1131 (1949) ). Washington's intimidating a public servant statute restricts pure speech based on its content. State v. Dawley , 455 P.3d 205, 213 (Wash. App. 2019) (" RCW 9A.76.180 regulates pure speech" and "is a content-based restriction"); see also Reed v. Town of Gilbert, Ariz. , 576 U.S. 155, 135 S. Ct. 2218, 2227, 192 L.Ed.2d 236 (2015) ("Government regulation of speech is content based if a law applies to particular speech because of the topic discussed or the idea or message expressed."); Seals v. McBee , 898 F.3d 587, 595 (5th Cir. 2018) (statute that criminalized "threats" regulated content). Such content-based restrictions are presumed invalid, and the government bears the burden of showing their constitutionality. United States v. Alvarez , 567 U.S. 709, 716-17, 132 S.Ct. 2537, 183 L.Ed.2d 574 (2012).

The Supreme Court has approved of content-based restrictions on speech in a few "historic and traditional categories [of expression] long familiar to the bar." Id. at 717, 132 S.Ct. 2537 (quoting Stevens , 559 U.S. at 468, 130 S.Ct. 1577, alteration in Alvarez ). Those categories include true threats, incitement, obscenity, defamation, speech integral to criminal conduct, so-called "fighting words," child pornography, fraud, and speech presenting some grave and imminent threat the government has the power to prevent. Id. (collecting Supreme Court cases); see also Stevens , 559 U.S. at 468, 130 S.Ct. 1577 (same); Virginia v. Black , 538 U.S. 343, 359, 123 S.Ct. 1536, 155 L.Ed.2d 535 (2003) (same). While recognizing that "[m]aybe there are some categories of speech that have been historically unprotected, but have not yet been specifically identified or discussed as such in our case law," the Supreme Court has admonished that its decisions "cannot be taken as establishing a freewheeling authority to declare new categories of speech outside the scope of the First Amendment." Stevens , 559 U.S. at 472, 130 S.Ct. 1577 ; see also id. at 470, 130 S.Ct. 1577 (rejecting "free-floating test for first Amendment coverage ... [based on] an ad hoc balancing of relative social costs and benefits"); Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Assn. , 564 U.S. 786, 791, 131 S.Ct. 2729, 180 L.Ed.2d 708 (2011) ("[I]n Stevens , we held that new categories of unprotected speech may not be added to the list by a legislature that concludes certain speech is too harmful to be tolerated."). "Before exempting a category of speech from the normal prohibition on content-based restrictions ... the Court must be presented with ‘persuasive evidence that a novel restriction on content is part of a long (if heretofore unrecognized) tradition of proscription.’ " Alvarez , 567 U.S. at 722, 132 S.Ct. 2537 (quoting Brown , 564 U.S. at 792, 131 S.Ct. 2729 (citing Stevens )).

Petitioner's arguments focus on Virginia v. Black , in which the Supreme Court defined "true threats" as "encompass[ing] those statements where the speaker means to communicate a serious expression of an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or group of individuals." 538 U.S. at 359, 123 S.Ct. 1536 (citing Watts v. United States , 394 U.S. 705, 708, 89 S.Ct. 1399, 22 L.Ed.2d 664 (1969) (per curiam) ("political hyperbole" is not a true threat); R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul , 505 U.S. 377, 388, 112 S.Ct. 2538, 120 L.Ed.2d 305 (1992) ). Black involved the constitutionality of a state statute banning cross burning with "an intent to intimidate a person or group of persons." Id. at 347, 123 S. Ct. 1536 (quoting Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-423 (1996) ). The Supreme Court held that a state could proscribe cross burning carried out with the intent to intimidate, but that it was unconstitutional to treat any cross burning as prima facie evidence of such intent. Id. at 347-48, 123 S. Ct. 1536.

Petitioner maintains that the Washington Supreme Court's decision on his as-applied challenge was contrary to Black . (Dkt. 125 at 30.) Petitioner argues that the court correctly identified Black as the clearly established law relevant to his claim but reached a decision contrary to Black because it "mischaracterized [...] the appropriate rule." (Dkt. 125 at 31 (quoting Williams , 529 U.S. at 397, 120 S.Ct. 1495, alteration added by court).) According to petitioner, Black requires a "true threat," meaning a "serious expression of an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or group of individuals," 538 U.S. at 359, 123 S.Ct. 1536, while the Washington Supreme Court affirmed his conviction based on a " ‘serious expression’ of intent to subject his former wife to ridicule through publicizing the videos" (Dkt. 125-10 at 2). (Dkt. 125 at 31.) Petitioner thus asserts that the Washington Supreme Court changed the standard for when speech may be constitutionally proscribed. (Id. (citing Benn v. Lambert , 283 F.3d 1040, 1051 n.5 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Williams for the proposition that "[t]he addition, deletion, or alteration of a factor in a test established by the Supreme Court also constitutes a failure to apply controlling Supreme Court law under the ‘contrary to’ clause of AEDPA")).)

Respondent counters that the Washington Supreme Court's decision cannot be contrary to Black because Black is not a controlling precedent given that it involved a cross burning statute. (Dkt. 133 at 53.) Respondent emphasizes that the Supreme Court has never explicitly prohibited regulation of non-bodily threat intimidation against public officials intended to make the officials change their decisions. (Id. at 47, 52-53.) Respondent argues that Black never purported to regulate every statute prohibiting threats or to provide an all-encompassing list of the types of speech that a state can criminalize. (Id. at 53.) Respondent points out that Black ’s discussion of the constitutionally proscribable categories of speech begins, "Thus, for example," 538 U.S. at 359, 123 S.Ct. 1536, thereby indicating that the list was non-exhaustive. (Dkt. 133 at 53.) Respondent further contends that Stevens is distinguishable for the same reasons as Black —it did not involve the issue of whether states can criminalize a threat of non-bodily injury used to influence a public official's decision, the Supreme Court never purported to create an all-encompassing list of proscribable speech, and it left open the possibility that "maybe there are some categories of speech that have been historically unprotected but have not yet been specifically identified or discussed as such" by the Supreme Court. (Id. at 54 n.10 (quoting Stevens , 559 U.S. at 472, 130 S.Ct. 1577 ).)

In reply, petitioner argues that relief under § 2254(d)(1) ’s "contrary to" clause does not require an identical factual scenario when the state court applies a rule that contradicts governing Supreme Court law. (Dkt. 136 at 9.) Here, petitioner contends, the Washington Supreme Court impermissibly altered the definition of a true threat set forth in Black . Petitioner further argues that to the extent the Washington Supreme Court created a new category of proscribable speech, that holding would be contrary to Stevens . (Id. at 11.)

