Summary
In Dept. of Human Resources v. Ammons, 206 Ga. App. 805 (426 S.E.2d 901) (1992), relied on by the trial court, the parental rights were terminated by a juvenile court order.
Summary of this case from Dept. of Human Resources v. CowanOpinion
A92A0839.
DECIDED SEPTEMBER 8, 1992. RECONSIDERATION DENIED DECEMBER 17, 1992.
Recovery of benefits. Whitfield Superior Court. Before Judge Temples.
Michael J. Bowers, Attorney General, William C. Joy, Senior Assistant Attorney General, William M. Droze, Assistant Attorney General, for appellant.
McDonald, Kinnamon Thames, E. Crawford McDonald, for appellee.
In 1979, a juvenile court ordered the termination of appellee-defendant's parental rights as to his daughter. Subsequently, appellant-plaintiff Georgia Department of Human Resources (DHR) provided public assistance benefits to the child. Pursuant to OCGA § 19-11-1 et seq., DHR brought the instant action, seeking to recover the amount of those benefits from appellee. Appellee answered and raised as a defense the previous judicial termination of his parental rights. After conducting a hearing, the trial court denied DHR's claim and it appeals.
1. The termination of appellee's parental rights would not terminate the parent-child relationship itself and would not affect any rights and obligations as between a third party and the child, in her capacity as appellee's daughter. Menard v. Fairchild, 254 Ga. 275, 277 (1) ( 328 S.E.2d 721) (1985). It would, however, terminate "all [appellee's] rights and obligations with respect to the child and all rights and obligations of the child to [appellee] arising from the parental relationship. . . ." OCGA § 15-11-80. Support is an obligation appellee would owe to his child and a right of the child arising from the parental relationship. Accordingly, that obligation on the part of appellee and right in behalf of his child were extinguished by the termination order, as surely as if the child had been adopted. The parent-child relationship remains intact, but the obligation and right of support which is otherwise predicated on that relationship has been terminated.
It is immaterial that it is DHR, rather than appellee's child, that seeks to enforce appellee's obligation of support. "The payment of public assistance to or on behalf of a child creates a debt due and owing the state by the parent . . . responsible for the support of the child." (Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 19-11-5. As the result of the termination order, appellee is not a parent who is responsible for the support of his child. "Whenever any dependent minor child is receiving public assistance, [DHR] may recover any sum of money due the dependent child. The action shall be brought in the name of the child for the use of [DHR]." (Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 19-11-7 (a). As the result of the termination order, appellee's child is owed no support from appellee. It is, therefore, clear that if the child has no claim for support, neither does DHR.
2. DHR urges that the termination order is void and should, therefore, constitute no bar to its claim. See OCGA § 9-11-60 (a). "A judgment is void on its face when `there is a non-amendable defect appearing on the face of the record or pleadings which is not cured by verdict or judgment and the pleadings affirmatively show that no legal claim in fact existed.' [Cit.]" Lawing v. Erwin, 251 Ga. 134, 135 ( 303 S.E.2d 444) (1983).
Contrary to DHR's contentions, this is not a case wherein appellee "contracted" with the child's mother in an attempt to retain his parental rights while foregoing his parental financial responsibilities. Compare Department of Human Resources v. Prince, 198 Ga. App. 329, 330 (2) ( 401 S.E.2d 342) (1991); Collins v. Collins, 172 Ga. App. 748 ( 324 S.E.2d 475) (1984); Crumb v. Gordon, 157 Ga. App. 839, 841 (2) ( 278 S.E.2d 725) (1981). It is a case wherein appellee's parental rights were terminated by court order and, pursuant to OCGA § 15-11-80, the legal effect of that court order was to terminate "all [appellee's] rights and obligations with respect to the child. . . ." (Emphasis supplied.) The termination proceeding was not instituted by appellee, but by the child's mother. The termination order discloses that, pursuant to OCGA § 15-11-81 (b) (1), it was validly based upon appellee's written consent to the termination petition that had been filed by the child's mother. Compare In re K. L. S., 180 Ga. App. 688 ( 350 S.E.2d 50) (1986). To hold, as DHR suggests, that the instant termination order is void would be to hold that OCGA § 15-11-81 (b) (1) has no effect and that any and all termination orders based upon the written consent of the parent are void. We cannot declare OCGA § 15-11-81 (b) (1) unconstitutional and we cannot ignore its clear mandate. A termination order based upon the written consent of the parent does not evince a "non-amendable defect," because such an order is specifically authorized by OCGA § 15-11-81 (b) (1). Compare Department of Human Resources v. Prince, supra; In re K. L. S., supra; Collins v. Collins, supra; Crumb v. Gordon, supra. Such an order is not rendered void simply because its legal effect is to terminate all parental rights and obligations, including the obligation to support.
DHR further urges that the termination order is void for lack of representation of appellee's child by a guardian in the termination proceedings. OCGA § 15-11-85 (a) mandates that an attorney "shall" be appointed to represent the child in termination proceedings, but it provides only that a guardian "may" be appointed. In any event, the provisions of OCGA § 15-11-85 would be applicable if the instant case were a direct appeal from the termination order itself. See In re L. L. B., 256 Ga. 768 ( 353 S.E.2d 507) (1987); In re J. S.C., 182 Ga. App. 721, 722 (1) ( 356 S.E.2d 754) (1987). However, the instant case concerns DHR's collateral attack upon a termination order that was entered in 1979, some seven years before OCGA § 15-11-85 even became effective. Obviously, DHR cites no authority for the proposition that an order entered in 1979 evinces a "non-amendable defect" and is void under OCGA § 9-11-60 (a) because it does not recite adherence to a statutory provision which would not be enacted until some seven years in the future.
DHR urges that even under OCGA § 15-11-55, the statute which was applicable in termination proceedings in 1979, appointment of a guardian was mandated. By its terms, however, OCGA § 15-11-55 does not specifically require the appointment of a guardian in every termination case. Compare Lockhart v. Stancil, 258 Ga. 634 ( 373 S.E.2d 355) (1988) (juvenile court jurisdiction over issues of custody and support always dependent upon proper order of transfer from superior court). The termination proceeding at issue in the instant case was bought by the child's mother, the natural guardian of the child, and appellee, the other natural guardian of the child, gave his written consent to the termination. Under these circumstances, there is considerable doubt whether OCGA § 15-11-55 would have any applicability whatsoever. Cf. Jordan v. Goff, 160 Ga. App. 636 (1) ( 287 S.E.2d 640) (1981) (no appointment of guardian necessary in non-termination case where the child is represented by his natural guardian). Compare In re J. S.C., supra at 723 (1) (wherein the child already had an appointed guardian, the termination proceeding was not brought by the child's mother, the child's father opposed the termination and, as "[b]etween the two antagonistic parties," the child had no one who represented her interests). In any event, the lack of representation of appellee's child by a guardian in the termination proceeding does not appear on the face of the record or pleadings. Moreover, even if the lack of such representation did appear on the face of the record or pleadings, the termination order would not be void and subject to DHR's collateral attack in the instant proceeding. 43 C.J.S. Infants, § 224.
Judgment affirmed. Sognier, C. J., Birdsong, P. J., Beasley, Andrews and Johnson, JJ., concur. McMurray, P. J., Pope and Cooper, JJ., dissent.
DECIDED SEPTEMBER 8, 1992 — RECONSIDERATION DENIED DECEMBER 17, 1992 — CERT. APPLIED FOR.
I dissent. This court previously has held that a parent should not be able to avoid support obligations to a minor child by voluntary agreement with the other parent or custodian of the child, see Department of Human Resources v. Prince, 198 Ga. App. 329, 331 ( 401 S.E.2d 342) (1991); Collins v. Collins, 172 Ga. App. 748, 749 ( 324 S.E.2d 475) (1984); Crumb v. Gordon, 157 Ga. App. 839, 841 (2) ( 278 S.E.2d 725) (1981); or by relinquishing parental rights, see In re K. L. S., 180 Ga. App. 688 ( 350 S.E.2d 50) (1986). The mother filed the petition to terminate the parental rights of appellee based on a "contract" signed by him in which he voluntarily relinquished his parental rights. In its order, the juvenile court stated as its sole basis for the termination of appellee's parental rights that he had consented to the termination. Although the court was authorized to terminate the parental rights of a parent based on written consent of that parent acknowledged before the court, OCGA § 15-11-51 (a) (3) repealed by Ga. L. 1986, p. 1017, effective July 1, 1986, and recodified at OCGA § 15-11-81 (b) (1), this court has held "that the statutory authority of the juvenile court to entertain petitions to terminate parental rights does not extend to petitions by parents seeking judicial imprimatur of their own, voluntary abandonment of parental responsibility." In re K. L. S., 180 Ga. App. at 689. Although the termination petition in this case was not brought by the "consenting" parent, as was the situation in In re K. L. S., the only basis shown for the petition brought by the mother was the father's consent. It is thus plain that the father was not "consenting" to the termination, rather he was providing the basis for the termination by consenting thereto prior to the action by the mother in filing the petition. Consequently, the natural parents of the minor child in this case, because they acted in concert, accomplished by way of termination proceedings what they could not do by contract or divorce decree, to wit, eliminated the father's obligation to support his minor child. Consequently, I believe the order terminating the appellee's parental rights was void, see OCGA § 9-11-60 (a), and the lower court should have so found in the present proceedings. Accord Collins v. Collins, supra.
I also believe the juvenile court's failure to appoint a guardian ad litem to represent the interest of the child during the original termination proceedings requires that the termination order be set aside. At the time the termination petition was filed by the mother in this case the juvenile court was required to appoint a guardian ad litem "where the interests of parent and child conflict," Dawley v. Butts County Dept. of Family c. Svcs., 148 Ga. App. 815, 816 ( 253 S.E.2d 235) (1979). In my opinion a conflict between the interest of the parent and child is shown as a matter of law where, as here, one parent has petitioned to terminate the parental rights of the other natural parent. "Here, the best interests of the child may or may not have been served by termination of the father's rights; that was the primary issue. [The child's mother], by initiating termination proceedings, had de facto taken the position of advocate for ending the father's parental rights. . . . If the advocate for termination is permitted to be the advocate for the child, there is nothing for the court to decide, insofar as the third-party child is concerned, for the former has already decided that the best interests of the child will be served by termination. Between the two antagonistic parties is the child, who as we read OCGA § 15-11-55 must have a separate representative." In re J. S.C., 182 Ga. App. 721, 723 ( 356 S.E.2d 754) (1987).
Furthermore, OCGA § 15-11-85 (a), effective July 1, 1986, provides that an attorney must be appointed to represent the child as his counsel in all termination proceedings and Rule 11.8 of the Uniform Juvenile Court Rules requires the juvenile court to appoint a guardian ad litem to represent the interests of the child in all such proceedings. "`(A) reviewing court should apply the law as it exists at the time of its judgment rather than the law prevailing at the rendition of the judgment under review, and may therefore reverse a judgment that was correct at the time it was rendered and affirm a judgment that was erroneous at the time, where the law has been changed in the meantime and where such application of the new law will impair no vested right under the prior law.' [Cits.]" In re L. L. B., 256 Ga. 768 ( 353 S.E.2d 507) (1987). See also In re J. S.C., 182 Ga. App. at 723. In In re L. L. B., our Supreme Court held that the provisions pertaining to termination proceedings which became effective July 1, 1986, including the provision requiring appointment of an attorney to represent the child, could be applied to termination proceedings which were originally brought and decided under the prior law. In any event, under either the then-existing law or the present statutory scheme the child's interests should have been represented; consequently, I believe the prior termination order was void and should not bar the recovery of the benefits paid on the child's behalf.
I am authorized to state that Presiding Judge McMurray and Judge Cooper join in this dissent.