Summary
In Cunningham v. Gray, 221 Va. 792, 795, 273 S.E.2d 562, 564 (1981), we said: "[W]hile the welfare of the child is of paramount concern in adoption cases, nonetheless the rights of a natural parent vis-a-vis a non-parent will be maintained if at all consistent with the child's best interests."
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44061 Record No. 781787.
January 16, 1981
Present: All the Justices.
Evidence fails to support petition of stepfather to adopt child and change child's name over objection of natural father; rights of natural parent to be maintained if consistent with best interest of child; burden on stepparent petitioning for adoption to show that continuation of relationship to natural parent would be detrimental to child's welfare.
(1) Domestic Relations — Adoption — By Stepparent — When Divorced Natural Parent Objects — Rights of Natural Parent Respected if Consistent with Best Interests of Child — Burden of Proof on Stepparent Petitioning for Adoption.
(2) Domestic Relations — Adoption — By Stepparent — Evidence Insufficient as Matter of Law to Support.
A husband and wife had a child born in 1969. There was a New Jersey divorce in 1972 and custody of the child was awarded the mother. The father was granted reasonable rights of visitation and was ordered to pay $15 per week as child support. The mother moved to Richmond in 1973 and married in 1976. In April 1978, Gray, the stepfather, with the mother, petitioned for adoption by Gray of the child and for change of the child's name. The natural father, who had remained in New Jersey and who had not remarried, objected to the adoption. There was evidence that the natural father had seen the child about 10 times after he and the child's mother separated and before the mother moved to Richmond. He had seen the child once since 1973. He had made no child support payments but desired to become current with them. The evidence was in conflict as to the extent of his interest in his child after the mother moved to Richmond. The Trial Court found the stepfather and mother had proved by clear and convincing evidence that the adoption was in the best interests of the child and that consent of the natural father was withheld contrary to those interests under Code Sec. 63.1-225(C). The Court granted the adoption and change of name, the ruling being prior to Ward v. Faw, 219 Va. 1120, 253 S.E.2d 658 (1979). The natural father appeals.
1. When a stepfather seeks to adopt a child over the objection of the natural father the welfare of the child is the paramount consideration but the rights of a natural parent vis-a-vis a non parent will be maintained if at all consistent with the child's best interests. The adoptive parent must show that continuance of the relationship between the natural father and child would be detrimental to the child's welfare. Code Sec. 63.1-225(C); Ward v. Faw, 219 Va. 1120, 253 S.E.2d 658 (1979) followed.
2. There is no evidence that continuation of the present limited relationship between the natural father and his child, or any broadening of that relationship in the future, will be disruptive of the child's well being. The evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to support the adoption.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond, Division I. Hon. Marvin F. Cole, judge presiding.
Reversed and remanded.
William W. Muse (Blanton and Muse, on brief), for appellant.
H. Franklin Taylor, III, for appellees.
In this family law case, we review the trial court's action in granting a stepfather's petition for adoption over objection of the child's natural father.
In April of 1978, appellees Rosalind M. Gray and Charles M. Gray filed a petition in the court below for the adoption by Mr. Gray of Tracy Michelle Cunningham and for change of her name. The child was nine years of age and the natural daughter of Mrs. Gray by her former marriage to appellant Roland David Cunningham, Jr. After the appropriate investigation and a hearing upon the natural father's objection to the proposed adoption, the trial court found that the Grays had proved by clear and convincing evidence the adoption was in the best interests of the child and that consent of the natural father was withheld contrary to those interests. Accordingly, the court below granted the adoption and change of name by order entered in September of 1978, from which we awarded the natural father an appeal.
The evidence shows the Cunninghams were married in New Jersey in 1968. The child was born the following year. The parties separated in 1971 when Cunningham went to live with his parents. The marriage was terminated in 1972 by a New Jersey divorce decree. Custody of the child was awarded the mother and Cunningham was granted reasonable rights of visitation. He was ordered to pay $15 per week as child support.
The mother testified she remained in New Jersey until 1973 when she moved to Richmond. During the marriage, according to the mother, Cunningham was unable to hold any job for more than four months; he worked for awhile as a deliveryman and in a department store. After the separation and before the mother left New Jersey, Cunningham was not employed and paid no child support. During that period of approximately two and one-half years, Cunningham saw the child about 10 times, frequently failing to appear for prearranged visitation.