The Court agrees with petitioner that the Washington Supreme Court's decision is contrary to clearly established Supreme Court precedent. Citing Black , the Washington Supreme Court approved of the criminalization of speech that does not meet Black ’s definition of a true threat. Although, as respondent points out, the Supreme Court has not considered whether non-bodily threat intimidation against public officials that is intended to make the officials change their decisions could be recognized as a new category of proscribable speech, the Supreme Court has held that "new categories of unprotected speech may not be added to the list [of proscribable categories of speech] by a legislature that concludes certain speech is too harmful to be tolerated." Brown , 564 U.S. at 791, 131 S.Ct. 2729 (citing Stevens ). As noted above, "Before exempting a category of speech from the normal prohibition on content-based restrictions ... the Court must be presented with ‘persuasive evidence that a novel restriction on content is part of a long (if heretofore unrecognized) tradition of proscription.’ " Alvarez , 567 U.S. at 722, 132 S.Ct. 2537 (quoting Brown , 564 U.S. at 792, 131 S.Ct. 2729 (citing Stevens )). Neither party presented such evidence to the Washington Supreme Court, nor did the court recognize the restriction as part of a long tradition of proscription. Accordingly, the Washington Supreme Court did not apply the proper test as set forth by the Supreme Court, and its decision is contrary to Stevens , Brown , and Alvarez . 6. De Novo Review of Petitioner's As-Applied Claim

Because petitioner has satisfied § 2254(d)(1) ’s "contrary to" clause, the Court reviews his claim de novo. See Lafler v. Cooper , 566 U.S. 156, 173-74, 132 S.Ct. 1376, 182 L.Ed.2d 398 (2012) (reviewing habeas petitioner's ineffective assistance claim de novo after finding that state court's adjudication of the claim was "contrary to" clearly established federal law); Panetti v. Quarterman , 551 U.S. 930, 953, 127 S.Ct. 2842, 168 L.Ed.2d 662 (2007) (holding that, when the requirement set forth in § 2254(d)(1) is satisfied, "[a] federal court must then resolve the claim without the deference AEDPA otherwise requires"). Under de novo review, the Court is not limited to the Supreme Court's clearly established law. See Panetti , 551 U.S. at 953, 127 S.Ct. 2842.

To determine the merits of petitioner's as-applied claim, the Court must decide (1) whether petitioner's threats amount to protected or unprotected speech under the First Amendment, and (2) if the speech is protected, whether the State properly proscribed it. As discussed below, the Court concludes that petitioner engaged in protected speech and that the State's regulation of that speech does not survive strict scrutiny. Therefore, petitioner is entitled to habeas relief on SAP Ground 1.

a. Petitioner Engaged in Protected Speech

Counts I and II were based on petitioner's attempt to have Ms. Hallmark and Mr. Richey change official actions by threatening file a law suit against Ms. Hallmark, pursue a bar complaint against Mr. Richey, and release pornographic videos of Ms. Gray. Petitioner argues that he engaged in protected speech because he did not make a true threat of bodily harm or death, as defined in Black . (Dkt. 144 at 2.) Respondent does not dispute that petitioner did not make a true threat. Respondent also does not assert that petitioner's speech falls into any of the other categories of unprotected speech that the Supreme Court has identified. Instead, respondent argues that petitioner made an inherently wrongful threat, as defined in State v. Pauling , 149 Wash.2d 381, 69 P.3d 331 (2003), and therefore his speech was unprotected. (Dkt. 143 at 8, 16-18.) Respondent further contends that the Court should recognize the category of speech at issue here—wrongful threats used to intimidate a public servant—as historically unprotected, even though there is no Supreme Court precedent identifying it as such. (Id. at 22-23.)

In Pauling , the defendant was convicted of second degree extortion under former RCW 9A.56.130 (1975). The statute provided, " ‘Extortion,’ means knowingly to obtain or attempt to obtain by threat property or services of the owner, and specifically includes sexual favors," and, "A person is guilty of extortion in the second degree if he commits extortion by means of a threat as defined in RCW 9A.04.110(25)(d) through (j)."⁷ Pauling , 149 Wash.2d at 387, 69 P.3d 331 (quoting RCW 9A.56.110 ; RCW 9A.56.130(1) (1975)). On the defendant's First Amendment facial challenge, the Washington Supreme Court held that the former second degree extortion statute prohibited "a real and substantial amount of protected speech that the government may not infringe upon," but was amenable to a limiting construction. Id. at 389, 391, 69 P.3d 331. The court relied on the Second Circuit's decision in United States v. Jackson , 180 F.3d 55 (2d Cir. 1999), which interpreted the federal extortion statute to require that a threat be inherently wrongful. Pauling , 149 Wash.2d at 390, 69 P.3d 331. The Second Circuit explained that a threat is inherently wrongful "where a threat of harm to a person's reputation seeks money or property to which the threatener does not have, and cannot reasonably believe she has, a claim or right, or where the threat has no nexus to a plausible claim of right ...." Pauling , 149 Wash.2d at 390, 69 P.3d 331 (quoting Jackson , 180 F.3d at 71, emphasis added in Pauling ). The Washington Supreme Court explained:

7 The threat definitions referenced in former RCW 9A.56.130(1) are now codified at RCW 9A.04.110(28) and include subjections (e), (f), and (j), which were included in petitioner's jury instructions for Counts I and III.

Although a person might have a legal right to collect a judgment, there is no nexus between the exercise of that right and the threat to post embarrassing nude photos on the Internet. On the other hand, a person with a legal right to collect a judgment would have a nexus to a threat to institute garnishment proceedings.

Id. The court thus limited the former second degree extortion statute to require "that there be a ‘lack of nexus’ that limits its application to only unprotected speech." Id. at 391, 69 P.3d 331.

Respondent contends that petitioner's threats to release pornographic videos of Ms. Gray have no nexus to the actions petitioner attempted to elicit from Ms. Hallmark and Mr. Richey, and therefore they are inherently wrongful and not constitutionally protected. (Dkt. 143 at 18.) Respondent points out that the courts in Pauling and Jackson , inter alia , upheld convictions for threats that were not "true threats," namely threats to send nude photographs to the victim's family and friends unless she paid off a valid judgement the defendant had against her, Pauling , 149 Wash.2d at 391-92, 69 P.3d 331, and threats to go to newspapers with embarrassing and damaging information about the victim unless the victim paid the defendant money, Jackson , 180 F.3d at 62-63. (Dkt. 143 at 19.) Respondent contends that like extortion statutes, the intimidating a public servant statute, RCW 9A.76.180, is designed to protect public officials from extortion-like behavior when it relates to their official duties. (Id. )

Petitioner directs the Court's attention to the Court of Appeals’ recent decision in State v. Dawley , 455 P.3d 205 (Wash. Ct. App. 2019), another case addressing a facial First Amendment challenge. (Dkt. 145 at 2.) In Dawley , the defendant was convicted of violating the intimidating a public servant statute with a threat as defined in RCW 9A.04.110(28)(j) ("a direct or indirect communication with the intent ... [t]o do any other act which is intended to harm substantially the person threatened or another with respect to his or her health, safety, business, financial condition, or personal relationships"). Dawley , 455 P.3d at 212. The Court of Appeals held that "the statutory definition of ‘threat’ in section RCW 9A.04.110(28)(j) goes beyond true threats and sweeps up a substantial amount of protected speech, including political speech at the core of First Amendment protection," and therefore "the intimidating a public servant statute, when based on RCW 9A.04.110(28)(j), is unconstitutionally overbroad." Id. at 215. The court adopted the defendant's proposal to limit the statute to true threats and rejected the State's proposal of the "inherently wrongful" limitation from Pauling . Id. The court explained that the crime of extortion at issue in Pauling is "fundamentally different from the crime of intimidating a public servant." Id. Specifically, the court reasoned that extortion is an extension of theft and is a mixed conduct and speech crime, unlike intimidating a public servant, which regulates pure speech. Id. at 216. The court further explained:

Unlike Pauling and the second degree extortion statute, an "inherently wrongful" limitation would not limit RCW 9A.76.180 to "only unprotected speech."

No matter the motive behind an individual's attempt to influence a public servant's vote, opinion, decision, or other official action as a public servant, such pure political speech is at the core of the First Amendment and necessarily subject to heightened protection.

Id. (footnotes omitted). Because the defendant did not make a true threat, the court reversed his convictions for intimidating a public servant. Id.

Petitioner also cites Harrell v. State , 297 Ga. 884, 778 S.E.2d 196 (2015), in which the Georgia Supreme Court reversed the defendant's convictions for endeavoring to intimidate a court officer by threatening to post a pornographic video of a deputy chief clerk if a bench warrant against him was not lifted. Id. at 884, 778 S.E.2d 196. The Georgia Supreme Court held that the statute was unconstitutional as applied to the defendant because his speech did not amount to a true threat and therefore was not proscribable. Id. at 888, 778 S.E.2d 196.

