Opinion
2012-12-13
Cheryl DAVIS, Appellant, v. Kenneth COTTRELL et al., Defendants and Third–Party Plaintiffs–Respondents; Robert S. Davis Jr., Third–Party Defendant–Respondent.
Finkelstein & Partners, Newburgh (Kara L. Campbell of counsel), for appellant. Santacrose & Frary, Albany (Patrick D. Slade of counsel), for defendants and third-party plaintiffs-respondents.
Finkelstein & Partners, Newburgh (Kara L. Campbell of counsel), for appellant. Santacrose & Frary, Albany (Patrick D. Slade of counsel), for defendants and third-party plaintiffs-respondents.
Adams, Hanson, Rego, Carlin, Hughes, Kaplan & Fishbein, Albany (Gerald D. D'Amelia Jr. of counsel), for third-party defendant-respondent.
Before: MERCURE, J.P., SPAIN, STEIN, McCARTHY and GARRY, JJ.
McCARTHY, J.
Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court (McGrath, J.), entered June 29, 2011 in Rensselaer County, which granted third-party defendant's motion for, among other things, summary judgment dismissing the complaint.
In July 2005, plaintiff was a passenger in a van driven by third-party defendant when the van was struck by a vehicle driven by defendant Katelyn Cottrell and owned by defendant Kenneth Cottrell. Plaintiff's body jerked forward, but no part of her body struck the interior of the van. Plaintiff commenced this negligence action against defendants, who then commenced a third-party action. Third-party defendant moved for summary judgment dismissing the third-party complaint on the ground that defendants' negligence was the sole proximate cause of the accident and dismissing the complaint on the ground that plaintiff did not suffer a serious physical injury as defined in Insurance Law § 5102(d). Supreme Court granted the motion on the serious injury ground and dismissed the complaint. Plaintiff appeals.
As the movant, third-party defendant had the burden of establishing by competent medical evidence that plaintiff did not sustain a serious injury caused by the accident ( see Toure v. Avis Rent A Car Sys., 98 N.Y.2d 345, 352, 746 N.Y.S.2d 865, 774 N.E.2d 1197 [2002] ). The burden would then shift to plaintiff to raise a triable issue of fact by presenting competent proof based upon objective medical findings and tests to support any alleged serious injuries and connect them to the accident ( see Larrabee v. Bradshaw, 96 A.D.3d 1257, 1260, 947 N.Y.S.2d 659 [2012];Tracy v. Tracy, 69 A.D.3d 1218, 1219, 893 N.Y.S.2d 672 [2010] ). Plaintiff alleged serious injury under four categories: permanent loss of use of a body member or system, permanent consequential limitation of use, significant limitation of use, and a nonpermanent injury that prevents performance of substantially all of one's customary daily activities for 90 out of the 180 days immediately following the accident. To address all of these categories, third-party defendant submitted deposition testimony, plaintiff's medical records from several sources and reports from an independent medical examination.
A permanent loss of use must be total to qualify as a serious injury ( see Oberly v. Bangs Ambulance, 96 N.Y.2d 295, 299, 727 N.Y.S.2d 378, 751 N.E.2d 457 [2001];Tracy v. Tracy, 69 A.D.3d at 1219, 893 N.Y.S.2d 672). Because the record does not include proof that plaintiff has lost the total use of any body organ or system, and even her treating physician, James Cole, diagnosed her with a “permanent partial disability,” plaintiff cannot proceed under the permanent loss of use category ( see Best v. Bleau, 300 A.D.2d 858, 860, 752 N.Y.S.2d 427 [2002] ).
To establish the permanent consequential limitation of use and significant limitation of use categories, the submitted medical evidence “must contain objective, quantitative evidence with respect to diminished range of motion or a qualitative assessment comparing plaintiff's present limitations to the normal function, purpose and use of the affected body organ, member, function or system” ( John v. Engel, 2 A.D.3d 1027, 1029, 768 N.Y.S.2d 527 [2003];accord Solis v. Silvagni, 82 A.D.3d 1349, 1350, 918 N.Y.S.2d 260 [2011],lv. denied17 N.Y.3d 715, 2011 WL 5041671 [2011] ). Plaintiff was involved in a 2004 accident where she injured her neck, arm, leg and upper back. At her 2008 deposition, plaintiff testified that in the 2005 accident, she injured her leg, arm, back and neck, and that all except her back pain were resolved by the time of her testimony. She did not separately mention an injury to her shoulder. Less than a month after the accident, her treating physician, Ajit Khanuja, noted that plaintiff had good range of motion of the shoulders and fairly good range of motion of the cervical spine. Although she still had lumbar pain, Khanuja felt that plaintiff could return to work. In August 2005, her physical therapists found the active range of motion of her spine within functional limits, and she continued to make slow but steady progress. By September 1, 2005, Khanuja noted that plaintiff had been back to work for approximately two weeks, neck range of motion showed slight limitations, she had full range of motion of the shoulders and full range of motion of her back. His assessment was that the cervical strain and lumbar strain were both resolving and she could continue to work full time. Two weeks later, the same physician noted that plaintiff had full range of motion of her back and could return to work full duty without restrictions, including 10 hours per week of mandatory overtime. By October 20, 2005, the office notes indicate that plaintiff had back pain but was “not complaining of any pain in her neck.” An MRI taken in June 2006 showed a central disc protrusion at L4–L5 and decreased signal within the disc substance at that level consistent with disc degeneration.
