Opinion
Docket Nos. 47040, 47326, 47327.
Decided November 21, 1980. Leave to appeal applied for.
Clark, Klein Beaumont (by M.V. Kell), for Kaiser Engineering of Michigan, Inc.
Kendricks, Bordeau, Casselman, Adamini Keefe, P.C., for Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company, Tilden Mining Company, Tilden Iron Ore Company, J L Cliffs Ore Partnership, Jones and Laughlin Ore Mining Company and Cleveland Cliffs Ore Corporation.
Hansley, Neiman, Peterson, Beauchamp, Stupak Bergman, P.C., for Whitehead Kales Company.
Corcoran Ingleson, P.C., for W K Erectors, Inc.
Before: J.H. GILLIS, P.J., and BASHARA and CYNAR, JJ.
Plaintiffs' decedent, Ronald Francis Duhame, sustained personal injuries and died as a result of a construction accident. Plaintiffs filed suit in circuit court, seeking personal injury and wrongful death damages from defendants, owners of the property where the accident occurred and the general contractor. Defendants filed a third-party indemnification complaint against W K Erectors, Inc. (hereinafter W K), a subcontractor and decedent's employer at the time of the accident. W K filed a motion for summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117.2(1). The motion asserted that the principal complaint alleged only active negligence on the part of defendants, thereby precluding an action of indemnification against W K. The trial court granted the motion. Defendants' motions for interlocutory appeal were granted.
GCR 1963, 117.2(1) states that the movant is entitled to summary judgment in his favor when the opposing party has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. A motion based on GCR 1963, 117.2(1) challenges the legal sufficiency of the complaint and is to be considered by an examination of the pleadings alone. It is the duty of the reviewing court to accept as true well-pleaded facts in the complaint and to determine whether those claims are so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development can possibly justify a right to recovery. Koenig v Van Reken, 89 Mich. App. 102, 104; 279 N.W.2d 590 (1979).
The law in Michigan as to common-law indemnity has been succinctly summarized by this Court in Hill v Sullivan Equipment Co, 86 Mich. App. 693, 696-697; 273 N.W.2d 527 (1978):
"Common law indemnity is based on the equitable principle that where the wrongful act of one results in another being held liable, the latter party is entitled to restitution from the wrongdoer. See, e.g., Provencal v Parker, 66 Mich. App. 431; 239 N.W.2d 623 (1976). See generally Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 51. In the typical case, indemnity is available only if the party seeking it is not `actively' negligent. Husted v Consumers Power Co, 376 Mich. 41; 135 N.W.2d 370 (1965), Nanasi v General Motors Corp, 56 Mich. App. 652; 224 N.W.2d 914 (1974), McLouth Steel Corp v A E Anderson Construction Corp, 48 Mich. App. 424; 210 N.W.2d 448 (1973). In determining this, the court looks to the primary plaintiff's complaint. If that complaint alleges only `active' negligence, as opposed to derivative liability, the defendant is not entitled to common law indemnity. Prosky v National Acme Co, 404 F. Supp. 852 (ED Mich, 1975) (decided under Michigan law), Minster Machine Co v Diamond Stamping Co, 72 Mich. App. 58; 248 N.W.2d 676 (1976). Accord, Jordan v Solventol Chemical Products, Inc, 74 Mich. App. 113; 253 N.W.2d 676 (1977)."
See, also, Darin Armstrong, Inc v Ben Agree Co, 88 Mich. App. 128; 276 N.W.2d 869 (1979), 41 Am Jur 2d, Indemnity, § 20, pp 706-710.
The gravamen of the principal complaint is contained in paragraphs nine through twelve. Those paragraphs allege that the defendants breached their duties to provide decedent with a safe place to work, to warn decedent of hidden dangers, and to make adequate safety inspections. These allegations clearly claim active negligence on the part of defendants rather than vicarious liability.
Defendants point to paragraph ten of the principal complaint in support of their argument that it alleges vicarious liability. Paragraph ten avers that Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company and Kaiser Engineering of Michigan, Inc., defendants, breached their duty to ensure that the highly dangerous activities which were taking place at the construction project were being done in a safe manner.
There is a split of authority in this Court on the issue of whether invocation of the "inherently dangerous activity doctrine" can be construed as constituting a vicarious liability claim. Mulcahy v Argo Steel Construction Co, 4 Mich. App. 116, 127; 144 N.W.2d 614 (1966), and Nanasi v General Motors Corp, 56 Mich. App. 652; 224 N.W.2d 914 (1974), support defendants' position. However, we believe that the better view is found in Witucke v Presque Isle Bank, 68 Mich. App. 599, 610; 243 N.W.2d 907 (1976), where this Court held that the inherently dangerous activity doctrine presents a claim of active rather than passive negligence. The Court in Witucke stated:
"We believe that any liability for injuries resulting from `inherently dangerous' activities of Midwest as an independent contractor properly remained in the case. Although the `inherently dangerous' doctrine is not without some confusion, see Funk v General Motors Corp, 392 Mich. 91, 128-129; 220 N.W.2d 641 (1974), (COLEMAN, J., dissenting), we believe that an essential element of the doctrine is the failure of the principal to see that all appropriate precautions are taken by the one to perform the inherently dangerous task. The doctrine, in short, says that the principal is negligent, and hence liable, because it has allowed the independent contractor to be negligent in performing the job. There is a nondelegable duty to see that the work is done with the requisite degree of care; when the contractor fails in fulfilling its duty of care, the principal has breached its own precautionary duty." (Emphasis added.)
See, also, Tiffany v The Christman Co, 93 Mich. App. 267, 285-286; 287 N.W.2d 199 (1979), where the Court held:
"The third-party complaint alleged a claim for both common-law and contractual indemnification. However, the jury was instructed only on the latter theory. This was proper, because a party must prove that it is free from active causal fault to be entitled to common-law indemnity. Minster Machine Co v Diamond Stamping Co, 72 Mich. App. 58, 62; 248 N.W.2d 676 (1976). There was no theory of liability alleged in this case where Daverman could be held liable without there being some determination of fault on its part. Even if the jury concluded that the work involved was inherently dangerous, the liability imposed upon Daverman would not be based upon a theory of respondeat superior, but rather upon a finding of negligence on Daverman's part."
We believe that Witucke and Tiffany more closely follow precedent set by the Michigan Supreme Court concerning the inherently dangerous activity doctrine. See Funk v General Motors Corp, 392 Mich. 91, 108-109; 220 N.W.2d 641 (1974), and McDonough v General Motors Corp, 388 Mich. 430; 201 N.W.2d 609 (1972).
The trial court correctly ruled that defendants did not state a claim upon which relief could be granted by reason of the fact that the principal complaint alleged no vicarious liability.
Affirmed. Costs to third-party defendant, W K Erectors, Inc.