Opinion
Case No. 1:04-CR-192 Case No. 1:14-CV-199
08-03-2017
RHYAN C. DRIGGANS, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent.
Magistrate Judge Christopher H. Steger
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before the Court are the following motions: (1) a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255; and (2) a supplemental § 2255 motion filed by petitioner Rhyan C. Driggans. Petitioner's motions challenge his enhanced sentence as an armed career criminal under the Armed Career Criminal Act ("ACCA"), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), pursuant to Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). In light of both Johnson and the recent en banc decision of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Stitt, 860 F.3d 854 (6th Cir. 2017), it now is undisputed that petitioner no longer qualifies as an armed career criminal under the ACCA. Accordingly, petitioner's § 2255 motion [Doc. 19] and supplemental § 2255 motion [Doc. 28] will be GRANTED.
The Supreme Court has determined that Johnson, which invalidated the residual clause of the ACCA as unconstitutionally vague, announced a new "substantive rule that has retroactive effect in cases on collateral review." Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1268 (2016); see also In Re Watkins, 810 F.3d 375, 381-85 (6th Cir. 2015).
I. BACKGROUND
On December 15, 2004, a grand jury sitting in the Eastern District of Tennessee returned a two-count indictment charging petitioner with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and possession of a stolen firearm in violation of § 922(j) [Doc. 1]. On August 1, 2005, petitioner entered a plea of guilty as to count one [Doc. 14].
The presentence investigation report ("PSIR") identified three previous convictions for a violent felony, which qualified petitioner as an armed career criminal under the ACCA: (1) a 1997 conviction for burglary in the Catoosa County, Georgia, Superior Court [PSIR ¶ 24]; (2) a 1999 conviction for aggravated burglary in the Hamilton County, Tennessee, Criminal Court [PSIR ¶ 26]; and, (3) a 1999 conviction for burglary in the Catoosa County, Georgia, Superior Court [PSIR ¶ 28]. As an armed career criminal, petitioner was subject to a statutory mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years, and his advisory guideline sentence was 180 months [PSIR ¶¶ 50, 51]. On November 14, 2005, petitioner was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 180 months and a term of supervised release of four years [Doc. 16]. Petitioner did not file a direct appeal.
Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B), petitioner's offense level as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) was 33 [PSIR ¶ 18]. Following a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, his total offense level was 30 [PSIR ¶ 18], which, with a criminal history category of IV [PSIR ¶ 32, 33], resulted in an advisory guideline range of 135 to 168 months [PSIR ¶ 51]. However, because the statutory minimum sentence of not less than 15 years under the ACCA is greater than the maximum of the applicable guideline range, petitioner's guideline sentence was the statutory minimum sentence of 180 months pursuant to U.S.S.G. §5G1.1(b) [Id.].
Count two of the indictment was dismissed upon government motion [Doc. 16 p. 1].
On June 20, 2014, petitioner, through court-appointed counsel, filed a § 2255 motion challenging his armed career criminal status based on the Supreme Court's decision in Descamps v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2276 (2013) [Doc. 19]. On June 1, 2016, petitioner, again through court-appointed counsel, filed a supplemental § 2255 motion raising an additional challenge to his armed career criminal status based on the Supreme Court's invalidation of the ACCA residual clause in Johnson [Doc. 28].
The government's motion to defer ruling on petitioner's motion pending an en banc decision from the Sixth Circuit in United States v. Stitt, 646 Fed. App'x 454 (6th Cir. 2016), was granted by the Court on October 20, 2016 [Doc. 38]. On June 27, 2017, the Sixth Circuit held that a conviction of aggravated burglary under Tennessee law does not qualify as a violent felony predicate offense under the ACCA. United States v. Stitt, 860 F.3d at 856.
On July 26, 2017, the parties filed a joint status report, in which they agreed that petitioner no longer qualifies as an armed career criminal in light of Johnson and Stitt [Doc. 39].
II. ANALYSIS
1. TIMELINESS
Section 2255(f) places a one-year period of limitation on all petitions for collateral relief under § 2255 which runs from the latest of: (1) the date on which the judgment of conviction becomes final; (2) the date on which the impediment to making a motion created by governmental action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if the movant was prevented from making a motion by such governmental action; (3) the date on which the right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if that right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or (4) the date on which the facts supporting the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f).
Claims based on the Supreme Court's opinion in Johnson satisfy the third sub-category—the assertion of a newly recognized right made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review. Welch v. United States, 136 S. Ct. at 1268 (Johnson constitutes a new substantive rule of constitutional law made retroactively applicable on collateral review); In Re Watkins, 810 F.3d at 381-85. The one-year limitation period for filing a motion to vacate based on a right newly recognized by the Supreme Court runs from the date on which the Supreme Court initially recognized the right asserted, not from the date on which the right asserted was made retroactively applicable. Dodd v. United States, 545 U.S. 353, 357 (2005). Accordingly, Johnson triggered a renewed one-year period of limitation beginning on the date of that decision, June 26, 2015, and running until June 26, 2016.
In this case, petitioner filed his supplemental § 2255 motion on June 1, 2016, which falls safely within the one-year window for requesting collateral relief under Johnson.
2. STANDARD OF REVIEW
To obtain relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, a petitioner must demonstrate "(1) an error of constitutional magnitude; (2) a sentence imposed outside the statutory limits; or (3) an error of fact or law . . . so fundamental as to render the entire proceeding invalid." McPhearson v. United States, 675 F.3d 553, 558-59 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Mallett v. United States, 334 F.3d 491, 496-97 (6th Cir. 2003)). Petitioner "must clear a significantly higher hurdle than would exist on direct appeal" and establish a "fundamental defect in the proceedings which necessarily results in a complete miscarriage of justice or an egregious error violative of due process." Fair v. United States, 157 F.3d 427, 430 (6th Cir. 1998).
