Opinion
The liability policy on the insured's truck excluded coverage for injuries to an employee "while engaged in the business of the insured." The plaintiff was employed by the insured to do landscaping at private homes. The only express terms of the employment contract were that the insured hired the plaintiff and agreed to pay him sixty cents an hour commencing at the time of the plaintiff's arrival on the job. Whenever the plaintiff and the insured, who lived in the same house, were going to work at the same place, they would use the insured's truck for transportation unless the plaintiff was not going directly home after work, in which event he would take his own car. The plaintiff was injured while being driven to work by the insured in the truck. He recovered a judgment against the insured, and then brought this action on the insurance policy. On these facts, the court correctly charged the jury that the employee would he deemed to have been engaged in his employer's business if the transportation was not merely an accommodation but was furnished by the employer and used by the employee in performance of an express or implied duty of the employment. The words "express" and "implied" were used in the charge in their nontechnical and commonly accepted meaning and required no further explanation. The jury could have found from all the circumstances that it was understood between the insured and the plaintiff that when they worked together the insured would furnish transportation. Since the plaintiff did not by requests to charge make any point of the distinction between express and implied terms in the contract, his claim that the court should not have referred to an express contract for transportation when there was no evidence of one was without merit.
Argued March 1, 1955
Decided April 5, 1955
Action upon an automobile liability policy, brought to the Superior Court in Hartford County and tried to the jury before Alcorn, J.; verdict and judgment for the defendant and appeal by the plaintiff. No error.
A. Arthur Giddon, with whom, on the brief, were Morton E. Cole and Cyril Cole, for the appellant (plaintiff).
Leonard T. Calvert, for the appellee (defendant).
The plaintiff brought this action to recover from the defendant the amount of a judgment rendered against its insured, Peter D'Addario. General Statutes 6191. The case was tried to a jury. Judgment was rendered upon a verdict for the defendant, and the plaintiff has appealed.
The plaintiff assigned errors in the charge in that the court (1) failed "to instruct the Jury as to what constitutes or what are the elements of an `Express' or `Implied' Contract and the application of such a Contract to the evidence," (2) charged the jury as to an express contract for transportation when "there was no evidence of such a contract," and (3) charged the jury "that the Plaintiff was an employee of the assured and performing his employer's business by riding in the assured's truck with his knowledge and acquiescence." The plaintiff also assigned error in the finding. That assignment cannot be considered because the plaintiff's brief has no appendix containing the pertinent evidence as is required under the rules. Practice Book 447; Marciniak v. Wauregan Mills, Inc., 139 Conn. 264, 269, 93 A.2d 135; State v. Reddick, 139 Conn. 398, 401, 94 A.2d 613 LaVoie v. Marshall, 141 Conn. 681, 685, 109 A.2d 508.
The plaintiff claimed to have proved these facts: The defendant insured Peter D'Addario against liability for damages recovered for injuries sustained by reason of the operation of his truck. The policy contained a clause which excluded coverage for "bodily injury to or death of any employee of the insured while engaged in the business of the insured, other than domestic employment, or in the operation, maintenance, or repair of the automobile; or [for] any obligation for which the insured may be held liable under any workmen's compensation law." The plaintiff, who was injured by Peter's negligent operation of the truck, recovered a judgment against him which the company has refused to pay. The plaintiff lived in Hartford in the same household as Peter, who conducted a landscaping business. This business required Peter to go to private homes in Hartford and surrounding towns. He used his truck for transportation and to carry the necessary tools. The truck was kept at the house where the plaintiff and Peter lived. The plaintiff himself owned an automobile which was also kept at home. Peter hired the plaintiff and agreed to pay him sixty cents an hour commencing at the time of the plaintiff's arrival on the job. These were the only terms of the employment. The times when and the places where the plaintiff was to work were entirely under Peter's direction. Some days the plaintiff worked on one job and Peter on another in a different locality. On these occasions the plaintiff would walk to work or go in his own car if the tools were supplied by the householder. Whenever the plaintiff and Peter were to work at the same place, they would use the truck unless the plaintiff was not going directly home after work, in which event he would take his own car. The plaintiff was injured while riding in the truck on the way to work in Wethersfield. He and Peter had stopped to pick up another employee of Peter on the way. On the basis of these claims of proof the plaintiff argued that at the time of the accident he was not an employee within the exclusion clause of the policy.
The defendant claimed to have proved these facts: When Peter wanted the plaintiff to work on the same job with him, he would take the plaintiff with him in his truck. When, however, the plaintiff was not going directly home at the end of such a job, he would tell Peter that he had his own means of conveyance. Peter determined the job at which the plaintiff was to work, and it was entirely within his discretion whether the plaintiff would ride to work in the truck. At the time the plaintiff was injured, Peter had in his truck the equipment which was needed to do the work at the place where they were going. The plaintiff was riding in the truck at Peter's direction and was engaged in his business. The ride to work was provided not as a gratuity but for the benefit of Peter's business. Under these claims of proof, the clause would exclude the defendant from liability for the plaintiff's claim.
The tests of a charge are its accuracy in law, its adaptability to the issues, and its sufficiency as a guide to the jury in reaching a correct verdict. Steinecke v. Medalie, 139 Conn. 152, 157, 90 A.2d 875; Maltbie, Conn. App. Proc., 48. A charge must be judged in its entirety and not by critical examination of isolated words, phrases and passages culled from context. Cuneo v. Connecticut Co., 124 Conn. 647, 653, 2 A.2d 220; Maltbie, Conn. App. Proc., p. 71. In the light of these well-recognized principles, we consider the first and third assignments of error.
It would appear from a reading of the third assignment of error that the court, in effect, directed the jury to find that the plaintiff was an employee of Peter and was performing his business by riding in the truck with his knowledge and acquiescence. An examination of the charge reveals that this is not so. The court laid down the proposition of law substantially as stated in the assignment but left it to the jury to determine the facts regarding the plaintiff's presence in the truck. To come within the exclusion stated in the policy, the plaintiff had to be an employee of the insured and "engaged in the business of the insured" at the time he was injured. The parties here not in serious dispute over the fact that the plaintiff was employed by Peter. The crucial question was whether, at the time he was hurt, he was engaged in Peter's business. He was riding to work in Peter's truck. The court charged that in such a case "if the employer in furnishing the transportation and the employee in using it were engaged in performing one of the express or implied duties of the employment then the employee was engaged in the employer's business." The court also charged, in the alternative, that "if the employer gives a ride [to his employee] merely as a matter of accommodation then the transportation is a gratuity and during it the employee is not engaged in the employer's business." These alternatives were repeated twice in language substantially to the same effect. The principles covered by this part of the charge have been established in cases involving workmen's compensation. Swanson v. Latham, 92 Conn. 87, 90, 101 A. 492; Sala v. American Sumatra Tobacco Co., 93 Conn. 82, 85, 105 A. 346; Saba v. Pioneer Contracting Co., 103 Conn. 559, 563, 131 A. 394. These principles are equally applicable to cases brought under the common law. The charge as given was correct. It was adapted to the issues and furnished a sufficient guide to the jury.
The gist of the attack on the charge is made in the first assignment of error. It is that the court should have explained to the jury what the words "express" and "implied" mean. No exception reaching this specific claim was taken by the plaintiff at the conclusion of the charge. The rule requires that counsel "state distinctly the matter objected to and the ground of objection." Practice Book 153; Soderstrom v. Country Homes of Norwalk, Inc., 132 Conn. 381, 386, 44 A.2d 698; see Doe v. Saracyn Corporation, 138 Conn. 69, 78, 82 A.2d 811. We have often stated that the purpose of this requirement is to enable the trial court to reconsider the matter and to give further instructions if, in its discretion, they are deemed necessary. This aside, the words "express" and "implied" as used in the charge required no further explanation. They were applied by the court to the facts involved in their nontechnical and commonly accepted meaning. A reasonably intelligent and literate person would have no difficulty in understanding them and no further explanation was necessary. State v. Enanno, 96 Conn. 420, 426, 114 A. 386; McQuillen v. Meyers, 213 Iowa 1366, 1372, 241 N.W. 442; Maltbie, Conn. App. Proc., 50.
As to the claim in the second assignment of error that there was no evidence of any express contract for transportation which warranted reference to such a contract in the charge, we find no error. The plaintiff claimed to have proved that the terms of employment concerned only the amount of compensation. On the other hand, the defendant's claims of proof are reasonably susceptible to a finding of fact by the jury from all the circumstances that it was understood that when the plaintiff and Peter worked together Peter would furnish transportation to the job. The important point was the existence of an understanding. Whether it was express or implied is of secondary importance. If the plaintiff desired to make a point of whether the understanding was one or the other, he should have requested the court to charge specifically on the issue. Mavrides v. Lyon, 123 Conn. 173, 176, 193 A. 605; Bourk V. Holmberg, 123 Conn. 682, 683, 194 A. 726. This claim is without merit.