Summary
In Denaro v. Prudential Ins. Co. (154 App. Div. 840, 843 [2d dept.]), a patient was examined by a doctor "in the presence of [his] * * * father or others near", and it was held that the physician could not testify; the persons present may testify, but the physician is bound by the rule.
Summary of this case from People v. DecinaOpinion
January 24, 1913.
William H. Griffin [ William J. McArthur with him on the brief], for the appellant.
Alfred M. Bailey, for the respondent.
The complaint sets forth a cause of action on a policy of insurance issued upon the life of one Francesco Denaro, whose mother is the plaintiff in this action. The defendant set up an affirmative defense, alleging fraudulent representations on the part of Francesco Denaro, in that prior to his medical examination, and at the time thereof, he was not in good health; that he had been advised to seek a change of climate for his health; that he had had a serious illness; that he had been attended by a physician during the past three years, all of which facts were known to him, and that the defendant, relying upon the truth of these representations so falsely made by the said Francesco Denaro, was induced to issue and deliver to him its policy of insurance upon his life. It is also asserted by the insurance company that at the time of the medical examination made by the medical examiner of the defendant, a person other than Francesco Denaro, the applicant for insurance, falsely impersonated him, and was examined for insurance in the defendant company, and signed said application, forging the name of Francesco Denaro thereto. The action was tried before a jury, resulting in a verdict in favor of the defendant, and there would seem to be no question that this verdict is fully supported by the evidence.
The difficulty is that there are material errors in the admission of evidence, and as the verdict is general, we are unable to say that the jury would have found the fraud in this case had it not been for the evidence which was permitted to go into the record. The defendant, in support of its defense, called three physicians, who testified that they had been called by Francesco Denaro, and that they had treated him professionally, and these physicians severally testified to the fact that he had been ill, and had been treated by them within the time that the insured denied having been so treated in securing his policies, and also that he had been in a hospital, and other matters tending to show that his statements as to his condition were false, and that he must have known them to be false. This evidence was all admitted over the plaintiff's objection that it was incompetent under the provisions of section 834 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and the objections were followed by exceptions to the rulings admitting such testimony. There was, therefore, no waiver of the plaintiff's rights, and there is no suggestion that these physicians did not come within the limitations of the statute. The learned counsel for the respondent urges, however, that it was not error to permit this testimony of the physicians employed by the deceased, and cites Patten v. United Life Accident Insurance Association ( 133 N.Y. 450) in support of the contention. In that case no objection was made to the admission of the testimony on the ground that it violated section 834 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and the court went no further than to hold in that particular case that it would have been competent to show by the physician under examination upon a commission that he attended the deceased professionally, that the patient was sick, and the number of times and the dates of such attendance. Obviously none of these matters were necessarily excluded by the statute, which provides that "a person duly authorized to practice physic or surgery, or a professional or registered nurse, shall not be allowed to disclose any information which he acquired in attending a patient in a professional capacity, and which was necessary to enable him to act in that capacity," etc. (Code Civ. Proc. § 834.) The information must be disclosed to the physician in his professional capacity, and be "necessary to enable him to act in that capacity," and while it may be conceded that the fact of sickness, without disclosing its particular character, comes pretty close to the line, if such sickness is disclosed to the doctor in his professional capacity and is necessary for his information in dealing with the case there is clearly no objection to the physician testifying that he did attend a person in his professional capacity, for this is necessary to be shown in order to exclude his testimony as to what information he gathered in the discharge of his professional duties, and if he may testify as to the fact of an original attendance, he may properly state the number of times and the dates of such attendance.
In the case at bar, however, the testimony went much beyond this. One of the physicians, over the specific objection of the plaintiff that it was incompetent under this provision of the Code of Civil Procedure, was permitted to testify to a conversation with the insured, as follows: "I asked him how long he was sick, and he told me that he was in the care of another physician called about two days before, Dr. Collaria. He told me what was his trouble, he was coughing, had some bad bleeding, and I examined him. He said that he was sick for a long time before he called me." A motion was made to strike this testimony out (the right being reserved in the ruling on the original objection), but the motion was denied, the plaintiff excepting. Subsequently two of these physicians were called and testified more in detail, stating that the insured had admitted being infected with syphillis for three years, but it is urged that these communications were made to the physicians in the presence of the insured's father or others near, and that under the rule which prevails in reference to attorneys, that where communications are made to them in the presence of third parties it loses the character of a confidential communication, this testimony is not objectionable. We do not think, however, that the situations are analogous. Where a client visits his attorney with an opposing party, and they all enter into a general discussion, or the attorney is asked to become a witness to the execution of a paper, etc., there is an obvious intent to make the communication public, but when a physician enters a house for the purpose of attending a patient, he is called upon to make inquiries, not alone of the sick person, but of those who are about him, and who are familiar with the facts, and communications necessary for the proper performance of the duties of a physician are not public because made in the presence of his immediate family or those who are present because of the illness of the person. Of course the persons who are present are not denied the right to testify; it is only the physician who is bound by the rule, but it is absolute as to him, except in those exceptions provided by the statute. He is forbidden, not to reveal communications from his patient, but "any information which he acquired in attending a patient, in a professional capacity, and which was necessary to enable him to act in that capacity;" and it is of no consequence how the information was acquired, whether by some one telling him, or by observation, or in any other manner. EARL, J., in writing the unanimous opinion of the court in Renihan v. Dennin ( 103 N.Y. 573, 579) distinctly overthrows this contention. He says: "It is also claimed that the statute should be so construed as only to prohibit the disclosures by a physician of any information of a confidential nature obtained by him from his patient while attending him in a professional capacity. Such was the view of the statute taken by me in my opinion in Edington v. Ætna Life Ins. Co. ( 77 N.Y. 564); but my brethren were then unwilling to concur with me in that view. When the same question again came before the court in Grattan v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. ( 80 N.Y. 281), I again attempted to enforce the same view upon my brethren, and again failed, and it was then distinctly held that the statute could not be confined to information of a confidential nature, and that the court was bound to follow and give effect to the plain language without interpolating the broad exception contended for." While the contention is plausible, and has been held by one of the most distinguished jurists of the State, it is lacking in authority, and cannot prevail here.
It is suggested, however, that it is sufficient to sustain this judgment that the defendant proved at the trial that Francesco Denaro had stated that he had not been attended by a physician during the past three years, whereas he had been treated by Dr. Bottario on January 28, 1910, prior to the application on February 2, 1910, and that he knew that fact, and it is urged that this testimony was competent, and that under the holding of this court in Hoffman v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. ( 141 App. Div. 713), that a policy could not be enforced where the insured had stated that he had not been attended by a physician within three years, and had never been in a hospital, where in fact he had been a patient in a hospital for a month and had been attended by a physician, this judgment should be sustained. In the case relied upon the court pointed out that the "accuracy of these statements was of great importance, since if the answer to these and similar questions indicated freedom from disease, in the case of policies of this character a medical examination of the applicant was dispensed with," and this condition does not appear here, for the supposed applicant was examined by the company's own physician, and one of the elements of fraud is alleged to have been that the person making the application, and the one examined, are not the same person. The policy provides that in the absence of fraud all statements shall be deemed representations and not warranties, and it is the universal rule that fraud must be established and is not to be presumed.
The judgment and order appealed from should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event.
JENKS, P.J., THOMAS, CARR and RICH, JJ., concurred.
Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, costs to abide the event.