Summary
finding the plaintiff did not have Article III standing in considering preliminary injunction and remanding the complaint to state court
Summary of this case from Page v. Tri-City Healthcare DistrictOpinion
No. CV 11–03795 SVW JENX.
2011-05-25
Jane DOE, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs,v.MATCH.COM, Defendant.
Mark L. Webb, Law Office of Mark L. Webb, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiffs.Joseph E. Laska, III, Robert H. Platt, Manatt Phelps and Phillips LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for Defendant.
Mark L. Webb, Law Office of Mark L. Webb, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiffs.Joseph E. Laska, III, Robert H. Platt, Manatt Phelps and Phillips LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for Defendant.
[13]
STEPHEN V. WILSON, District Judge.
I. Introduction
On May 3, 2011, Match.com (“Defendant”) removed this case from the Los Angeles County Superior Court. Defendant is a popular online dating service with over one million subscribers.
Plaintiff was a subscriber of Defendant's service until January 2011. Plaintiff cancelled her subscription in January 2011, but has since resubscribed after filing this suit. Plaintiff alleges that while she was a subscriber, she utilized the service to meet another subscriber who was a serial sexual predator. Plaintiff alleges that this subscriber forcibly raped her.
Plaintiff alleges that felony charges are pending against the subscriber in Los Angeles Superior Court.
alleges that Defendant could have instituted basic screening procedures to prevent her rape. Plaintiff's Complaint seeks injunctive relief under California Civil Code § 1770(a)(10), which makes unlawful the “[a]dvertising [of] goods or services with intent not to supply reasonably expectable demand....”
The Court previously denied Plaintiff's Temporary Restraining Order (“TRO”), which sought to prohibit Defendant from signing up new members until an effective screening process is in place.
The Court also set a hearing on a Motion for Preliminary Injunction on shortened time. The hearing on the Motion was held on May 23, 2011.
Defendant announced on April 17, 2011 that it would institute a screening process within 60 to 90 days based on the national registry of sex offenders. Dec. of Sharmistha Dubey (“Dubey Decl.”) ¶ 8.
For the reasons stated below, Plaintiff does not have Article III standing and Plaintiff's Complaint is REMANDED to state court.
Though Defendant states that Plaintiff's Complaint may be dismissed because Plaintiff lacks standing, Defendant is incorrect. This action was removed from Los Angeles County Superior Court on May 3, 2011. Where a plaintiff in a removed action lacks federal standing to sue, the action should generally be remanded, not dismissed. Wheeler v. Travelers Ins. Co., 22 F.3d 534, 540 (3d Cir.1994); Maine Ass'n of Interdependent Neighborhoods v. Commissioner, 876 F.2d 1051, 1053–54 (1st Cir.1989); c.f. Goode v. City of Philadelphia, 539 F.3d 311, 326–27 (3d Cir.2008) (dismissing claims without prejudice to refiling in state court); Lee v. American Nat. Ins. Co., 260 F.3d 997, 1006–07 (9th Cir.2001) (holding there was no standing to assert some claims as to one defendant, dismissing claims noting that plaintiff could refile them in state court, and leaving open the possibility that district court could remand, rather than dismiss, the claims over which it had no jurisdiction).
II. Discussion
Standing is an essential component of the Article III, § 2 “case or controversy” requirement. American Civil Liberties Union of Nevada v. Lomax, 471 F.3d 1010, 1015 (9th Cir.2006). “Standing to sue in any Article III court is, of course, a federal question which does not depend on the party's prior standing in state court.” Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 797, 804, 105 S.Ct. 2965, 2970, 86 L.Ed.2d 628 (1985); see also Lee, 260 F.3d at 1001–02 (9th Cir.2001) (“[A] plaintiff whose cause of action is perfectly viable in state court under state law may nonetheless be foreclosed from litigating the same cause of action in federal court, if he cannot demonstrate the requisite injury.”).
Under Article III's standing requirement, a plaintiff seeking injunctive relief bears the burden of showing “that he is under threat of suffering ‘injury in fact’ that is concrete and particularized; the threat must be actual and imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; it must be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and it must be likely that a favorable judicial decision will prevent or redress the injury.” Summers v. Earth Island Institute, 555 U.S. 488, 129 S.Ct. 1142, 1149, 173 L.Ed.2d 1 (2009). When evaluating whether standing is present, courts look to the facts as they exist when the complaint was filed. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 570 n. 4, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 2141 n. 4, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992); Lomax, 471 F.3d at 1015; Clark v. City of Lakewood, 259 F.3d 996, 1008–09 (9th Cir.2001).
In this case, Plaintiff admits that she cancelled her subscription to Defendant's service in January 2011 after an assault by one of Defendant's users. Supp. Dec. of Carole Markin (“Markin Dec.”) ¶ 1; Dubey Dec. ¶ 6. Plaintiff filed
her Complaint in Los Angeles Superior Court in April 2011, and the action was removed in May 2011. Subsequently, after the Court denied Plaintiff's TRO, Plaintiff paid for a six-month subscription on Match.com.
