Summary
In Stauffer v. Linenthal (1902), 29 Ind. App. 305, 64 N.E. 4. 643, the court stated: "It appears from the evidence that appellees accepted the offer of the purchaser procured by appellants, and the appellee and the purchaser entered into a written contract.... When this contract was made, the presumption is that the purchaser was able to carry out the contract, and the burden was upon the appellee to show the purchaser's inability to comply.
Summary of this case from Kaiser v. ShannonOpinion
Argued May 7, 1902
Decided May 29, 1902
J.H. Metcalf for appellant. Morris Cohn, Jr., for respondents.
The plaintiffs and the defendant are owners of adjacent properties on a street called the Riverway, in the city of Niagara Falls. The plaintiffs have constructed on their land a building used for a museum, with large skylights in the roof. The defendant has built on its land a hotel and a tower or observatory. This tower is about two hundred feet high, and is constructed of an open iron framework with braces and cross girders. At the top of the tower there is an observatory. Visitors are carried to and from the observatory by elevators. The whole structure is several feet within the limits of the defendant's land. As found by the trial court, during the winter ice is formed on the structure from sleet, melting snow and spray from the Falls of Niagara, which accumulates, and when a thaw occurs large quantities of ice fall from the tower upon the roof of the plaintiffs' building, in size and with velocity sufficient to endanger human life, by means of which plaintiffs' building and property have been injured. The action was brought to recover damages and for an injunction to restrain the defendant from so maintaining the tower as to suffer ice to fall therefrom on the plaintiffs' property. The trial court also found that the injury to plaintiffs' building and the accumulation and fall of ice from the tower on the plaintiffs' property recurred each winter during periods of thaw. It further found that the tower was a safe, substantial and suitable structure for the purpose for which it was used. On these facts it decided, as a matter of law, that the maintenance and construction of the tower was a private nuisance, and that the plaintiffs were entitled to a perpetual injunction restraining the defendant from so maintaining the structure that ice would form thereon and fall on the building and premises of the plaintiffs. A reference was ordered to ascertain the plaintiffs' damages. On the report of the referee final judgment was entered for an injunction and damages. This judgment was affirmed by the Appellate Division and an appeal has been taken to this court.
The affirmance below having been unanimous, the question presented here is whether the facts found entitle the plaintiffs to judgment. The court has not found any negligence in the character or plan of the structure maintained by the defendant. The element of negligence being thus eliminated, the plaintiffs' right to recover depends on the duty that the defendant owed to adjacent owners with reference to ice that might accumulate on its building. The law with reference to rainfall seems well settled. So long as the owner of land leaves it in its natural condition he is not required to adopt any measures to prevent the flowage of surface waters from his premises on the adjoining land ( Vanderwiele v. Taylor, 65 N.Y. 341), but when he puts a structure on the land a contrary rule prevails. Then he must take care of the water that falls on his premises, except in the case of extraordinary storms. In Washburn on Easements (p. 390, marginal) it is said of the right to eaves' drip: "It grows out of the fact that, for one to construct the roof of his house in such manner as to discharge the water falling thereon in rain upon the land of an adjacent proprietor, is a violation of the right of such proprietor, if done without his consent, and this consent must be evidenced by express grant or prescription." In Bellows v. Sackett (15 Barb. 96) it was held that the defendant could not maintain a building upon his lot, the water falling from the roof of which injured the plaintiff's building, whether the water actually fell in the first instance on the defendant's land or not. In Walsh v. Mead (8 Hun, 387) it was held that where the roof of a building was so constructed as to render the snow falling upon it liable to be precipitated on the sidewalk without a adequate guard at the edge to retain it, it is in law a nuisance. The doctrine of Bellows v. Sackett was followed in Jutte v. Hughes ( 67 N.Y. 267). There this court said: "The proof showed that the defendant had paved the yard, thus causing the water to accumulate and render the yard less penetrable to the same, and conducted from the roofs of his houses to the privy in leaders and drains an unusual quantity of water beyond the capacity of the drains to carry away. This he had no right to do, and he was bound to take care of such water as fell and accumulated upon his own premises and to prevent its causing any injury to the property of the plaintiff. ( Bellows v. Sackett, 15 Barb. 96; Foot v. Bronson, 4 Lans. 51.) It matters not that the defendant did all that he reasonably could do to take the water off, if he suffered it improperly to increase on his own premises, and so as to flow on the plaintiff's premises." The decisions in other states appear to be uniformly to the same effect. In Shipley v. Fifty Associates ( 106 Mass. 194) it was held that maintaining a building with a roof constructed so that snow and ice collecting on it from natural causes will probably fall onto an adjoining highway renders the owner liable to a person injured. It was there said: "It is not at all a question of reasonable care and diligence in the management of his roof, and it would be of no avail to the party to show that the building was of the usual construction, and that the inconvenience complained of was one which, with such a roof as his, nothing could prevent or guard against. He has no right so to construct his building that it will inevitably, at certain seasons of the year, and with more or less frequency, subject his neighbor to that kind of inconvenience; and no other proof of negligence on his part is needed. He must at his peril keep the ice or the snow that collects upon his roof, within his own limits; and is responsible for all damages, if the shape of his roof is such as to throw them upon his neighbor's land, in the same manner as he would be if he threw them there himself." In Gould v. McKenna (86 Penn. St. 297) the plaintiff's building was higher than the defendant's rear building, on the roof of which, on account of the height of adjacent buildings, water accumulated and soaked through the plaintiff's wall. The defendant was held liable, and it was there said: "Having pitched his roof so as to carry the rainfall against and into the wall, it was his duty to raise the apron or flushing so high as effectually to protect the plaintiff's store from being flooded by the water thus brought down. He had no right to carry the rainfall on his premises into and upon the premises of the plaintiff. This was a wrongful act, which he could not justify by averring the openness of the wall of the plaintiff." In Tanner v. Volentine ( 75 Ill. 624) it is said: "It is well settled that if the owner of a building causes the water to flow from the roof upon the lot or ground of another, such other may recover of him for the damages sustained, unless prevented by some agreement." Hazeltine v. Edgmand ( 35 Kan. 202) is to the same effect. It is to be observed that the structure of the tower is not on the division line between the land of the plaintiffs and that of the defendant, and, therefore, the ice that is formed on the posts, beams and girders is accumulated wholly on the defendant's land. If the shape of the tower were such that rain falling on the defendant's premises would run down the posts and then be cast on plaintiffs' building, plainly, under the authorities cited, the defendant would be liable. It can make no difference on the question of the defendant's liability, that the water, instead of being precipitated on the plaintiffs' land, is allowed to congeal and freeze and fall in the form of ice. Nor is it material on the question of liability whether the ice proceeds from the fall of rain or from the spray and mist of Niagara Falls. The latter is just as much a natural phenomenon as the former. In climates where at certain seasons of the year the rain falls in the form of snow, the owner of land must build his structures with guards that would be unnecessary in places where there is no fall of snow. Likewise, where a structure is built so near Niagara Falls as to be subject to the precipitation thereon of spray and water from the falls, the owner is bound to take the necessary precautions against casting the water which falls on his own premises or the ice that is formed therefrom upon those of his neighbor.
I think the judgment below was right, and that it should be affirmed, with costs.
PARKER, Ch. J., GRAY, BARTLETT and WERNER, JJ., concur; O'BRIEN, J., dissents; HAIGHT, J., not voting.
Judgment affirmed.