The Court is not persuaded by respondent's contention that Pauling and other authority addressing extortion can be applied to the intimidating a public servant statute. No Washington court has applied Pauling ’s limiting construction to the intimidating a public servant statute or to any of the other statutes that incorporate RCW 9A.04.110(28) ’s threat definitions. The only case that has considered the issue, Dawley , declined to apply Pauling because "the crime of extortion is fundamentally different from the crime of intimidating a public servant." 455 P.3d at 215. Respondent offers no persuasive rebuttal to this conclusion or Dawley ’s reasoning. (See Dkt. 147 at 6-7 (asserting without explanation that Dawley ’s analysis was not "sound").) Respondent also fails to cite any case holding that intimidating a public servant by a wrongful threat is unprotected. The most analogous case cited by the parties, Harrell , held that threats similar to those petitioner made here were protected under the First Amendment. 297 Ga. at 888, 778 S.E.2d 196.

Respondent also asks the Court to find that "intimidation of public servants by wrongful threats" is a category of unprotected speech. (Dkt. 143 at 22.) As noted previously, the Supreme Court has recognized that there may be "some categories of speech that have been historically unprotected, but have not yet been specifically identified or discussed as such in our case law." Stevens , 559 U.S. at 472, 130 S.Ct. 1577. "Before exempting a category of speech from the normal prohibition on content-based restrictions, however, the Court must be presented with ‘persuasive evidence that a novel restriction on content is part of a long (if heretofore unrecognized) tradition of proscription.’ " Alvarez , 567 U.S. at 722, 132 S.Ct. 2537 (quoting Brown , 564 U.S. at 792, 131 S.Ct. 2729 ). The Supreme Court has not set forth a specific test for determining when a new category of unprotected speech should be recognized, and the Court is not aware of any cases recognizing a new category of speech since Stevens rejected an "ad hoc balancing of relative social costs and benefits." 559 U.S. at 470, 130 S.Ct. 1577.

Respondent argues that intimidation of public servants by wrongful threats has a "considerable historical pedigree." (Dkt. 143 at 22.) Citing Black's Law Dictionary, respondent asserts that intimidation is a form of extortion. (Id. ) According to respondent, extortion or blackmail involving wrongful threats have been outlawed in both Britain and the United States since at least the late 18th century. (Id. (citing James Lindgren, Unraveling the Paradox of Blackmail , 84 Colum. L. Rev. 670, 674 (1984) ).) Respondent contends that the earliest blackmail and public intimidation statutes in Washington date back to at least 1909 and were based on older codes from New York and Minnesota. (Id. at 22-23 (citing 1909 Wash. Sess. Laws at 890 ("The Criminal Code was taken largely from New York and Minnesota."), 924 ("intimidation of public officer"), 1000-01 (extortion), 1002 (blackmail)).) Respondent also cites to Representative Hobbs’ statements to Congress in 1945 that "everybody" knows what the terms extortion and robbery mean; according to respondent, novel categories of unprotected speech cannot be described in this way. (Id. at 23 (quoting Jackson , 180 F.3d at 69 ).)

Respondent has not presented persuasive evidence sufficient to recognize intimidation of public servants by wrongful threats as a new category of unprotected speech. As Dawley explained, extortion and intimidating a public servant are fundamentally different crimes, and therefore the Court declines to find that caselaw and statutes discussing extortion are controlling in this case. Furthermore, respondent's historical evidence of intimidation of public servants by wrongful threats is limited to one Washington statute, which did not reference wrongful threats. See 1909 Wash. Sess. Laws at 924.⁸ Given that respondent is asking the Court to recognize a class of speech under the First Amendment—which applies to all the states—the Court finds this evidence insufficient.

8 The statute provided: "Every person who shall, directly or indirectly, address any threat or intimidation to a public officer ... with intent to induce him, contrary to his duty to do or make or to omit or delay any act, decision or determination, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor." 1909 Wash. Sess. Laws at 924.

Because petitioner's threats do not fall into a category of unprotected speech recognized by the Supreme Court, and because respondent has not presented sufficient evidence to justify recognizing a new category of unprotected speech, the Court concludes that petitioner engaged in protected speech.

b. Whether the State Properly Regulated Petitioner's Protected Speech

The Court's conclusion that petitioner engaged in protected speech does not end the analysis of his as-applied claim. The next question is whether the state lawfully regulated his speech. Petitioner argues that under United States v. Bagdasarian , 652 F.3d 1113 (9th Cir. 2011), the State can only regulate true threats as defined in Black . (Dkt. 144 at 2.) Alternatively, he contends that the Court should apply strict scrutiny. (Id. at 2-3.) Respondent counters that strict scrutiny is inappropriate to analyze petitioner's as-applied claim and that the Court should apply the overbreadth analysis articulated in Stevens . (Dkt. 143 at 5-23.) The Court discusses each issue below, ultimately concluding that the regulation of speech should be reviewed under strict scrutiny and that the State cannot survive this test.⁹

9 Given this conclusion, the Court does not discuss petitioner's facial challenge to the intimidating a public servant statute.

i. Bagdasarian

Petitioner argues that because he did not make a true threat, the Court should conclude that the intimidating a public servant statute was unconstitutional as applied to him. According to petitioner, under the Ninth Circuit's construction of Black in Bagdasarian , "Statutes that regulate pure speech in the form of a threat, as Washington's intimidating a public servant statute does, can regulate only true threats of bodily harm or death." (Dkt. 136 at 15.) Petitioner maintains that because the jury was instructed on an overbroad definition of "threat" and the evidence before the jury did not establish a threat of bodily harm or death, the Court must vacate his intimidation convictions. (Dkt. 125 at 39.) Bagdasarian involved 18 U.S.C. § 879(a)(3), which makes it a crime to "knowingly and willfully threaten[ ] to kill, kidnap, or inflict bodily harm upon ... a major candidate for the office of President or Vice President, or a member of the immediate family of such candidate." Bagdasarian , 652 F.3d at 1116 (quoting § 879(a)(3), alterations in Bagdasarian ). The court noted that in Black , the Supreme Court held "that under the First Amendment the State can punish threatening expression, but only if the ‘speaker means to communicate a serious expression of an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or group of individuals.’ " Bagdasarian , 652 F.3d at 1116 (quoting Black , 538 U.S. at 359, 123 S.Ct. 1536 ). The court went on to consider "whether a subjective or objective analysis is required when examining whether a threat is criminal under various threat statutes and the First Amendment."¹⁰ Id. at 1116-117. The court held,

10 In addition to § 879(a)(3), the court identified 18 U.S.C. §§ 871(a) and 875(c) as "threat statutes." Bagdasarian , 652 F.3d at 1117, 1117 n.11. Section 871(a) prohibits "knowingly and willfully threaten[ing] to kill, kidnap, or inflict bodily harm" upon specified individuals, including former Presidents and their immediate family members. Section 875(c) prohibits transmitting "in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat to kidnap any person or any threat to injure the person of another ...."

In order to affirm a conviction under any threat statute that criminalizes pure speech, we must find sufficient evidence that the speech at issue constitutes a "true threat," as defined in Black . Because the true threat requirement is imposed by the Constitution, the subjective test set forth in Black must be read into all threat statutes that criminalize pure speech. The difference is that with respect to some threat statutes, we require that the purported threat meet an objective standard in addition, and for some we do not.

Id. at 1117.

