Summary
In Daniel v. Smith, 75 Cal. 548, [53 P. 931], Hart v. Ketchum, 121 Cal. 426, [53 P. 931], Knight v. Tripp, 121 Cal. 674, [54 P. 267], Collins v. Maud, 144 Cal. 289, [ 77 P. 945], and Beebe v. Coffin, 153 Cal. 174, [ 94 P. 766], it was decided that delivery is necessary to constitute a complete gift.
Summary of this case from Thomas v. LambOpinion
Department One
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of the city and county of San Francisco, and from an order refusing a new trial.
COUNSEL:
F. J. French, and Sawyer & Burnett, for Appellants.
Nathaniel Holland, Joseph Leggett, and Tobin & Tobin, for Respondents.
JUDGES: Belcher, C. C. Foote, C., and Hayne, C., concurred.
OPINION
BELCHER, Judge
[17 P. 684] This is the second appeal in this case, and it was taken from a judgment in favor of the defendants, and from an order denying a new trial. The first appeal was from a judgment in favor of the plaintiffs, and the decision thereon may be found reported in 64 Cal. 346.
On turning to the report referred to, it will be seen that the court, by Thornton, J., after carefully reviewing the testimony, summed up the law applicable to this class of cases as follows:
" To constitute a donatio causa mortis, the gift must be made in contemplation of the near approach of death by the donor, to take effect absolutely only upon the death of the donor. There must be a delivery of the property either to the donee or to some person for his use or benefit, and the donor must part with all dominion over the property, and the title must vest in the donee, subject to the right of the donor at any time during his life to revoke the gift."
And further along in the opinion it is said:
" In view of the strict requirements of the law as to delivery shown by the foregoing, we cannot hold that a delivery was established in this case. Nor does it appear that the dominion or control over the bank-book or the money in the loan society ever passed from Fielding, or that any interest ever vested in the alleged donee. There was no language of gift used. On the contrary, the testimony indicates, in our judgment, the creation by Fielding of a bailment in trust or agency, which was to terminate with the death of Fielding."
This decision must be treated as the law of the case, unless the facts shown on the second trial were materially different from those shown on the first trial. It is urged for the appellants that there was on the last trial proof of the "manual tradition" of the bank-book, and that this difference in the testimony entitled the plaintiffs to have judgment entered in their favor. It is true that Cornfoot testified very clearly that the bank-book was actually placed in his hands by Fielding, and that he took it away and kept it till after Fielding died, and then delivered it to Mrs. Daniel.
But in other respects there was no material change. It did not appear from the testimony given at the first trial that Fielding parted with the dominion or control of the bank-book, or the money represented thereby, and the testimony in the present transcript is, upon that question, substantially what it was before. There was then nothing showing that any interest ever vested in the alleged donee, and no different showing upon that subject is made now. There was no language of gift used before, and none is shown now.
All the authorities seem to hold that before a gift causa mortis can take effect, the donor must part not only with the possession, but also with all present control and dominion over the subject of the gift. It was so declared in the cases cited by Judge Thornton upon this point; and in Basket v. Hassell , 107 U.S. 602, in which a very learned and exhaustive opinion was delivered by Mr. Justice Matthews, the following language is used:
" The instrument or document must be. .. . delivered to the donee, so as to vest him with an equitable title to the fund it represents, and to divest the donor of all present control and dominion over it;. .. . and a delivery which does not confer upon the donee the present right to reduce the fund into possession by enforcing the obligation according to its terms will not suffice."
In that case the donor [17 P. 685] had delivered a certificate of deposit into the hands of the donee, but the court said: "This indorsement which accompanied the delivery qualified it and limited and restrained the authority of the donee in the collection of the money, so as to forbid its payment until the donor's death. The property in the fund did not presently pass, but remained in the donor, and the donee was excluded from its possession and control during the life of the donor. That qualification of the right which would have belonged to him if he had become the present owner of the fund establishes that there was no delivery of possession, according to the terms of the instrument, and that, as the gift was to take effect only upon the death of the donor, it was not a present executed gift mortis causa, but a testamentary disposition."
So in Walter v. Ford , 74 Mo. 195, checks were drawn by Walter, and by him delivered to Ford, with directions to deliver them to the parties in whose favor they were drawn, if he, Walter, should die, but if he recovered, to return them to him. The court said: "Ford was the agent of Walter, and bound to obey his instructions, and so doing, could not have delivered the checks to any one while Walter lived. If they had been given to Ford to be held for the payees at all events, the authorities cited to show that a delivery to an agent or trustee of the beneficiaries is a sufficient delivery, would be in point; but that is not this case. The checks were given to Ford, not to be delivered in the lifetime of Walter, but after his death. It was in the nature of a testamentary disposition, and possessed none of the elements of a donatio causa mortis ."
Counsel for appellants say there can be no doubt that it was the intention of Mrs. Daniel's father that she should have this money on his death, "and the only question is, Shall this intention be defeated by the technical rules of law?" and they "submit that the testimony is clear in making a case that appeals to justice, and that the judgment will be reversed if the court is not bound by the cases." We consider the court bound by the rules of law established by the cases, and therefore advise that the judgment and order be affirmed.
The Court. -- For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion, the judgment and order are affirmed.