Opinion
Docket No. 77946.
Decided April 7, 1986. Leave to appeal applied for.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, and Christopher D. Dobyns, Assistant Attorney General, for plaintiff.
Lee Boothby, for defendant.
On April 11, 1984, the circuit court entered an order enjoining defendant Emmanuel Baptist Bible Church from operating the defendant Emmanuel Baptist Pre-School without a license, and declaring the pre-school exempt on First Amendment grounds from complying with certain Department of Social Services licensing requirements if and when it seeks licensure. Plaintiff DSS appeals as of right from that portion of the order holding the pre-school partially exempt from compliance. Defendants cross-appeal from that portion of the order enjoining them from operating an unlicensed child care center. We affirm the order requiring licensure, but reverse that part of the order finding exemptions.
I. BACKGROUND
Defendant Emmanuel Baptist Bible Church is a fundamentalist Baptist church which operates the Emmanuel Baptist Pre-School. In 1974, the church received a provisional license permitting care of up to 20 children, ages 2 1/2 to 6 years. Two more provisional licenses were issued in 1975, and the pre-school received regular licensure in 1976. DSS representatives inspected the pre-school in 1978 and noted rule violations of which the church was informed in 1979. Pastor Harold Asire and Mark Asire, the pre-school's principal, informed DSS representatives in May, 1979, that the pre-school no longer desired licensure because of religious principles. The pre-school was delicensed in June, 1979. Notwithstanding, the church continued to operate the pre-school in violation of 1973 PA 116, § 5(1); MCL 722.115(1); MSA 25.358(15)(1).
DSS sought a declaratory judgment holding that the pre-school was subject to the licensing requirements of the child care organizations act, as amended, MCL 722.111 et seq.; MSA 25.358(11) et seq., (the act), and sought to enjoin unlicensed operation of the pre-school. The church alleged as affirmative defenses that the Legislature had improperly delegated licensing authority to the DSS, that the child care organizations act was unconstitutional under the First Amendment as applied to the church and created an excessive entanglement between church and state, and that certain pending administrative rules under the act would infringe upon defendant church's First Amendment rights. The lower court, after hearing the evidence, ruled that the church should be required to obtain a license to operate its pre-school, but that neither the DSS administrative rules regulating staff qualifications, program and discipline nor the statute regarding inspection of financial records should be utilized if the church sought licensure. The order provided:
"* * * Defendants are bound by the requirements of the child care organization act, 1973 PA 116, as amended; MCL 722.111 et seq.; MSA 25.258(11) et seq., and the administrative rules promulgated thereunder, pertaining to the licensing of child care centers, subject to the following exceptions:
"1. Defendants should not be required to comply with 1980 AACS R 400.5104(2)(a)(b) (3) [regarding program director qualifications];
"2. Defendants should not be required to comply with 1980 AACS R 400.5106(1)(c) [regarding fostering positive self-concept];
"3. Defendants should not be required to comply with 1980 AACS R 400.5107(2) to the extent that said rule prohibits the use of corporal punishment, provided Defendants' use of corporal punishment at the Emmanuel Baptist Pre-School be reasonable under the circumstances and limited in force and duration;
"4. Sections 2(3)(c) and 5(1) of 1973 PA 116; MCL 722.112(3)(c) and 722.115(1); MSA 25.358(12)(3)(c) and 25.358(15)(1) should not be strictly enforced against Defendant Emmanuel Baptist Bible Church to the extent that said statutory provisions allow Plaintiff to inspect the financial records of Defendant Church;
"IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that subject to the hereinabove enumerated exceptions, Defendants Emmanuel Baptist Bible Church and Emmanuel Baptist Pre-School * * * are hereby enjoined:
"1. From operating an unlicensed child care center in violation of 1973 PA 116, see 5(1); MCL 722.115(1); MSA 25.358(15)(1);
"2. From preventing the Michigan Department of Social Services from investigating and inspecting the operation of the Emmanuel Baptist Pre-School as a child care center for purposes of determining whether the Emmanuel Baptist Pre-School meets minimum licensing standards and determining whether the health, safety and well-being of the children attending the Emmanuel Baptist Pre-School are being protected."
DSS now appeals from the four exceptions to application of the administrative rules which were carved out by the lower court. The church cross-appeals, presenting a challenge to the entire issue of licensure.