The Court does not agree with petitioner that Bagdasarian directly controls this case. The statutes that the Ninth Circuit identified as "threat statutes" are distinguishable from Washington's intimidating a public servant statute. Those statutes expressly prohibit making true threats. Thus, any statement that does not constitute a true threat cannot support a conviction under the terms of the statute. Washington's intimidating a public servant statute has a different scope. It requires that the offender attempt to "influence a public servant's vote, opinion, decision, or other official action as a public servant." RCW 9A.76.180(1). It also has a broader definition of "threat" that includes actions that do not amount to true threats within the meaning of Black . Given that Bagdasarian did not construe a statute with a similar scope as the one at issue in this case, the Court declines to find its discussion binding here.

ii. Strict Scrutiny

The parties next dispute whether the Court should apply strict scrutiny or overbreadth analysis. Respondent argues that the Court should review the intimidating a public servant statute for overbreadth because the statute regulates both protected and unprotected speech. (Dkt. 143 at 6-13.) Overbreadth analysis, however, applies to facial challenges, not as-applied challenges. See, e.g. , City of Chicago v. Morales , 527 U.S. 41, 52, 119 S.Ct. 1849, 144 L.Ed.2d 67 (1999) ("[T]he overbreadth doctrine permits the facial invalidation of laws that inhibit the exercise of First Amendment rights if the impermissible applications of the law are substantial when judged in relation to the statute's plainly legitimate sweep.") (internal quotation omitted, emphasis added). Because the Court has concluded that petitioner engaged in protected speech, and because the intimidating a public servant statute regulates speech based on its content, the Court agrees with petitioner that strict scrutiny the appropriate analytical framework to determine whether the statute properly prohibited his speech.¹¹ See, e.g. , Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar , 575 U.S. 433, 135 S. Ct. 1656, 1665, 191 L.Ed.2d 570 (2015) (holding that a State may restrict the speech of a judicial candidate only if the restriction is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest); Alvarez , 567 U.S. at 724-25, 132 S.Ct. 2537 (declining to recognize a new category of proscribable speech and assessing whether the criminal statute's content-based restrictions on protected speech could survive the "most exacting scrutiny," which involved compelling governmental interests and restrictions on speech that are "actually necessary" to achieve these interests); Brown , 564 U.S. at 799, 131 S.Ct. 2729 (declining to recognize a new category of proscribable speech and applying strict scrutiny to determine whether the restriction on the content of protected speech was invalid); Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project , 561 U.S. 1, 28, 36, 130 S.Ct. 2705, 177 L.Ed.2d 355 (2010) (on as-applied challenge, holding that government adequately substantiated its determination that statute's proscription on protected speech was "necessary" to "serve an urgent objective of the highest order"). Under this test, the State bears the burden of demonstrating that the regulation is "justified by a compelling government interest and is narrowly drawn to serve that interest." Brown , 564 U.S. at 799, 131 S.Ct. 2729. "The State must specifically identify an ‘actual problem’ in need of solving, and the curtailment of free speech must be actually necessary to the solution." Id. (internal quotation omitted). "That is a demanding standard. It is rare that a regulation restricting speech because of its content will ever be permissible." Id. (internal quotation omitted).

11 The Court is not persuaded by respondent's argument that it cannot consider strict scrutiny because petitioner failed to properly exhaust this claim. (Dkt. 143 at 5-6.) To properly exhaust a claim, "It has to be clear from the petition filed at each level in the state court system that the petitioner is claiming the violation of the federal constitution that the petitioner subsequently claims in the federal habeas petition." Galvan v. Alaska Dep't of Corrections , 397 F.3d 1198, 1204 (9th Cir. 2005). Petitioner properly raised his as-applied and facial First Amendment claims in the Washington Supreme Court. Contrary to respondent's suggestion, strict scrutiny is not a federal constitutional claim; it is a method of analyzing a federal constitutional claim. Respondent does not cite any authority limiting the Court's de novo review to the specific arguments petitioner made in his opening brief to the state courts. Accordingly, the Court is free to apply strict scrutiny analysis as appropriate.

Respondent argues the intimidating a public servant statute serves a compelling governmental interest in protecting the fairness and transparency of, and the public's access to, official decision-making processes. (Dkt. 143 at 27.) Respondent relies on State v. Stephenson , 89 Wash. App. 794, 950 P.2d 38 (1998), in which Division 2 of the Court of Appeals rejected the defendant's contention that the intimidating a public servant statute was unconstitutionally overbroad. In doing so, the Court of Appeals identified the following compelling governmental interests served by the statute: protecting "public servants from threats of substantial harm based upon the discharge of their official duties," protecting "the public's interest in a fair and independent decision-making process consistent with the public interest and the law," and helping maintain public confidence in democratic institutions "by deterring the intimidation and threats that lead to corrupt decision making." Id. at 803-04, 950 P.2d 38. Division 1 of the Court of Appeals recently agreed that these interests are compelling. Dawley , 455 P.3d at 213.

Respondent further argues that the intimidating a public servant statute is narrowly tailored to achieve these compelling interests. (Dkt. 143 at 28-29.) This contention is based on respondent's position that the statute is limited by Pauling to inherently wrongful threats where there is no legitimate nexus between the threat and the goal the threatener is trying to achieve. (Id. ) Thus, according to respondent, the statute only proscribes threats that are unprotected. (Id. ) As discussed above, however, no Washington court has applied Pauling ’s limiting construction to the intimidating a public servant statute, and the Court of Appeals in Dawley expressly declined to do so when considering a facial attack to the statute. Also as discussed above, the statute proscribes more than unprotected speech. Given these conclusions, respondent fails to show that the intimidating a public servant statute is narrowly drawn to actually remedy the identified governmental interests.¹² Accordingly, the statute is unconstitutional as applied to Counts I and III, and these convictions should be vacated. Habeas relief should be granted as to SAP Ground 1, and petitioner should be released unless the State resentences him on the remaining counts within 30 days of the order on this Report and Recommendation.

12 Because the Court reaches this conclusion, it need not address petitioner's specific arguments as to why the statute does not survive strict scrutiny.

B. SAP Ground 7 – Insufficient Evidence to Sustain Conviction for Stalking

The parties dispute whether petitioner properly exhausted SAP Ground 7, and if he did not, whether he can overcome the procedural default. The Court concludes that petitioner did not properly exhaust SAP Ground 7 and that this claim is procedurally defaulted.

1. Legal Standards for Exhaustion

Before seeking federal habeas relief, a state prisoner must exhaust the remedies available in the state courts. The exhaustion requirement reflects a policy of federal-state comity, intended to afford the state courts "an initial opportunity to pass upon and correct alleged violations of its prisoners’ federal rights." Picard v. Connor , 404 U.S. 270, 275, 92 S.Ct. 509, 30 L.Ed.2d 438 (1971) (internal citation quotation marks omitted).

There are two avenues by which a petitioner can satisfy the exhaustion requirement. First, a petitioner can properly exhaust his state remedies by "fairly presenting" his claim in each appropriate state court, including the state supreme court with powers of discretionary review, thereby giving those courts the opportunity to act on his claim. Baldwin v. Reese , 541 U.S. 27, 29, 124 S.Ct. 1347, 158 L.Ed.2d 64 (2004) ; Duncan v. Henry , 513 U.S. 364, 365-66, 115 S.Ct. 887, 130 L.Ed.2d 865 (1995). "It has to be clear from the petition filed at each level in the state court system that the petitioner is claiming the violation of the federal constitution that the petitioner subsequently claims in the federal habeas petition." Galvan v. Alaska Dep't of Corrections , 397 F.3d 1198, 1204 (9th Cir. 2005).