Bryan Bilfield, a physician who reviewed plaintiff's records and performed an independent medical examination, found normal range of motion in most areas tested. He noted that photographs taken after the 2005 accident revealed no discernable damage to the van, indicating “minimal to no imparted energy to the van.” Bilfield could not attribute the MRI findings to the 2005 accident, based on a review of the medical records where a chiropractor noted low back pain following the 2004 accident, the photographs indicating the minimal impact of the accident, plaintiff's status as a passenger wearing a shoulder harness seat belt, and that other doctors who had examined her felt that the problem was related to degenerative disc disease rather than trauma. The MRI report stated that the disc problem was “consistent with disc desiccation/degeneration.” Bilfield also found that plaintiff's subjective complaints far outweighed the objective findings. All of the evidence submitted by third-party defendantshifted the burden to plaintiff on these two categories.
In response to the motion, plaintiff submitted additional medical records and Cole's affidavit. Cole concluded, based on his examinations of plaintiff, her history, medical records, MRI and EMG testing, that plaintiff suffered injuries to her lumbar spine, left shoulder trauma and cervical strain caused by the 2005 accident. No objective testing that Cole performed was related to the shoulder, and Khanuja's records indicate that plaintiff had full range of motion of her shoulders shortly after the accident. The objective evidence also did not support the allegations that the cervical strain was a continuing problem. Notably, plaintiff had testified in 2008 that conditions in her arm and neck had resolved, and she did not mention a shoulder injury at her deposition.
That leaves only a lower back injury to be considered. Evidence of a disc bulge alone is not sufficient to establish a serious injury, as there must also be proof that this condition was caused by the accident and produced an effect on the plaintiff's normal functioning or range of motion ( see Toure v. Avis Rent A Car Sys., 98 N.Y.2d at 353 n. 4, 746 N.Y.S.2d 865, 774 N.E.2d 1197;Howard v. Espinosa, 70 A.D.3d 1091, 1094, 898 N.Y.S.2d 267 [2010];Durham v. New York E. Travel, 2 A.D.3d 1113, 1114, 769 N.Y.S.2d 324 [2003] ). While Cole noted that EMG studies showed radiculitis consistent with MRI findings of a disc bulge at the L4–L5 level, he did not address the disc degeneration noted on the MRI report nor explain his conclusory opinion that this injury was caused by the 2005 accident. Cole did not account for why plaintiff's preexisting physical injuries from the prior accident were not the source of her injuries or any limitations that she now attributes to this accident ( see Boone v. Milano, 96 A.D.3d 1195, 1197, 946 N.Y.S.2d 313 [2012];see also Franchini v. Palmieri, 1 N.Y.3d 536, 537, 775 N.Y.S.2d 232, 807 N.E.2d 282 [2003] ). Thus, plaintiff failed to raise a triable issue of fact on the permanent consequential limitation or significant limitation of use categories.
As to the 90/180–day category, the claim required “objective evidence linking the alleged curtailment of [plaintiff's] activities following the accident to an injury sustained in the accident” ( Clark v. Basco, 83 A.D.3d 1136, 1139–1140, 921 N.Y.S.2d 345 [2011] ). One week after the accident, Khanuja felt that plaintiff could return to work. He later stated that she should remain out of work until August 15, 2005, but after September 1, 2005 he continually found that she could work full duty. Plaintiff's testimony described some activities she could no longer perform, but others that she could. This met third-party defendant's burden of showing that plaintiff's activities were not substantially curtailed. Cole began treating plaintiff in October 2005, found that she was suffering from a total temporary disability and kept her out of work from October 2005 until February 2006. Although she was out of work for more than 90 of the 180 days following the accident, that is not dispositive because the record must establish that she “was prevented from performing substantially all of the material acts that constituted [her] usual and customary daily activities” for the requisite time period ( Amamedi v. Archibala, 70 A.D.3d 449, 450, 895 N.Y.S.2d 42 [2010],lv. denied15 N.Y.3d 713, 2010 WL 4628589 [2010];see Uddin v. Cooper, 32 A.D.3d 270, 271, 820 N.Y.S.2d 44 [2006],lv. denied8 N.Y.3d 808, 834 N.Y.S.2d 89, 865 N.E.2d 1256 [2007] ). Plaintiff testified that she could not carry groceries, lift or stretch like she usually did when cleaning, but she could still cook and wash the laundry. Cole opined that, due to the 2005 accident, plaintiff suffered a significant limitation of the use of her lumbar spine “particularly respective to daily lifting, pushing, pulling, climbing stairs, and other mechanical activities, sitting and standing for extended periods.” However, Cole did not differentiate to what extent these limitations were related to the 2005 accident as opposed to the 2004 accident or degenerative changes ( see Howard v. Espinosa, 70 A.D.3d at 1094, 898 N.Y.S.2d 267). He also did not support his qualitative assessment with “findings based upon any contemporaneous quantitative testing” that compared “the results of his examination to plaintiff's pre-accident levels or opine that the injuries that caused the reduced ranges of motion were of the type that prevented plaintiff from performing her customary duties and activities” ( Bowen v. Saratoga Springs City School Dist., 88 A.D.3d 1144, 1146, 931 N.Y.S.2d 186 [2011] ). Without medical evidence addressing plaintiff's prior injuries and relating her current limitations to injuries incurred as a result of the 2005 accident, she cannot prevail on the 90/180–day category either. Accordingly, Supreme Court correctly dismissed the complaint.
ORDERED that the order is affirmed, with one bill of costs.