Opinion
43922 Record No. 790714.
February 29, 1980
Present: I'Anson, C.J., Carrico, Harrison, Cochran, Poff and Compton, JJ.
Evidence fails to support rape conviction of defendant as principal of first or second degree murder under Code Sec. 18.2-61, defendant having forced the penis of another male partially into the vagina of a 16 year old female; "innocent agent rule" rejected as applied to Code Sec. 18.2-61.
(1) Criminal Procedure — Principals in Second Degree and Accessories Before the Fact (Code Sec. 18.2-18) — Must be Shown that Crime was Committed by Principal Although no Conviction of Principal Required (Code Sec. 18.2-21).
(2) Criminal Law — Rape — Requires Penetration of Female Sexual Organ by Sexual Organ of Principal of First Degree — "Innocent Agent Rule" Rejected as Applied to Code Sec. 18.2-61.
Defendant came upon T__________ M__________ and J__________ G__________ partially undressed in a secluded area in preparation for sexual intercourse. Defendant, a security guard in uniform and wearing a pistol, ordered the couple to finish what they had started. They attempted intercourse unsuccessfully and defendant seized the boy's penis forcing it partially into the girl's vagina. Defendant was convicted in the Trial Court of rape (Code Sec. 18.2-61), and on appeal contends the evidence was insufficient to satisfy the statutory requirement that he "carnally know" the victim.
1. While under Code Sec. 18.2-18, principals in the second degree in felonies and also accessories before the fact are accountable in all respects as principals in the first degree, it must be shown that a crime was committed by the principal although no conviction of the principal is required under Code Sec. 18.2-21. The evidence fails to show that the boy committed rape and thus defendant cannot be convicted as a principal in the second degree.
2. Under Code Sec. 18.2-61 (Rape Statute) decisions of the Court establish that one element of rape is penetration of the female sexual organ by the sexual organ of the principal of the first degree. While in some jurisdictions the "innocent agent" rule has been applied in rape cases where the accused forced an innocent third party to have carnal knowledge of an unwilling victim, this rule is antithetical to the construction the Court has placed upon Code Sec. 18.2-61. The evidence is insufficient to show the defendant carnally knew the prosecutrix under Code Sec. 18.2-61.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Chesapeake. Hon. William H. Hodges, judge presiding.
Reversed and remanded.
Timothy S. Wright (Basnight and Creekmore, P.C., on brief), for appellant.
Jim L. Chin, Assistant Attorney General (Marshall Coleman, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Indicted for rape of "T__________ M__________ against her will and by force, in violation of Section 18.2-61" of the Code, William Donald Dusenbery was convicted in a bench trial and sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary for five years. Upon consideration of a presentence report, the trial court suspended the sentence and placed defendant on indefinite probation.
At approximately 10:30 p.m. on September 16, 1978, T__________ M__________ and J__________ G__________, both 16 years of age, parked their car in a secluded area and partially undressed in preparation for sexual intercourse. Defendant, a part-time security guard wearing a uniform, badge, handcuffs, and a holstered pistol, appeared at the window with a flashlight, ordered the couple to get out, and demanded identification. Defendant told them that he would take them to the authorities or report their conduct to their parents unless they finished what they had started and allowed him to watch. The couple entered the back seat of the car, discussed the options, and agreed to attempt to perform the act in defendant's presence. Defendant watched as the couple undressed and the boy assumed the superior position. Complaining that the boy had not penetrated the girl, defendant thrust his head and shoulders through the open window, seized the boy's penis, and forced it "partially in" the girl's vagina.
Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction under Code Sec. 18.2-61 because "the evidence is clear that [he] did not 'carnally know' the alleged victim" within the meaning of that statute.
In felony cases, principals in the second degree and accessories before the fact are accountable "in all respects as if a principal in the first degree". Code Sec. 18.2-18. But, by definition, there can be no accessory without a principal. Although conviction of a principal in the first degree is not a condition precedent to conviction of an accessory, Code Sec. 18.2-21, "before the accessory to a crime can be convicted as such, it must be shown that the crime has been committed by the principal." Snyder v. Commonwealth, 202 Va. 1009, 1017. 121 S.E.2d 452, 458 (1961). Since the evidence fails to show that J__________ G__________ committed rape, defendant cannot be convicted as a principal in the second degree. The question remains whether the evidence is sufficient to prove that defendant committed that crime as a principal in the first degree.
With respect to certain crimes, the law regards a person who acts through an innocent agent as a principal in the first degree. See W. La Fave and A. Scott, Criminal Law 496-97 (1972); R. Perkins, Criminal Law 644-45 (2d Ed.1969); ALI Model Penal Code 2.06(2)(a) (Proposed Official Draft 1962). In some jurisdictions, this rule has been applied in rape cases where the accused forced an innocent third party to have carnal knowledge of an unwilling victim. 65 Am.Jur.2d, Rape Sec. 29 (1972). But the "innocent agent" rule cannot be applied here, for it is antithetical to the construction this Court has placed upon Virginia's rape statute.
Our prior decisions establish that one element of rape is the penetration of the female sexual organ by the sexual organ of the principal in the first degree. Strawderman v. Commonwealth, 200 Va. 855, 108 S.E.2d 376 (1959); McCall v. Commonwealth, 192 Va. 422, 65 S.E.2d 540 (1951). Whether Dusenbery's conduct constituted an offense other than rape is not a question before us on appeal. We hold only that the evidence is insufficient to prove that defendant carnally knew the prosecutrix within the intendment of Code Sec. 18.2-61 as construed by this Court, and the judgment must be reversed. The case will be remanded for further proceedings if the Commonwealth be so advised, provided that defendant may not be retried for rape. See Greene v. Massey, 437 U.S. 19, 25 n. 7 (1978); Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1 (1978).
Reversed and remanded.