The mother moved from New Jersey accompanied by the child without notifying the father because, she said, he was occasionally violent, upsetting the child. Cunningham made no child support payments after the mother and child moved to Richmond. According to the father's testimony, an attorney in New Jersey told him that such payments were no longer required when the child was taken from the jurisdiction. Cunningham testified he had since learned that advice was erroneous and asked the court below to determine the arrearage in support payments so that he could "become current" with his support obligations.
The evidence showed Cunningham had been convicted in 1977 of trespassing and served 40 days in jail. At the time of the hearing he was unemployed.
The evidence was in conflict about the extent of Cunningham's interest in his daughter after the mother moved with her to Richmond. Cunningham, who had not remarried and still lived with his parents in New Jersey, presented evidence that, while permitting annual visits by the child's paternal grandmother, the natural mother frustrated the father's several efforts to talk with his daughter by telephone, to see her in person in Richmond, and to present her with occasional gifts. The mother denied she prevented Cunningham from contacting the child. She added the child was "well aware" that she had a living natural father and said that the child has a scrapbook containing pictures of Cunningham. The evidence was undisputed that Cunningham had actually seen the child only once since 1973.
The mother married Gray, an employee of the federal government, in 1976 when both were approximately 30 years of age. The evidence showed the child has an excellent relationship with the stepfather.
According to the applicable statute, a petition for adoption under the circumstances of this case may be granted without the father's consent if the trial court finds such consent "is withheld contrary to the best interests of the child." Code Sec. 63.1-225(C). The sole question here is whether the court below correctly decided the adoptive parents had carried their statutory burden of showing that in withholding consent Cunningham was acting prejudicially to the child's interests. See Malpass v. Morgan, 213 Va. 393, 399, 192 S.E.2d 794, 798-99 (1972).
The Grays argue the trial court properly ordered the adoption. They say the evidence shows Cunningham had actually abandoned the child and thus sacrificed his parental rights to her. We disagree.
Our determination is controlled by Ward v. Faw, 219 Va. 1120, 253 S.E.2d 658 (1979), a case decided subsequent to the trial court's ruling in the present matter. Upon very similar facts, we said, relying on Malpass, that under the circumstances in Ward, the adoptive parents must show that continuance of the relationship between the natural father and child would be detrimental to the child's welfare. 219 Va. at 1124, 253 S.E.2d at 661. We reiterated that while the welfare of the child is of paramount concern in adoption cases, nonetheless the rights of a natural parent vis-a-vis a nonparent will be maintained if at all consistent with the child's best interests. Id. And we pointed out in Ward that the "relationship" to be examined between non-consenting parent and child includes not only "a social, familial, or custodial connection" but also "the legal affiliation always present between parent and child." 219 Va. at 1125, 253 S.E.2d at 662.
The record here, as in Ward, is completely devoid of any evidence that continuation of the present limited relationship between Cunningham and his daughter, or any broadening of that relationship which may occur in the future, will be disruptive of the child's well-being. The evidence shows that friction exists between the natural parents, that in the past the father's occasional violence toward the mother upset the child, that the father has a poor employment record, and that he has been convicted of a minor crime. But there is no evidence which supports a finding that those negative factors will have a definitive adverse effect on the child's welfare if the father-daughter relationship is continued.
And we reject the adoptive parents' argument that Cunningham's total conduct during his marriage, after the separation, and subsequent to the divorce "has been tantamount to abandonment of his interest in the child." While his actions during the whole period have been in derogation of his parental duties, we cannot say in this case that such conduct has amounted to permanent forfeiture of his parental rights. Moreover, there is no indication in the record that the father's objection to the adoption is motivated by any factor except a sincere desire to maintain a parent-child connection with his daughter. Indeed, he has asked the adoption court not only to assess against him the arrearage in support payments but also to establish specific visitation privileges.
For these reasons, we think the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to support the adoption. Thus, the order appealed from will be reversed and the petition for adoption and change of name will be dismissed, without prejudice to the right of either natural parent to seek in the proper forum adjudication of issues relating to child support and visitation.
Reversed and dismissed.