Second, a petitioner may technically exhaust his state remedies by demonstrating that his "claims are now procedurally barred under [state] law." Gray v. Netherland , 518 U.S. 152, 162-63, 116 S.Ct. 2074, 135 L.Ed.2d 457 (1996) (quoting Castille v. Peoples , 489 U.S. 346, 351, 109 S.Ct. 1056, 103 L.Ed.2d 380 (1989) ); see also Smith v. Baldwin , 510 F.3d 1127, 1139 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc). If the petitioner is procedurally barred from presenting his federal claims to the appropriate state court at the time he files his federal habeas petition, the claims are deemed to be procedurally defaulted for purposes of federal habeas review. O'Sullivan v. Boerckel , 526 U.S. 838, 848, 119 S.Ct. 1728, 144 L.Ed.2d 1 (1999). A habeas petitioner who has defaulted his federal claims in state court meets the technical requirements for exhaustion because "there are no state remedies any longer ‘available’ to him." Coleman v. Thompson , 501 U.S. 722, 732, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). Federal habeas review of procedurally defaulted claims is barred unless the petitioner can either demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that failure to consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Id. at 724, 111 S.Ct. 2546.

2. Proper Exhaustion

In his SAP, petitioner did not address whether he properly exhausted SAP Ground 7. (Dkt. 125 at 58-59.) Respondent noted this omission in the answer. (Dkt. 133 at 43.) In reply, petitioner pointed to his pro se pleading entitled "Discretionary Review by Supreme Court" (Dkt. 125-8 at 144-64), which was transferred from the Court of Appeals to the Washington Supreme Court on April 10, 2013, as a petition for review (hereinafter, "First PRV"). (Dkt. 136 at 30.) In the First PRV, petitioner argued that his case was similar to Nali v. Phillips , 630 F. Supp. 2d 807 (E.D. Mich. 2009), and would "not withstand Federal scrutiny." (Dkt. 125-8 at 156.) In Nali , the court discussed the federal standard for sufficiency of the evidence, citing relevant Supreme Court precedent. 630 F. Supp. 2d at 816-17. Therefore, petitioner presented this claim as a violation of the U.S. Constitution. See Lyons v. Crawford , 232 F.3d 666, 670 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation to relevant federal case law sufficient to federalize a claim in the state courts).

Respondent argues, however, that the First PRV was not properly before the Washington Supreme Court. (Dkt. 133 at 36, 39 n.5.) Resolution of this issue requires close consideration of the relevant state court filings. Petitioner signed the First PRV on March 18, 2013. On April 4, 2013, he signed a motion asking to rewrite the First PRV and to exceed the page limit; the motion was filed in the Washington Supreme Court on April 10, 2013, the same day as the First PRV. (Dkt. 125-8 at 167-76.) On April 12, 2013, the Washington Supreme Court sent a letter to the parties granting petitioner until May 13, 2013, to file a revised petition for review and deferring ruling on the request to file an overlength petition until it had received and reviewed the revised petition. (Dkt. 125-9 at 1-2.)

On April 17, 2013, petitioner signed a "Motion for Discretionary Review by Supreme Court," which was filed in the Washington Supreme Court on April 24, 2013, as the operative petition for review ("Second PRV"). (Dkt. 125-9 at 6-18; see also Dkt. 125-8 at 144 (first page of First PRV, which has a handwritten notation, "*replaced by PRV filed 8/24/13"¹³ ).) The Second PRV referenced the same Court of Appeals case number as the First PRV and attached the Court of Appeals’ opinion as an exhibit (Dkt. 125-9 at 6, 26-42), but it addressed completely different issues, requesting an evidentiary hearing and seeking the return of property that petitioner alleged was illegally seized (id. at 6-18). It did not challenge his convictions.

13 It appears the date "8/24/13" was in error and that the reference is to the petition for review filed on April 24, 2013.

Petitioner subsequently filed a "Motion for Reconsideration/Motion to Modify Ruling of April 12, 2013," asking for permission to file a 50-page petition for review; he was concerned that if he filed an overlength petition prior to obtaining leave of the court, the court would deny his request and refuse to allow him to file another petition that comported with the page limit. (Dkt. 125-9 at 47-54.) On April 25, 2013, the Washington Supreme Court denied petitioner's request to file a 50-page brief because he had already filed a petition for review that did not exceed the 20-page limit (the Second PRV) and because 20 pages would be sufficient to respond to the Court of Appeals’ 17-page opinion. (Dkt. 125-9 at 44-45.)

On May 6, 2013, the State filed an answer to the Second PRV, arguing that the petition did not challenge the Court of Appeals’ opinion and therefore should be denied. (Dkt. 125-9 at 57-64.) On May 15, 2013, petitioner filed a "Motion to Correct the Record on Appeal Issues Before the Court, in Response to State's Answer to Petition." (Id. at 88-93.) Petitioner argued that the First PRV was the operative petition for review of his criminal convictions, not the Second PRV. (See id. at 89.) Petitioner then went on to argue several of the issues he raised in the First PRV, but not the sufficiency of the evidence to support the stalking conviction. (See id. at 90-93.) On May 22, 2013, petitioner filed a letter regarding "Improper use of ‘Threat’ Definition," "Gross Prosecutorial Misconduct," and "Supplementing the Record with the Truth." (Id. at 94-102.) Again, he discussed several issues raised in his First PRV but not the sufficiency of the evidence of stalking. (See id. ) On August 5, 2013, the Washington Supreme Court ordered: "[T]he Petition for Review is denied. The motion to supplement the record and the motion to correct the record are also denied." (Id. at 105.)

Respondent argues that petitioner cannot rely on the First PRV for purposes of exhaustion because the Washington Supreme Court never reviewed it, faulting petitioner for requesting and obtaining leave to rewrite the First PRV and then filing the Second PRV addressing different issues. (Dkt. 133 at 36.) Petitioner responds that the Washington Supreme Court is responsible for the misunderstanding regarding the operative petition for review. (Dkt. 125 at 21-23; Dkt. 136 at 19, 30.) According to petitioner, the Second PRV was "clearly" an attempt to have the Washington Supreme Court review the Supreme Court Commissioner's April 18, 2012 Ruling Denying Review of a motion for discretionary review petitioner had filed seeking the return of property. (Dkt. 125 at 22 (citing Dkt. 125-7 at 101-102).) Petitioner also points out that he promptly attempted to correct the Washington Supreme Court's error by filing his motions to correct and supplement the record. (Dkt. 136 at 19.) According to petitioner, the Court should take into account the Supreme Court's admonition that "the complete exhaustion rule is not to trap the unwary pro se prisoner," Slack v. McDaniel , 529 U.S. 473, 487, 120 S.Ct. 1595, 146 L.Ed.2d 542 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted), and the Ninth Circuit's permission to read counseled petitions differently from pro se petitions, when appropriate, Peterson v. Lampert , 319 F.3d 1153, 1159 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). (Dkt. 136 at 19.)

Given petitioner's motions to clarify and supplement the record, it is apparent he did not intend the Second PRV to replace the First PRV. Nevertheless, the Court is not persuaded by his attempts to blame the Washington Supreme Court for improperly filing the Second PRV in the first place. Petitioner filed the First PRV along with a request to rewrite it. After the Washington Supreme Court granted his request to rewrite, he filed the Second PRV. The caption of the Second PRV referenced the same Court of Appeals case number as the First PRV and attached the Court of Appeals’ decision. Even if the Second PRV was an attempt to obtain review of the Commissioner's April 18, 2012 Ruling Denying Review, its caption did not include the appropriate Washington Supreme Court case number or attach a copy of the Ruling Denying Review. Moreover, petitioner filed the Second PRV one year after the Ruling Denying Review, and any motion to modify was due 30 days after the ruling was filed. See Wash. RAP 17.7(a). Thus, it was reasonable for the Washington Supreme Court to construe the Second PRV as petitioner's operative petition. Petitioner—not the Washington Supreme Court—is responsible for any mistake.

To satisfy the proper exhaustion requirement, a federal habeas petitioner must have presented his claim through the "proper vehicle," thereby giving the state court the opportunity to remedy the claimed errors. Scott v. Schriro , 567 F.3d 573, 582-83 (9th Cir. 2009) ; see also Castille v. Peoples , 489 U.S. 346, 351, 109 S.Ct. 1056, 103 L.Ed.2d 380 (1989) (a claim is not fairly presented if it is raised "in a procedural context in which its merits will not be considered" absent special circumstances). All evidence indicates the Washington Supreme Court did not consider the First PRV. (See Dkt. 125-8 at 144 (handwritten note on first page of First PRV stating that it had been "replaced" by the Second PRV); Dkt. 125-9 at 44 (letter from Washington Supreme Court Clerk denying petitioner's motion to file a 50-page petition for review and noting that he had already filed one that was less than 20 pages, the Second PRV), 57-64 (State's answer addressing only the Second PRV), 105 (Washington Supreme Court order denying Second PRV and motion to correct record).) The Court thus concludes that the First PRV was not submitted in a procedural context in which the merits would be considered absent special circumstances (i.e., if the court had granted petitioner's motion to correct the record). Accordingly, petitioner did not properly exhaust SAP Ground 7.

3. Technical Exhaustion

SAP Ground 7 is technically exhausted and procedurally defaulted because if petitioner attempted to raise the claim in a new personal restraint petition, the state courts would find it barred by Washington law. Under RCW 10.73.090(1), a petition for collateral attack on a judgment and sentence in a criminal case must be filed within one year after the judgment becomes final, subject to exceptions that do not apply here. See RCW 10.73.100. A judgment becomes final for purposes of state collateral review on the date the appellate court issues its mandate disposing of a timely direct appeal. RCW 10.73.090(3)(b). Here, there is no dispute that the state court issued its mandate well over one year ago. It therefore appears clear that petitioner would now be time barred from returning to the state courts to present this unexhausted claim. See RCW 10.73.090. Moreover, because petitioner has previously presented multiple personal restraint petitions to the state courts, the state courts are unlikely to entertain another such petition. See RCW 10.73.140 (successive petition bar).

4. Cause and Prejudice

Federal habeas review of a procedurally defaulted claim is barred unless the petitioner can demonstrate cause and prejudice, or a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Coleman , 501 U.S. at 750, 111 S.Ct. 2546. To satisfy the "cause" prong of the cause and prejudice standard, petitioner must show that some objective factor external to the defense prevented him from complying with the state's procedural rule. Id. at 753, 111 S.Ct. 2546 ; Murray v. Carrier , 477 U.S. 478, 488, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986) (a petitioner can demonstrate "cause" if he shows constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, the unavailability of a factual or legal basis for a claim, or some interference by officials). To show "prejudice," petitioner "must shoulder the burden of showing, not merely that the errors at his trial created a possibility of prejudice, but that they worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting his entire trial with error of constitutional dimensions." United States v. Frady , 456 U.S. 152, 170, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982) (emphases in original); see also Cavanaugh v. Kincheloe , 877 F.2d 1443, 1448 (9th Cir. 1989) (court need not consider prejudice unless a petitioner meets his burden of demonstrating cause for the procedural default). And in a "truly extraordinary case," the Court may grant habeas relief without a showing of cause or prejudice to correct a "fundamental miscarriage of justice" where a constitutional violation has resulted in the conviction of a defendant who is actually innocent. Schlup v. Delo , 513 U.S. 298, 338, 115 S.Ct. 851, 130 L.Ed.2d 808 (1995) ; see also Murray v. Carrier , 477 U.S. 478, 496, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986).

Petitioner argues that cause and prejudice excuse his procedural default of SAP Ground 7 based on attorney abandonment and/or "the globally ineffective assistance of his appellate counsel." (Dkt. 125 at 59; Dkt. 136 at 30.) The Court discusses each issue in turn.

a. Attorney Abandonment

Petitioner argues that he has cause for his procedural default because his attorney on direct appeal, Dana Nelson, abandoned him after filing his opening brief in the Court of Appeals.¹⁴ (See Dkt. 125 at 53-59; Dkt. 136 at 22-23, 26.) Petitioner points to the fact that Ms. Nelson failed to file a reply in the Court of Appeals, failed to file a motion for discretionary review, and failed to obtain leave from the court to withdraw so that new counsel could be appointed. (Dkt. 125 at 53.) He also points to a September 7, 2011 email from Ms. Nelson to attorneys at her firm stating that she would not speak with petitioner about his concerns about her opening brief (Dkt. 125-11 at 83-84), and an October 20, 2011 email from Ms. Nelson to a partner at her firm with the subject line "A Farewell to Eggum" (id. at 100).¹⁵ (Dkt. 136 at 22-23.) He attempts to analogize his case to Maples v. Thomas , 565 U.S. 266, 132 S.Ct. 912, 181 L.Ed.2d 807 (2012). (Dkt. 136 at 22-23.)

14 Most of the documents petitioner relies on to argue attorney abandonment are not part of the state-court record and are the subject of his motion to supplement the record. (See Dkt. 136 at 22 n.6.) As discussed below in section IV.D, this evidence is properly before the Court for purposes of determining cause and prejudice.

15 The full record adds important context for the subject line. On August 31, 2011, Ms. Nelson filed a 48-page opening brief in the Court of Appeals; she challenged only petitioner's sentence and did not raise the issues that trial counsel, Andrew Subin, had flagged for her review. (See Dkt. 125-5 at 68-122.) Prior to filing the brief, Ms. Nelson had written petitioner numerous lengthy letters and had three 40-minute telephone calls with him. (Dkt. 125-11 at 83-84.) On September 2, 2011, Ms. Nelson sent petitioner a letter explaining the appellate brief she had drafted and why she did not raise certain issues. (Id. at 85-88.) On September 7, 2011, petitioner called Ms. Nelson's office and after Ms. Nelson declined to speak with him, he spoke with Eric Broman, a partner at the law firm. (Id. at 83-84, 90.) Mr. Broman informed petitioner he could raise Mr. Subin's issues in a pro se statement of additional grounds and agreed to email Mr. Subin a copy of the brief Ms. Nelson drafted. (Id. at 90.) Mr. Subin, Mr. Broman, and Ms. Nelson exchanged several emails regarding petitioner's case, with Ms. Nelson explaining why she did not raise certain issues. (Id. at 89-90, 96, 99.) On October 20, 2011, Ms. Nelson sent Mr. Broman an email with the subject line "A Farewell to Eggum," which stated: "Here is my latest letter addressing his concerns, but also telling him this is probably the last time I will respond in depth regarding the issues he believes I should have raised." (Id. at 100.) In addition to addressing the claims she did not raise, the letter informed petitioner that he could raise them in his pro se statement of additional grounds. (Dkt. 125-12 at 1-2.)

In Maples , the Supreme Court held that there was cause for the petitioner's failure to properly exhaust his state-court remedies where the petitioner's post-conviction attorneys completely abandoned him. 565 U.S. at 271, 132 S.Ct. 912. The Supreme Court summarized the key facts as follows:

Cory R. Maples is an Alabama capital prisoner sentenced to death in 1997 for the murder of two individuals.... Maples sought postconviction relief in state court, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel and several other trial infirmities. His petition, filed in August 2001, was written by two New York attorneys serving pro bono , both associated with the same New York-based large law firm. An Alabama attorney, designated as local counsel, moved for the admission of the out-of-state counsel pro hac vice. As understood by New York counsel, local counsel would facilitate their appearance, but would undertake no substantive involvement in the case.