3. PETITIONER'S JOHNSON CLAIM
A felon who possesses a firearm normally faces a maximum penalty of ten years' imprisonment, 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2), and three years' supervised release. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3559(a)(3) and 3583(b)(2). However, if that felon possesses the firearm after having sustained three prior convictions "for a violent felony or serious drug offense, or both," the ACCA requires a fifteen-year minimum sentence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), and increases the maximum supervised release term to five years, 18 U.S.C. §§ 3559(a)(1) and 3583(b)(1). The ACCA defines a "violent felony" as "any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year" that: (1) "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another" (the "use-of-physical-force clause"); (2) "is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives" (the "enumerated-offense clause"); or, (3) "otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another" (the "residual clause"). 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B).
In Johnson, the Supreme Court determined that the residual clause of the ACCA is unconstitutionally vague, holding "that imposing an increased sentence under the residual clause ... violates the Constitution's guarantee of due process." 135 S. Ct. at 2563. Johnson did not automatically invalidate all ACCA sentences, however, emphasizing that its holding "d[id] not call into question application of the Act to the four enumerated offenses, or the remainder of the Act's definition of a violent felony." Id.; see also United States v. Kemmerling, 612 F. App'x 373, 376 (6th Cir. 2015) (explicitly finding that Johnson did not affect the ACCA's use-of-physical-force clause). Thus, under Johnson, an ACCA sentence only raises due process concerns—and thus is invalid—if it necessarily was based on predicate violent felonies that qualified as such only under the ACCA's residual clause.
In this case, one of Petitioner's three predicate offenses was a conviction for aggravated burglary in violation of Tenn. Code. Ann. § 39-14-403 [PSR ¶ 26]. Petitioner contends, inter alia, that aggravated burglary could qualify as a predicate offense only under the stricken residual clause of the ACCA. In response, the government initially cited then-binding Sixth Circuit precedent holding that a conviction for aggravated burglary under the Tennessee statute qualifies as an ACCA predicate under the enumerated-offense clause. United States v. Nance, 481 F.3d 882, 888 (6th Cir. 2007).
However, in the en banc Stitt decision, the Sixth Circuit overruled Nance and expressly held that aggravated burglary is not a violent felony for purposes of the ACCA. 860 F.3d at 860-61. Applying a categorical approach, the Court determined that the Tennessee aggravated burglary statute "sweeps more broadly than generic burglary" and thus cannot qualify as a violent felony under the enumerated-offense clause. Id. at 861. Because the statute categorically is not a violent felony, and is indivisible, the Sixth Circuit concluded that a conviction under the Tennessee aggravated burglary statute does not count as a violent felony under the ACCA. Id. at 862.
Because a conviction for aggravated burglary does not qualify as a violent felony under the first two clauses of § 924(e)(2)(B), and Johnson invalidated the residual clause, petitioner's aggravated burglary conviction under the Tennessee statute can no longer serve as a predicate offense under the ACCA. Furthermore, absent that conviction, petitioner no longer has the requisite three prior convictions of a violent felony or a serious drug offense necessary to subject him to the ACCA's enhanced penalties.
The parties acknowledge that aggravated burglary does not have as an element the use, attempted use or threatened use of force and therefore cannot qualify as a violent felony under the "use-of-physical-force" clause of the ACCA [Doc. 39 p. 2]. --------
Accordingly, the Johnson and Stitt decisions dictate that petitioner no longer can be designated an armed career criminal under § 924(e). As a result, the 180-month term of imprisonment and 4-year term of supervised release imposed by the Court exceed the maximum authorized sentence of not more than ten years' imprisonment and not more than three years' supervised release for a non-ACCA offender convicted of a violation of § 922(g)(1). See 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2) and 18 U.S.C. §§ 3559(a)(3) and 3583(b)(2). Under these circumstances, the Court finds petitioner is entitled to § 2255 relief, as he has been subjected to "a sentence imposed outside the statutory limits." McPhearson, 675 F.3d at 559.
Where a § 2255 claim has merit, a district court "shall vacate and set the judgment aside" and, "as may appear appropriate," shall either "discharge the prisoner or resentence him or grant a new trial or correct the sentence." 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b); see also Ajan v. United States, 731 F.3d 629, 633 (6th Cir. 2013). In this case, the parties submit that the appropriate relief would be to correct petitioner's sentence at count one to a sentence of time served and to reduce the supervised release term imposed at that count to 3 years. The Court agrees that a corrected sentence is the most appropriate form of relief in this case and will enter an order accordingly.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth herein, the Court finds that petitioner is entitled to relief under § 2255 and will grant petitioner's § 2255 motion [Doc. 19] and supplemental § 2255 motion [Doc. 28]. As petitioner already has served approximately 154 months in prison [Doc. 39 p. 3], a total exceeding the ten-year custodial maximum applicable to him post-Johnson, petitioner's term of imprisonment will be corrected and reduced to a sentence of "time served" on count one of the indictment. While petitioner is entitled to discharge from custody, this order will not take effect until ten days from its entry so as to give the Bureau of Prisons time to process Petitioner's release. Further, the Judgment imposed on November 14, 2005 [Doc. 16], will be amended to reflect a term of supervised release of three years on count one of the indictment. In all other respects, the Judgment imposed on November 14, 2005, shall remain in full force and effect.
ORDER ACCORDINGLY.
/s/ Travis R. McDonough
TRAVIS R. MCDONOUGH
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE