Summary
In Dorsey v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. (1984), 9 Ohio St.3d 27, a majority of this court, as it is presently constituted, agreed that the doctrine of parental immunity was based on the valid public policy objectives of: preserving family harmony and tranquility, maintaining parental discipline, and avoiding risks of fraud and collusion.
Summary of this case from Kirchner v. CrystalOpinion
No. 82-1662
Decided January 11, 1984.
Negligence — Torts — Parent and child — Probate — Action by unemancipated minor against estate of deceased parent maintainable, when — Parental immunity no bar, when.
O.Jur 3d Family Law § 845.
The doctrine of parental immunity does not bar an action in negligence brought against the estate of a deceased parent and her liability insurance company by the unemancipated minor children. ( Karam v. Allstate Ins. Co., 70 Ohio St.2d 227 [24 O.O.3d 327], overruled.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County.
On August 21, 1978, a vehicle operated by Mildred Dorsey was involved in a collision with another vehicle when the Dorsey vehicle, spinning out of control, travelled left of center. Passengers in the Dorsey vehicle were Mrs. Dorsey's four minor children. Mrs. Dorsey died as a result of the injuries she received from the accident; her children survived but sustained injuries.
Joseph R. Dorsey, surviving spouse and father of the children involved in the accident, brought an action, as next friend, against the estate of Mildred Dorsey, the deceased, alleging that she negligently caused the children's injuries. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, appellee herein, was asked to defend the action based on an automobile liability insurance policy on the Dorsey vehicle, in which Mildred Dorsey was a named insured. Appellee refused to defend and denied that the children were entitled to any recovery under the terms of the policy. Appellee further denied coverage under the uninsured motorist provision partially on the basis of the doctrine of parental immunity.
Appellant herein, Joseph R. Dorsey, as father and legal guardian of the injured children, subsequently instituted a declaratory judgment action against appellee to determine whether the minor children could recover from appellee under the terms of the policy. The trial court determined the doctrine of parental immunity "to be without sufficient justification to warrant its retention and therefore is not followed," and granted appellant's motion for summary judgment.
While appellee's appeal was pending in the court of appeals, this court rendered its decision in Karam v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1982), 70 Ohio St.2d 227 [24 O.O.3d 327]. On the basis of Karam, supra, the court of appeals below reversed the decision of the trial court and held that the doctrine of parental immunity prevented appellant from recovering against appellee or the estate of the deceased parent.
The cause is now before this court pursuant to the allowance of a motion to certify the record.
Richard H. Siegel Co., L.P.A., and Mr. Richard H. Siegel, for appellant.
Meyers, Hentemann, Schneider Rea Co., L.P.A., and Mr. Henry A. Hentemann, for appellee.
The question before the court today is whether an unemancipated minor child may maintain a cause of action in negligence against the estate of the child's deceased parent and her liability insurance company. For the reasons to follow, we answer that question in the affirmative.
In Karam v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1982), 70 Ohio St.2d 227 [24 O.O.3d 327], this court identified the reasons for retention of the doctrine of parental immunity to be: preservation of family tranquility, possible interference with parental discipline and control, risks of fraud and collusion due to the predominance of liability insurance, and potential depletion of family funds. Id. at 228-229. The court in Karam also surveyed the law on parental immunity and found that while a significant number of jurisdictions had abrogated parental immunity, a significant number of jurisdictions had opted to retain it. Id. at fn. 4. Thus, the court concluded in its syllabus:
"An unemancipated child may not recover in a tort action instituted against the administrator of the estate of the child's mother and her liability insurance company for personal injuries received by the child in an automobile accident alleged to be proximately caused by the negligent operation of an automobile, and which results in the mother's death. The immunity arising from the parent-child relationship shall be recognized even though the alleged negligent parent has deceased. ( Teramano v. Teramano, 6 Ohio St.2d 117 [35 O.O.2d 144], followed.)"
We are now in a position to reconsider our decision in Karam.
In Prem v. Cox (1983), 2 Ohio St.3d 149, we recently faced a similar issue in the context of interspousal immunity where the estate of the deceased spouse brings an action against the surviving spouse. In Prem, supra, we held that:
"The doctrine of interspousal immunity does not bar an action for wrongful death brought by the estate of a deceased spouse against the surviving spouse."
The rationale for our decision in Prem was that, when the spouse who is seeking recovery is deceased, the reasons for imposition of the doctrine of interspousal immunity no longer exist. This court stated in Prem, at 151:
"* * * [T]he public policy reasons underlying the doctrine of interspousal immunity lose whatever force they might otherwise have had after the marriage has terminated by the death of one of its partners. Fraud and collusion are unlikely to occur when one spouse is dead and the action is brought by the legal representative of that person's estate. Furthermore, there is no marital peace and harmony to be preserved. It is not realistic to maintain that insurance companies are tactically disadvantaged in this situation. Thus, the reasons for the immunity are irrelevant to a wrongful death action. The doctrine should be confined to cases supported by the traditional justifications."
In the case at bar, the traditional justifications supporting the doctrine of parental immunity are not present where the parent who would normally be able to invoke the immunity is deceased. When the parent-tortfeasor dies, the parent-child relationship terminates insofar as parental immunity is concerned. That is, there is no longer the compelling need to preserve harmony and tranquility between a child and a deceased parent or to insure the ability of the parent to discipline the child. Moreover, the risks of fraud and collusion are considerably lessened where the parent against whom the action is brought is deceased and is no longer capable of fabricating evidence or structuring a lawsuit so as to allow recovery by the child against the parent's insurer.
We hereby overrule Karam v. Allstate Ins. Co. and hold that the doctrine of parental immunity does not bar an action in negligence brought against the estate of a deceased parent and her liability insurance company by the unemancipated minor children.
We are not alone in reaching this conclusion. See, e.g., Brennecke v. Kilpatrick (Mo. 1960), 336 S.W.2d 68; Thurman v. Etherton (Ky. 1970), 459 S.W.2d 402, 403; Johnson v. Myers (1972), 2 Ill. App.3d 844, 277 N.E.2d 778; Sisler v. Seeberger (1979), 23 Wn. App. 612, 596 P.2d 1362.
Accordingly, the judgment of the court of appeals is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.
This is not the first occasion where a change in the membership of the court has produced contrary results on the same issue within a relatively short period of time. See Wilfong v. Batdorf (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 100 (overruling Viers v. Dunlap [1982], 1 Ohio St.3d 173, and Straub v. Voss [1982], 1 Ohio St.3d 182. ) Appellant suggests that this court's decision in Karam does not represent the view of the "duly elected and currently serving" members of this court. It is beyond serious question that this court's decision in Karam, supra, is not subject to attack simply because one justice from the Karam majority was defeated in an intervening election and two judges of the Courts of Appeals sat pursuant to Section 2(A), Article IV of the Ohio Constitution. Nevertheless, this court, as presently constituted, has reached a result which differs from that reached by the majority in Karam. The majority decision in Karam represents an impediment to an injured child's recovering damages where no valid public policy goals stand in the way. As such, the decision reached in Karam shall have no continued application because the result is unjust, irrespective of the source of that determination.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
W. BROWN, SWEENEY, C. BROWN and J.P. CELEBREZZE, JJ., concur.
W. BROWN and C. BROWN, JJ., concur separately.
LOCHER and HOLMES, JJ., dissent.
Because I believe the doctrine of parental immunity should be abolished without the reservation retained by the majority I concur in the judgment only. As I previously stated in my concurrence in Prem v. Cox (1983), 2 Ohio St.3d 149, 152, I strongly believed interspousal immunity to be an outmoded, ineffective, anachronistic and unconstitutional doctrine. The reasons for my belief were amply set forth in my dissenting opinions in Varholla v. Varholla (1978), 56 Ohio St.2d 269, 271 [10 O.O.3d 403]; and Bonkowsky v. Bonkowsky (1982), 69 Ohio St.2d 152, 155 [23 O.O.3d 188]. I see no difference in the justifications, logic and analysis now put forward with regard to parental immunity. Thus, those same reasons lead me to conclude that the doctrine of parental immunity is also outmoded, ineffective, anachronistic and unconstitutional. Consequently, I would abolish parental immunity without the limitations retained by the majority.
C. BROWN, J., concurs in the foregoing concurring opinion.
The doctrine of parental immunity has been firmly established in this state for many years. Accordingly, in Teramano v. Teramano (1966), 6 Ohio St.2d 117 [35 O.O.2d 144], this court held that a parent is immune from suits in tort by his unemancipated minor child unless sufficient facts illustrate abandonment of the parental relationship. Many policy reasons are cited for retention of the parental immunity doctrine. The two most frequently stated, and quite validly so, are protection from fraud and collusion, as well as the preservation of family tranquility. Karam v. Allstate Ins. Co. (1982), 70 Ohio St.2d 227 [24 O.O.3d 327].
In the first instance, it certainly cannot reasonably be claimed that there has been abandonment here. Abandonment requires intent, and to reason that a mother had intended to abandon her children just prior to a fatal automobile accident is obviously ludicrous.
The majority here points to this court's recent decision in Prem v. Cox (1983), 2 Ohio St.3d 149, which abrogated the doctrine of spousal immunity, for authority to abrogate parental immunity. The rationale is that "the traditional justifications supporting the doctrine of parental immunity are not present where the parent who would normally be able to invoke the immunity is deceased."
The Prem decision can be significantly distinguished from this case. The policy reasons, which a majority of this court found to be absent in Prem, are still very much alive in a parental immunity action. By the abolition of this doctrine it will be possible for an injured child to bring an action against the estate of his deceased parent and receive a judgment in excess of the insurance coverage, and then proceed against the remaining assets in the estate to the great disadvantage of other members of the family. In my view, this not only destroys the time-honored parent-child relationship, but also will destroy the relationship between the injured child and his siblings.
The basic reasons for the continuance of the parental immunity doctrine which were pronounced most recently in Karam v. Allstate Ins. Co., supra, are equally controlling today. I believe that the adherence to such doctrine is in the best interests of the citizens of Ohio.
I would affirm the court of appeals.
LOCHER, J., concurs in the foregoing dissenting opinion.