In the summer of 2002, while Maples’ postconviction petition remained pending in the Alabama trial court, his New York attorneys left the law firm; their new employment disabled them from continuing to represent Maples. They did not inform Maples of their departure and consequent inability to serve as his counsel. Nor did they seek the Alabama trial court's leave to withdraw. Neither they nor anyone else moved for the substitution of counsel able to handle Maples’ case.

In May 2003, the Alabama trial court denied Maples’ petition. Notices of the court's order were posted to the New York attorneys at the address of the law firm with which they had been associated. Those postings were returned, unopened, to the trial court clerk, who attempted no further mailing. With no attorney of record in fact acting on Maples’ behalf, the time to appeal ran out.

Id. at 270-71. The District and Circuit courts rejected Maples’ federal habeas petition because of his procedural default in state court, i.e., his failure to timely appeal the denial of his postconviction petition. Id. at 271, 132 S.Ct. 912. The Supreme Court reversed. Id.

The issue before the Supreme Court was whether Maples had "shown cause to excuse the missed notice of appeal deadline." Id. at 280, 132 S.Ct. 912. The Supreme Court explained, "Negligence on the part of a prisoner's postconviction attorney does not qualify as ‘cause[ ]’ [...] because the attorney is the prisoner's agent, and under ‘well-settled principles of agency law,’ the principal bears the risk of negligent conduct on the part of his agent." Id. at 280-81, 132 S.Ct. 912 (quoting Coleman , 501 U.S. at 753-54, 111 S.Ct. 2546 ). The Supreme Court went on, "A markedly different situation is presented, however, when an attorney abandons his client without notice, and thereby occasions the default. " Id. at 281, 132 S.Ct. 912 (emphasis added). "[U]nder agency principles, a client cannot be charged with the acts or omissions of an attorney who has abandoned him. Nor can a client be faulted for failing to act on his own behalf when he lacks reason to believe his attorneys of record, in fact, are not representing him." Id. at 283, 132 S.Ct. 912.

Applying this law, the Supreme Court concluded that Maples’ attorneys had abandoned him. There was no dispute that the New York attorneys severed their agency relationship with Maples long before the default occurred and failed to move to withdraw, as required by court rule. Id. In addition, at the time of the default, no other attorney from the New York law firm had entered an appearance on Maples’ behalf. Id. at 286, 132 S.Ct. 912. The Supreme Court further found that local counsel had abandoned Maples. Id. at 287, 132 S.Ct. 912. Also important to the Supreme Court's decision was that Maples had "no reason to suspect that he lacked counsel able and willing to represent him," and had not received notice that his postconviction petition had been denied. Id. at 288-89, 132 S.Ct. 912. The Supreme Court explained, "Had counsel of record or the State's attorney informed Maples of his plight before the time to appeal ran out, he could have filed a notice of appeal himself or enlisted the aid of new volunteer attorneys." Id. at 289, 132 S.Ct. 912 (footnotes omitted). Ultimately, the Supreme Court concluded that "Maples was disarmed by extraordinary circumstances quite beyond his control," and therefore established cause for his procedural default. Id.

Maples is readily distinguishable. First, Maples applies only to claims that were procedurally defaulted as a result of counsel abandoning the client. See Maples , 565 U.S. at 281, 132 S.Ct. 912. Even assuming Ms. Nelson abandoned petitioner in the middle of his direct appeal, her actions did not prevent him from raising his claims in a timely petition for review or through a properly filed personal restraint petition. Second, unlike Maples, the record indicates that petitioner was apprised of everything that occurred in his case, either via counsel of record or the Court of Appeals.¹⁶ Third, given petitioner's voluminous pro se filings in the state courts, it is clear that he was under no illusion that Ms. Nelson would file a petition for review on his behalf. Unlike in Maples , petitioner has not shown that extraordinary circumstances beyond his control caused the procedural default that bars this Court from considering SAP Ground 7. His attorney abandonment claim fails.

16 For example, on February 15, 2012, the Court of Appeals sent a letter to Ms. Nelson informing her that the court placed petitioner's pro se motion regarding ineffective assistance of counsel in the file without taking action. (Dkt. 125-7 at 70.) Petitioner subsequently sent a letter to the Court of Appeals objecting to this action. (Id. at 91.)

b. Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel

Petitioner argues that he has cause for the procedural default of SAP Ground 7 because Ms. Nelson provided globally ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to challenge any of his convictions. (Dkt. 125 at 59 (citing id. at 39-37, 52-53); Dkt. 136 at 30-31.) Attorney error that constitutes constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel is cause sufficient to overcome a procedural default. Coleman , 501 U.S. at 753-54, 111 S.Ct. 2546 ; Edwards v. Carpenter , 529 U.S. 446, 451, 120 S.Ct. 1587, 146 L.Ed.2d 518 (2000). However, for ineffective assistance of counsel to constitute cause, the petitioner must exhaust the ineffective assistance of counsel claim in the state courts. Carpenter , 529 U.S. at 452-53, 120 S.Ct. 1587. If the ineffective assistance of counsel claim is itself procedurally defaulted, it cannot be the basis for a cause showing unless the petitioner can establish cause and prejudice with respect to the ineffectiveness claim. Id. Petitioner cites to three documents that he argues exhausted his global ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. (Dkt. 136 at 31.) First, he cites to his February 12, 2012 "Motion for ‘Anders Brief’ Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel," filed in the Court of Appeals, which attached Mr. Subin's list of potential issues for appeal, including "legal sufficiency of evidence to support conviction." (Dkt. 125-7 at 60-69.) As this document was not filed in the Washington Supreme Court, it did not properly exhaust the claim. See Baldwin , 541 U.S. at 29, 124 S.Ct. 1347 (proper exhaustion requires presentation to state's highest court).

Second, petitioner cites to his March 16, 2012 "Motion for Ineffective Assistance of Counsel and Anders Brief," which he filed in both the Court of Appeals and Washington Supreme Court. (Dkt. 136 at 31; see also Dkt. 125-7 at 71-90.) At the time he filed the motion, his direct appeal was pending before the Court of Appeals, and that court referred the motion to a panel of judges on April 10, 2012. (Dkt. 125-7 at 99.) He also had a pro se motion for discretionary review pending in the Washington Supreme Court through which he sought the return of property he claimed was illegally seized by the State as a result of an earlier conviction. (See id. at 101-02.) On April 18, 2012, the Washington Supreme Court Commissioner denied the motion for discretionary review, noting in a footnote:

Mr. Eggum has also filed motions relating to ineffective assistance of counsel and an Anders brief. [Citation omitted.] These motions seem to be directed to the Court of Appeals, though they were also filed in this court. In any event, they are not pertinent to Mr. Eggum's motion for discretionary review. A Court of Appeals commissioner has referred the motions to a panel of that court's judges. The motions will not be further dealt with here.

(Id. at 102 n. 1.) According to petitioner, this statement demonstrates that he fairly presented his ineffective assistance claim to the Washington Supreme Court. (Dkt. 136 at 19.)

The Court does not agree. As noted above, proper exhaustion requires the petitioner to have presented his claim through the "proper vehicle," thereby giving the state court the opportunity to remedy the claimed errors. Scott , 567 F.3d at 782-83; see also Castille , 489 U.S. at 351, 109 S.Ct. 1056 ) (a claim is not fairly presented if it is raised "in a procedural context in which its merits will not be considered" absent special circumstances). Petitioner filed his ineffective assistance motion with the Washington Supreme Court while his relevant appeal was pending with the Court of Appeals, and the high court declined to consider the motion because it had been referred to a panel of the Court of Appeals and because it did not relate to the property claim that was the subject of the motion for discretionary review. Petitioner thus failed to present his ineffective assistance claim through the "proper vehicle."

