Summary
stating that "battery committed in the performance of a public duty" requires "excessive force"
Summary of this case from Tardif v. City of New YorkOpinion
2014-05-27
Candida DISLA, etc., Plaintiff–Appellant, v. The CITY OF NEW YORK, et al., Defendants–Respondents.
Emery Celli Brinckerhoff & Abady LLP, New York (Ilann M. Maazel of counsel), for appellant. Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel, New York (Patrick Mantione of counsel), for respondents.
Emery Celli Brinckerhoff & Abady LLP, New York (Ilann M. Maazel of counsel), for appellant. Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel, New York (Patrick Mantione of counsel), for respondents.
MOSKOWITZ, J.P., RICHTER, MANZANET–DANIELS, CLARK, KAPNICK, JJ.
Judgment, Supreme Court, Bronx County (Alexander W. Hunter, J.), entered April 15, 2013, upon a jury verdict in defendants' favor, unanimously reversed, on the law, without costs, and the matter remanded for a new trial.
During its initial charge, the trial court correctly instructed the jury on the law concerning both excessive force and battery in the performance of a public duty. With respect to the federal excessive force claim, the trial court charged the jury:
“In this case, it is not disputed that Sergeant Barnett shot Leonel Disla, ultimately killing him. If Sergeant Barnett used unreasonable force when he shot Leonel Disla, then Sergeant Barnett will be liable for this claim.... It is unreasonable for an officer to use deadly force against a civilian unless the officer has probable cause to believe that the civilian poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or to others.”
With respect to battery in the performance of a public duty, the trial court charged:
“It is undisputed that Sergeant Barnett intended to shoot Leonel Disla without Mr. Disla's consent, and that a shooting is an offensive bodily contact. An officer who uses deadly physical force against another is permitted to use such force only if it is necessary to defend himself or another from serious injury or death.... If by these standards Sergeant Barnett used excessive force to accomplish his purpose, Sergeant Barnett committed a battery and is liable for damages resulting from the shooting.”
On May 31, 2012, the jury sent a note (note # 8) asking the court to clarify the third question on the verdict form, concerning the claim of battery in the performance of a public duty. Specifically, the jury asked:
“Has [plaintiff] proven by a preponderance of the evidence that Sergeant Barnett and therefore also the New York City N.Y.PD used unjustified battery when he shot Leonel Disla? Does this mean it was too much force used? Please explain the term battery.”
In response, the court re-read its original instruction.
The next day, June 1, 2012, the jury sent two notes expressing continued confusion regarding the definition of battery in the performance of a public duty (notes # 10 and # 11):
“We, the jury, would like the Judge to read us the definition of battery as it pertains to question [# ]3. Does this mean excessive force?
“We would like to have a written transcript of the Judge's instructions, specifically the instruction regarding question [# ]3.”
In response to note # 10, the court stated: “I'm going to answer that question now in the simplest way I can. The answer to that question is no. ‘Does this mean excessive force?’ It does not.” The court declined to re-read the charge, or to provide the jury with a transcript of the instruction.
Plaintiff's counsel objected to the court's response to note # 10, observing that a simple “no” in response to the jury's question did not “fully capture [ ] the charge,” and stating “I think there may be a little bit of confusion about what a battery is.” The court overruled the objection, and counsel noted his exception. Shortly thereafter, the jury sent a note indicating it had reached a verdict. The jury found for defendants on all claims.
We now reverse, and remand for a new trial. A new trial is required when an erroneous jury instruction “precluded the jury's fair interpretation of the evidence” ( Altamirano v. Door Automation Corp., 76 A.D.3d 401, 402, 907 N.Y.S.2d 164 [1st Dept.2010] ). The trial court incorrectly told the jury that a battery committed in the performance of a public duty does not require excessive force when the law is clear—as the trial court initially instructed the jury—that it does ( see Marrero v. City of New York, 33 A.D.3d 556, 824 N.Y.S.2d 228 [1st Dept.2006] [dismissing assault and battery claims against police officers where the record was devoid of evidence that the force used to effectuate the arrests was “excessive”] ).
The court compounded the error by refusing to re-read the charge. It is apparent from notes # 8, # 10, and # 11 that the jury was confused regarding the definition of “battery” in this context. Rather than clearing up the evident confusion, the court worsened it by contradicting its own charge. Faced with two diametrically opposed definitions, the jury was left to speculate. Under the circumstances, a new trial is required ( see Altamirano, 76 A.D.3d at 402, 907 N.Y.S.2d 164 [remanding for new trial where charge was “misleading and confusing”]; Coon v. Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 160 A.D.2d 403, 403, 554 N.Y.S.2d 110 [1st Dept.1990] [remanding for a new trial where charge was “an incorrect statement of the law”] ).
We also find that the court's incorrect definition of battery tainted the jury's understanding of, and ability to fairly deliberate on, the federal civil rights claim. Here, there is more than a “reasonable possibility” that the trial court's erroneous instruction on the state battery claim influenced “in a meaningful way” the jury's ability to deliberate fairly on the federal excessive force claim ( People v. Doshi, 93 N.Y.2d 499, 505, 693 N.Y.S.2d 87, 715 N.E.2d 113 [1999] [internal quotation marks omitted] ), given that both claims arose out of the same set of facts, and were legally interrelated.
In light of our disposition reversing and remanding for a new trial, it is unnecessary to reach plaintiff's further claims.