II. THE ACT AND THE RULES
The child care organizations act protects children through the licensing and regulation of child care organizations and provides for establishment of standards for child care organizations. Under the act, an entity, such as the church, wishing to operate a child care center must apply for a license. Subsection 2(1) authorizes the DSS to develop rules for the care and protection of children in covered organizations. MCL 722.112(1); MSA 28.358(12)(1). The rules set minimum standards for child care. MCL 722.112(3); MSA 25.358(12)(3).
Prior to June 4, 1980, administrative rules governing child care organizations were those promulgated effective June 14, 1957. See 1979 AC, R 400.120 et seq. Pursuant to subsection 2(1) of the act, DSS promulgated new rules regarding child care licensing, including provisions regarding care of children ages 2 1/2 to 5 years, in 1980 AACS, R 400.5101 et seq., effective June 4, 1980, one year after the church relinquished its license for the pre-school. Under Rule 118, applicants or licensees may request an exemption from the administrative rule if there is clear and convincing evidence that they have an alternative which complies with the intent of the rule. 1980 AACS, R 400.5118.
The rules relate to the daily care of children. For example, the program director must be present a certain number of hours each day, 1980 AACS, R 400.5103. Centers are required to provide children with a daily program of activities. 1980 AACS, R 400.5106. Standards for furniture, play and sleeping equipment are listed, as are nutritional standards. See 1980 AACS, R 400.5108, 400.5109, 400.5110.
III. FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION
The church complained in the lower court that the administrative rules and general licensing requirements burdened its exercise of religion and constituted excessive entanglement with its affairs. We undertake our review in light of these complaints, which have been reasserted on appeal.
The First Amendment's free exercise clause provides that Congress shall make no law "prohibiting the free exercise" of religion. US Const, Am I. While there is an unqualified prohibition against governmental interference with religious beliefs, governmental regulation may lawfully impose an incidental burden on otherwise protected religious conduct. See Wisconsin v Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 220; 92 S Ct 1526; 32 L Ed 2d 15 (1972); Sherbert v Verner, 374 U.S. 398, 403; 83 S Ct 1790; 10 L Ed 2d 965 (1963); Cantwell v Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 303-304; 60 S Ct 900; 84 L Ed 1213 (1940).
The free exercise clause was applied to the states in Gitlow v New York, 268 U.S. 652; 45 S Ct 625; 69 L Ed 1138 (1925).
A balancing test is employed to determine whether government may regulate conduct prompted by religious belief or principle. Yoder, supra, 406 U.S. 221; Sherbert, supra, 374 U.S. 403, 406. First, the belief, or conduct motivated by the belief, must be religious in nature. Second, the party complaining of a free exercise clause violation must show that the regulations under review impose a substantial burden on the exercise of religion. Third, if the complaining party demonstrates that it is burdened by the regulations, the state must have a compelling state purpose for its laws. Relevant to this prong is an inquiry into whether there exists a less restrictive alternative to the regulation. Sherbert, supra, 374 U.S. 403-407. See, also, Sheridan Road Baptist Church v Dep't of Education, 132 Mich. App. 1; 348 N.W.2d 263 (1984), lv den 419 Mich. 916 (1984), reconsideration granted 422 Mich. 857 (1985).
A. Licensure Does Not Burden the Church's Free Exercise of Religion
In the lower court and again on appeal the church asserted that the pre-school is part of its ministry which may be governed by God but not by the state. The lower court held that the burden licensure imposes on the church's free exercise rights was outweighed by the state's interest in protecting children. We affirm this ruling.
Indirect financial or regulatory burdens do not necessarily infringe upon the free exercise of religion. Braunfeld v Brown, 366 U.S. 599, 606; 81 S Ct 1144; 6 L Ed 2d 563 (1961). In the licensure and regulation context, a free exercise claim can succeed only where the rule or statute suppresses the exercise of sincere religious beliefs or the dissemination of religious views, as opposed to regulating the manner in which secular activities are conducted. Murdock v Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105; 63 S Ct 870; 87 L Ed 1292 (1943); Follett v Town of McCormick, 321 U.S. 573; 64 S Ct 717; 88 L Ed 938 (1944); Cox v New Hampshire, 312 U.S. 569; 61 S Ct 762; 85 L Ed 1049 (1941). Under this test, the free exercise clause has not prevented licensure or regulation of facilities such as day care centers. See, e.g., Roloff Evangelistic Enterprises, Inc v Texas, 556 S.W.2d 856 (Tex Civ App, 1977), app dismissed 439 U.S. 803; 99 S Ct 58; 58 L Ed 2d 96, reh den 439 U.S. 998; 99 S Ct 601; 58 L Ed 2d 672 (1977).