Petitioner's reliance on Vasquez v. Hillery , 474 U.S. 254, 257, 106 S.Ct. 617, 88 L.Ed.2d 598 (1986), does not require a different conclusion. (See Dkt. 136 at 21.) Petitioner cites Vasquez for the proposition that a presentation that "afforded the state courts [a] meaningful opportunity to consider [the] allegations of error," even if they declined the opportunity, constitutes exhaustion. 474 U.S. at 257, 106 S.Ct. 617. But filing a motion for ineffective assistance of counsel in both the Court of Appeals and the Washington Supreme Court at the same time, while the relevant appeal was pending before the Court of Appeals, which had referred the motion to a panel of judges, did not provide the Washington Supreme Court with a "meaningful opportunity" to consider his claims.

Finally, petitioner cites to his August 13, 2012 letter to the Court of Appeals and Washington Supreme Court regarding "Objection to 05 September 2012 date being set by the COA to hear this matter prior to the Supreme Court ruling on the appellant's IAAC/Anders Brief motions," which referenced Mr. Subin's list of issues. (Dkt. 125-7 at 108-11.) Petitioner, however, does not show how this letter could be considered a "proper vehicle" for purposes of proper exhaustion. The Court concludes that it was not, and therefore petitioner failed to fairly present and properly exhaust his global ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim.

Because petitioner failed to properly exhaust his global ineffectiveness claim, this claim cannot serve as cause to overcome the procedural default of SAP Ground 7 unless he can show cause and prejudice as to the global ineffectiveness claim. Carpenter , 529 U.S. at 452-53, 120 S.Ct. 1587. Petitioner argues that he has cause based on attorney abandonment (Dkt. 136 at 22-23), but as discussed above, this claim fails. Petitioner also raises actual innocence to excuse the procedural default. (Id. at 26-29.) Prisoners asserting actual innocence as a gateway to procedurally defaulted claims must establish that, in light of new evidence, "it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have found petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." Schlup , 513 U.S. at 327, 115 S.Ct. 851. Rather than presenting new evidence to the Court regarding his stalking conviction, petitioner's actual innocence claim focus on his convictions for intimidating a public servant, arguing that he is actually innocent of those convictions because the statute was unconstitutional as applied to him. Petitioner does not cite to any cases demonstrating that actual innocence as to one conviction can overcome the procedural default of a claim related to a wholly different conviction. The purpose of the actual innocence exception is to allow review of claims where a "constitutional violation has probably resulted in the conviction of one who is actually innocent." Carrier , 477 U.S. at 496, 106 S.Ct. 2639 ; see also Johnson v. Knowles , 541 F.3d 933, 937 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Schlup for the proposition that "the miscarriage of justice exception is limited to those extraordinary cases where the petitioner asserts his innocence and establishes that the court cannot have confidence in the contrary finding of guilt") (emphasis in original). As petitioner has presented no new evidence undermining the Court's confidence in his conviction for stalking, his actual innocence claim fails. SAP Ground 7 should be denied.

C. Evidentiary Hearing

Petitioner requests an evidentiary hearing regarding his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, which he raises in SAP Ground 2 and as cause and prejudice to excuse any procedural default. (Dkt. 125 at 24.) As discussed previously, the Court need not reach the merits of SAP Ground 2, and petitioner failed to properly exhaust his global ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Therefore, the proposed evidentiary hearing would not resolve any material issue, and petitioner's request should be denied.

D. Motion to Expand the Record

Petitioner moves the Court, pursuant to Rule 7 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts, to expand the record to include new evidence relevant to his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. (Dkt. 126.) Specifically, SAP Exhibits 90 and 106-114 (Dkt. 125-9 at 111; Dkt. 125-11 at 83-100; Dkt. 125-12 at 1-2) are not part of the underlying record and were provided to petitioner through a request for his prior appellate attorney's files. (Dkt. 126 at 1.) Petitioner asks the Court to consider this evidence for purposes of determining cause and prejudice and also to substantively evaluate his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim (SAP Ground 2). As discussed above, the Court does not reach the merits of SAP Ground 2 and therefore need not decide whether to admit the evidence for that purpose. Thus, the only question before the Court is whether the new evidence can be considered for purposes of evaluating cause and prejudice. The Supreme Court has held that a federal habeas court may not consider evidence of a claim that was not presented to the state court where the claim was previously adjudicated on the merits in the state courts. Cullen v. Pinholster , 563 U.S. 170, 185, 131 S.Ct. 1388, 179 L.Ed.2d 557 (2011) ; Dickens v. Ryan , 740 F.3d 1302, 1320 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). This prohibition, however, does not apply to claims that have not been "adjudicated on the merits." Dickens , 740 F.3d at 1320 (holding that, in appropriate circumstances, a habeas petitioner claiming ineffective assistance of counsel may present new evidence to demonstrate cause and prejudice). Therefore, courts have held that a "petitioner may overcome a procedural bar by presenting new evidence on the issues of cause and prejudice even in Pinholster ’s wake." Quezada v. Scribner , No. 04-7532, 2011 WL 3652245, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 19, 2011) ; see also Clay v. Madden , No. 17-3081, 2019 WL 7940590, at *49 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 2019) ; Ellis v. Little , No. 15-515, 2017 WL 386455, at *4 (D. Idaho Jan. 27, 2017) ; Navarro v. Ryan , No. 12-1899, 2016 WL 6871855, at *2 (D. Ariz. Nov. 22, 2016). Accordingly, the Court deems it appropriate to grant petitioner's motion to expand the record for purposes of determining cause and prejudice.

V. CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

A petitioner seeking post-conviction relief under § 2254 may appeal a district court's denial of his federal habeas claims only after obtaining a certificate of appealability from a district or circuit judge. A certificate of appealability may issue only where a petitioner has made "a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(3). A petitioner satisfies this standard "by demonstrating that jurists of reason could disagree with the district court's resolution of his constitutional claims or that jurists could conclude the issues presented are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further." Miller-El v. Cockrell , 537 U.S. 322, 327, 123 S.Ct. 1029, 154 L.Ed.2d 931 (2003). Under this standard, the Court concludes that petitioner should be granted a certificate of appealability with respect to SAP Ground 7. A certificate of appealability should be denied in all other respects.

VI. CONCLUSION

The Court recommends that (1) petitioner's second amended habeas petition (Dkt. 125) be GRANTED as to SAP Ground 1 and DENIED as to all other claims; (2) petitioner's convictions in Counts I and III be VACATED and the State be ordered to release petitioner unless he is resentenced on the remaining convictions within 30 days of any order adopting this Report and Recommendation; (3) petitioner's request for an evidentiary hearing be DENIED; (4) petitioner's motion to expand the record (Dkt. 126) be GRANTED for purposes of deciding cause and prejudice; and (5) a certificate of appealability be GRANTED as to SAP Ground 7 and DENIED as to all other claims. A proposed order accompanies this Report and Recommendation.

Objections to this Report and Recommendation, if any, should be filed with the Clerk and served upon all parties to this suit within twenty-one (21) days of the date on which this Report and Recommendation is signed. Failure to file objections within the specified time may affect your right to appeal. Objections should be noted for consideration on the District Judge's motions calendar for the third Friday after they are filed. Responses to objections may be filed within fourteen (14) days after service of objections. If no timely objections are filed, the matter will be ready for consideration by the District Judge on April 3, 2020 .

Dated this 6th day of March, 2020.