At the Hearing, the Court asked for further clarification regarding Plaintiff's ability to access Defendant's services at the time she filed her Complaint. It is clear that if Plaintiff could neither contact Defendant's users nor be contacted by Defendant's users, she would have no demonstrable injury in fact at the time the Complaint was filed. This is because Plaintiff could not be subject to injury due to Defendant's failure to screen if she could not meet anyone through Defendant's services. However, based on the parties' undisputed representations at the Hearing, Plaintiff could be contacted by other subscribers to arrange meetings even though she had cancelled her subscription.
Plaintiff has not met her burden in showing Article III standing under City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 103 S.Ct. 1660, 75 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983) and its progeny.
In Lyons, the plaintiff sued the City of Los Angeles for injunctive relief, alleging that the Los Angeles Police Department had a policy and practice of using unconstitutional chokeholds. On one prior occasion, the plaintiff had been subject to serious bodily injury when police officers used a chokehold during a traffic stop. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court ruled that the plaintiff did not have standing to seek injunctive relief, though the Court did not foreclose a claim for damages. The Court reasoned that the plaintiff's standing to seek an injunction was dependent on his likelihood of suffering future injury from a police officer's use of a chokehold. The Court held that “[a]bsent a sufficient likelihood that he will again be wronged in a similar way, Lyons is no more entitled to an injunction than any other citizen of Los Angeles....” Id. at 111, 103 S.Ct. 1660; see also Lujan, 504 U.S. at 562, 112 S.Ct. 2130 (holding that plaintiffs seeking injunction requiring application of certain environmental policies abroad did not have standing because plaintiffs did not show likelihood that they would be injured in the future by destruction of endangered species abroad despite presenting declarations that they may visit foreign countries to see endangered animals in the future).
Although neither side raises Lyons, the Court has an independent obligation to consider justiciability issues sua sponte. RK Ventures, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 307 F.3d 1045, 1056 (9th Cir.2002).
Here, Plaintiff has presented no evidence that she plans to use Defendant's services to meet other users. In fact, Plaintiff has stated that she only resubscribed because “it came to my attention that I needed to be a member of Match to file a class action suit in Federal Court....” Markin Dec. ¶ 2. Plaintiff's counsel also represents that Plaintiff has not answered any e-mails inquiring of her availability for dates since the alleged assault. Reply at 2. Thus, the undisputed facts of this case show a more tenuous likelihood of future injury than those in Lyons or Lujan. In Lyons, whether or not a Los Angeles police officer applied a chokehold at any given moment was not within the plaintiff's control, but the Court found the plaintiff lacked standing. In Lujan, the plaintiffs presented affirmative evidence that they plan to visit countries to view endangered species, but the Court held that evidence was of no moment. Here, by contrast, Plaintiff has affirmatively indicated that she only resubscribed for the purposes of filing a class action and did not use Defendant's services to meet users after the alleged assault. Plaintiff's statements suggest that she does not intend to use Defendant's services for future dates, diminishing the possibility that she
could suffer any injury caused by Defendant's failure to screen for sexual offenders.
Even if Plaintiff's own admissions suggesting that she plans to avoid Defendant's services are ignored, Plaintiff has not shown that she has a greater likelihood of injury than any of Defendant's other one million subscribers and millions of members nationwide. As in Lyons, the mere fact that Plaintiff has suffered past harm does not itself show a sufficient probability of future harm. Lyons, 461 U.S. at 102, 103 S.Ct. 1660. Plaintiff's claim relies upon a chain of speculative contingencies—she must first utilize Defendant's services, choose to communicate with another known sex offender out of the millions of available users, go on a date with the user, and be sexually assaulted. Courts have found that a litigant does not have standing to seek injunctive relief on behalf of an unnamed class when the litigant's claim depends on such a chain of speculative contingencies. See Lee v. State of Oregon, 107 F.3d 1382, 1389–90 (9th Cir.1997) (holding two terminally-ill plaintiffs had no standing to bring class action suit challenging Oregon's Death With Dignity Act); Nelsen v. King County, 895 F.2d 1248, 1252–54 (9th Cir.1990) (collecting cases and holding plaintiffs, recovering alcoholics, had no standing to bring class suit against alcohol treatment center even though plaintiffs presented statistical evidence that they had as high as a 75% probability of returning to the center because they would have to remain indigent, relapse, be prosecuted for alcohol related offense, and elect to return).
III. Conclusion
Plaintiff does not have Article III standing to assert her claim for injunctive relief. Plaintiff's Complaint is REMANDED to Los Angeles County Superior Court.
IT IS SO ORDERED.