Accord, North Carolina v Fayetteville Street Christian School, 42 N.C. App. 665; 258 S.E.2d 459 (1979), vacated and remanded on other grounds 299 N.C. 351; 261 S.E.2d 908 (1980); Kansas ex rel O'Sullivan v Heart Ministries, Inc, 227 Kan. 244; 607 P.2d 1102 (1980); Kansas ex rel Pringle v Heritage Baptist Temple, Inc, 236 Kan. 544; 693 P.2d 1163 (1985); Texas v Corpus Christi People's Baptist Church, Inc, 683 S.W.2d 692 (Tex, 1984).
In the present case, we have no problem with the first and second prongs of the Sherbert test. This claim is undoubtedly rooted in the church's fundamentalist Christian doctrine. Moreover, regulation poses some burden on the free exercise of religion, but not necessarily the burden as described by the church.
The church assails licensure on the general principle that the state has no right to govern the operations of its educational ministry. While we recognize the freedom to hold religious belief is absolute, the freedom to act is not. Cantwell v Connecticut, supra. The act's licensing scheme does not regulate the content of the church's fundamentalist teachings. Rather, it regulates the pre-school's secular activities as a pre-school — i.e., the physical care of 2 1/2 to 5 year olds in attendance there. While the church has shown that it abhors licensure as a general proposition, it has presented no evidence that the DSS has ever attempted to regulate the religious program or suppress the exercise of religious beliefs at the preschool.
See footnote 1, supra.
Even had a specific burden been demonstrated, we are of the opinion that the state's compelling interest in protecting and nurturing its very young children, Prince v Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158; 64 S Ct 438; 88 L Ed 645 (1944), and in licensing and regulating day-care facilities for minor, renders any burden on the church's exercise of religion a constitutionally permissible one.
See cases cited in footnote 3, supra.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm that portion of the trial court's order enjoining the church from operating an unlicensed day-care center.
B. Rule 104(2) Burdens the Church's Free Exercise of Religion But the Burden is Constitutionally Permissible
The church claimed in the lower court that 1980 AACS, R 400.5104(2), which specifies educational qualifications for the program director of a child care organization, unlawfully burdens the free exercise of its religious beliefs. The rule provides, in pertinent part:
"(2) With respect to the qualifications for program director, a center shall comply with either of the following subdivisions:
"(a) A program director shall have completed a minimum of 60 semester hours of credit at an accredited college or university and shall have completed not less than 12 semester hours in child development, child psychology, or early childhood education. * * *
"(b) A program director shall have been awarded the child development associate credential by the child development associate consortium and shall have completed not less than 12 semester hours in child development, child psychology, or early childhood education at an accredited college or university. * * *
"(3) A Center shall keep on file verification of the education qualifications of the program director and the credential qualifications, as applicable."
The church selects its pre-school director and teaching staff from fundamentalist Christian colleges such as Bob Jones University and Tennessee Temple University, which shun accreditation on Biblical grounds. Persons who have attended accredited schools are acceptable if they are born-again Christians. The lower court held that Rule 104 usurps the church's prerogative to select staff for its ministerial program and prevents the church from selecting a director from a college which holds beliefs compatible with its own. DSS challenges this ruling. We reverse, as we find that the rule poses a constitutionally insignificant burden on the church's free exercise of religion.
Rule 104 guards against the risks of operating a child care center under the guidance of an unqualified individual. As applied to the church, the rule regulates who may or may not head a child care center based upon their decision to attend an accredited college or university or a non-accredited fundamentalist school. In this manner it burdens the church's free exercise of religion. However, the lower court record does not support a finding that Rule 104 as applied imposes a significant burden on defendants' free exercise of religion. There was evidence that DSS has developed certain steps to determine whether a college or university is "accredited" for the purposes of enforcing 1980 AACS, R 400.5104. Under the policy, the many in-state and out-of-state colleges which accept credits from institutions such as Bob Jones University and Tennessee Temple University provide a means for "accreditation" for those schools. Moreover, under Rule 118, 1980 AACS, R 400.5118, a licensed applicant may be exempted from any administrative rule if there is clear and convincing evidence that an alternative complies with the intent of the administrative rule. These rules, if used by the church, provide a method of avoiding the burdens posed by Rule 104. As the church has two ways to avoid the burden imposed by Rule 104, we do not see the church's claims as constitutionally significant.
The pre-school's goal is to provide religious education as part of its ministry. Children are given Bible instruction with the remainder of time devoted to integrating Biblical principles with the rest of the program.
Moreover, the state's compelling interest in assuring that program directors posses minimal qualifications is of sufficient magnitude to override any burden imposed upon the church in finding teachers from "accredited" institutions. The care and protection of children is a matter of "paramount importance" to the state. Fisher v Fisher, 118 Mich. App. 227, 232-233; 324 N.W.2d 582 (1982), lv den 414 Mich. 919 (1982); Prince v Massachusetts, supra. There was testimony in the lower court that setting minimum educational standards for program directors in child care centers is a necessary means of protecting the state's interest in the safety and welfare of pre-school age children. There was also evidence that program quality increases where the program director has more training and that the quality of a child care center hinges directly on the quality of its director.
This Court recognized in Sheridan Road Baptist Church, supra, that the state has an interest in the quality of education, but that the state's interest must be balanced against the free exercise rights of others. The issue is whether the regulations reasonably effectuate the broader compelling state interest of providing education to all children. 132 Mich. App. 22. We believe Rule 104 is an eminently reasonable means to foster the state's interest in providing young children with quality pre-school programs.
C. Rule 106 Does Not Burden the Church's Free Exercise Rights
1980 AACS, R 400.5106(1)(c) requires child care centers to provide a program which fosters a "positive self-concept" among children:
"Rule 106. (1) A center shall provide a program of daily activities and relationships that offers opportunities for the development growth of each child in the following areas:
* * *
"(c) Emotional development, including positive self — concept." (Emphasis added.)
The church claims this rule unlawfully burdens the free exercise of its religious beliefs. The church teaches children the doctrine of innate depravity of mankind, which holds that all human beings are sinners in need of salvation. In the lower court, the church expressed concern that a DSS inspector might misinterpret the teaching of this doctrine as being contrary to Rule 106(1)(c), and deny or revoke licensure on that basis. The church also assails the rule as promoting "secular humanism", as opposed to fundamentalist doctrine. The lower court held that the church did not have to comply with Rule 106 because the rule espouses humanistic values which directly conflict with the church's fundamentalist beliefs.
However, at trial it was established that the church does not oppose a child's having a positive self-concept, so long as it is within its religious framework. The church's apparent concern was that non-fundamentalists would not be able to understand that a fundamentalist Christian could have a positive self-concept and also be aware of his depraved condition as a human being. The DSS and the church, it is feared, might clash on this issue time and again in the future. A DSS representative testified that the doctrinal position that each individual is depraved would not contradict the "positive self-concept" rule. The rule, the representative indicated, speaks to the way children are handled, i.e., whether they are belittled or demeaned by adults, or made to feel inferior to other children. DSS did not oppose the teaching of doctrine so long as it is age-appropriate. There was also testimony that almost any reasonable program would stand the test of this rule. Under it, a day care center may adopt the methodology of its choice.
The church evidences great concern about the potential for abuse in the "positive self-concept" rule, but fails to show any actual infringement which has burdened its free exercise of religion. We will not invalidate a statutory scheme merely because it may be subject to an unconstitutional interpretation. Sheridan Road Baptist Church, supra, pp 26-27. Here, we have no specific instance of the state's intrusion upon the church's religious doctrinal freedom through imposition of the "positive self-concept" rule. We therefore hold that Rule 106(1)(c) is a rational means to serve the state's interest in protecting a child's emotional well-being while at a day care facility, and that the church must be required to abide by it.
Even had we found Rule 106 to burden the church's free exercise of religion, the state's compelling interest in protecting the emotional well-being of pre-school-age children who receive out-of-home care overrides any minimal intrusion on defendants' free exercise of religion.
D. Rule 107(2) Burdens the Church's Free Exercise of Religion But the Burden is Outweighed by the State's Interest in Protecting Children
1980 AACS, R 400.5107 prohibits corporal punishment by a child care center staff member:
"(2) Staff shall be prohibited from using the following as a means of punishment:
"(a) Hitting, shaking, biting, pinching, or inflicting a form of corporal punishment.
"(b) Restricting a child's movement by binding or tieing him or her.
"(c) Inflicting mental or emotional punishment, such as humiliating, shaming, or threatening a child.
"(d) Depriving a child of meals, snacks, rest, or necessary toilet use.
"(e) Confining a child in an enclosed area, such as a closet, locked room, box, or similar cubicle."
On May 19, 1980, the DSS issued an interpretative guideline which permits the use of spanking a child care centers under specific circumstances. Instructional Memorandum No. 80-09, which was introduced at trial, provides in pertinent part:
"The interpretation, outlined below, should not be construed to mean that the Department encourages spanking. In fact, technical assistance should be provided to enable licensees to comply by other methods which are clearly preferred.
"Interpretation outline: If spanking is to be used, as a form of discipline, it is to be in accordance with subrule (4) of new Administrative Rule 5107 — Discipline, and in accordance with the following:
"(a) A child is not to be spanked on any part of his or her body, except the buttocks.
"(b) The buttocks are to be protected with the child's clothing.
"(c) Only the program director of a caregiver is to spank a child.
"(d) No instrument is to be used to spank a child, except the open palm of the program director's or caregiver's hand.
"(e) The spanking is to be brief in duration and reasonably light in force." (Emphasis added.)
The church adheres to a literal interpretation of the Biblical admonition: "Spare the rod, spoil the child". At the pre-school, teachers spank children using a ping pong paddle, as it is believed that the Biblical injunction requires the use of a "rod" as opposed to the hand. The church asserted in the lower court that Rule 107 unlawfully burdens the free exercise of its religious beliefs. The lower court agreed with the church, ordering that the church need not comply with the rule to the extent that it prohibits the use of corporal punishment, so long as punishment at the pre-school was reasonable under the circumstances and limited in force and duration. In our view, the lower court erred in ruling that the church need not refrain from corporal punishment using a ping pong paddle. Additionally, the lower court failed to balance the state's interest in enforcing the corporal punishment rule against the burden to the church.
The state's interest is clear and compelling. The rule protects very young children from physical harm by prohibiting potentially abusive forms of discipline. Child abuse by adults is a major risk to children receiving daily out-of-home care in day-care centers. Children in age ranges 2 1/2 to 6 are not likely to protest abusive punishment. Thus, although the prohibition against spanking with a ping pong paddle burdens the church's free exercise of its religious beliefs, the state's interest in protecting its very young outweighs the burden. In so holding, we recognize that some practices rooted in religious principle may be dangerous to the health and welfare of certain members of society. See Kansas ex rel Pringle v Heritage Baptist Temple, Inc, 236 Kan. 544, 549-550; 693 P.2d 1163 (1985). It is not beyond the power of government to prevent such practices through regulation.
E. MCL 722.112(3)(c); MSA 25.358(12)(3)(c) and MCL 722.115(1); MSA 25.358(15)(1) Do Not Burden the Church's Free Exercise of Its Religious Beliefs
The church claimed in the court below that both MCL 722.112(3)(c); MSA 25.358(12)(3)(c) and MCL 722.115(1); MSA 25.358(15)(1), which authorize the DSS to inspect the financial records of child care organizations, place an unlawful burden on the exercise of its religious beliefs. The two subsections provide:
"(3) The rules promulgated under this act shall be restricted to:
* * *
"(c) The general financial ability and competence of applicants to provide necessary care for children and to maintain prescribed standards." (Emphasis added.) MCL 722.112(3)(c); MSA 25.358(12)(3)(c).
"Sec. 5. (1) A person, partnership, firm, corporation, association, or nongovernmental organization shall not establish or maintain a child care organization unless licensed or registered by the department. Application for a license or certificate of registration shall be made on forms provided, and in the manner prescribed, by the department. Before issuing or renewing a license, the department shall investigate the activities and proposed standards of care of the applicant and shall make an on-site visit of the proposed or established organization. If the department is satisfied as to the need for a child care organization, its financial stability, the good moral character of the applicant, and that the services and facilities are conducive to the welfare of the children, the license shall be issued or renewed." (Emphasis added.) MCL 722.115(1); MSA 25.358(15)(1).
The trial court held that these sections should not be strictly enforced against the church to the extent that they allow plaintiff to inspect the church's financial records. We do not find evidence in the record to support the notion that §§ 2(3)(c) and 5(1) of 1973 PA 116, as applied to the church, burden its free exercise of religion. The church asserts that "the above-cited provisions, without question, present the potential of government intrusion into church affairs" and "they are vague and standardless provisions".
In August, 1974, Pastor Harold Asire completed DSS's then-existing financial form DSS-3603 as part of his application for a license to operate the pre-school. Pastor Asire did not testify as to how complying with this requirement infringed upon the pre-school's free exercise of religion. The use of form DSS-3603 and the requirement for applicants to submit a financial statement was discontinued by a policy memorandum issued in September, 1974. A DSS representative also testified that DSS does not investigate the financial records of child care organizations during initial or periodic on-site investigations. In light of this evidence, we find it difficult to determine how §§ 2(3)(c) and 5(1) as applied have ever burdened the church's free exercise of religion. The church seems to be voicing a general objection to governmental intrusion into church affairs through licensing.
We reverse the holding of the lower court that these sections, to the extent that they allow plaintiff to inspect the church's financial records, should not be strictly enforced against the church.
F. The Establishment Clause
The church argues that the licensing scheme in the act violates the establishment clause because it creates an "excessive entanglement" between church and state. On appeal, DSS challenges the lower court's holding that the administrative rule regarding the qualifications of a program director violates the establishment clause.
The establishment clause provides: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion * * *." US Const, Am I. The United States Supreme Court has fashioned a three-part inquiry for determining whether governmental action violates the establishment clause: (1) the law in question must reflect a clearly secular purpose, (2) the law must have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion, (3) the law must avoid excessive government entanglement with religion. Committee for Public Education Religious Liberty v Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756, 772-773; 93 S Ct 2955; 37 L Ed 2d 948 (1973), adopted in Michigan in Citizens to Advance Public Education v State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 65 Mich. App. 168; 237 N.W.2d 232 (1975), lv den 397 Mich. 854 (1976). The establishment clause protects against state "censorship, financial support and active involvement" in religious activity. Walz v Tax Comm, 397 U.S. 664, 668; 90 S Ct 1409; 25 L Ed 2d 697 (1970).
The establishment clause was applied to the states in Everson v Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1, 15-16; 67 S Ct 504; 91 L Ed 711 (1947), reh den 330 U.S. 855; 67 S Ct 962; 91 L Ed 1297 (1947).
The issue of whether any part of the child care licensure scheme violates the First Amendment is not an establishment clause issue at all. Establishment clause cases refer to allegations of aid to or sponsorship of religion, either through the granting of public aid to religious schools, Citizens to Advance Public Education, supra, the granting of tax-exempt status to religious organizations, Walz, supra, or the allowing of religious practices such as prayer to take place in public locations, Wallace v Jaffree, 472 US ___; 105 S Ct 2479; 86 L Ed 2d 29 (1985). The mandates of the licensure scheme have nothing to do with the establishment of a religion. As licensure of day-care centers is within the area of permissible state involvement with religious institutions, we think that the trial court erred in concluding the 1980 AACS, R 400.5104(2), establishing educational requirements of program directors, constitutes excessive governmental entanglement with church affairs. Moreover, application of the rule does not require continuous state involvement in the operation of the pre-school, but only requires "occasional communication between the two entities".
V. VAGUENESS
We reject the church's last claim that the licensing rules are unconstitutionally vague, subjective and ambiguous. We think the rules are as precise as the subject matter permits. Sheridan Road Baptist Church, supra, pp 25-26. Even if the "positive self-concept" rule were more narrowly and precisely drawn by specifying the program content and the methods of carrying out that program content, objections identical to those raised in this case would undoubtedly have been raised.
Defendants also claim that the Legislature unconstitutionally delegated its legislative power because it failed to articulate standards in conferring authority upon the DSS to promulgate rules under § 2 of the act. The Michigan Constitution provides for separation of powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, and thus prohibits exercise of the powers of one branch by another except where expressly permitted by the constitution. Const 1963, art 3, § 2. We think § 2 of the act provides sufficient standards for promulgation of rules by the department, and therefore contains standards "as reasonably precise as the subject matter requires or permits", so that the separation of powers doctrine is not violated. Osius v St Clair Shores, 344 Mich. 693, 698; 75 N.W.2d (1956); Westervelt v Natural Resources Comm, 402 Mich. 412, 434; 263 N.W.2d 564 (1978).
VI. CONCLUSION
The lower court was correct in one respect and in error in several others. First, the lower court's decision to require the church to operate a licensed pre-school was correct. However, we find the four exemptions to the licensing requirements carved by the lower court were erroneous and reverse the lower court on all four. Moreover, we do not find that any action by DSS violated the establishment clause in this case, nor do we find any merit in the church's claim that the licensing rules are unconstitutionally vague.
Affirmed in part; reversed in part.