Summary
In Cullen v. Norton (126 N.Y. 1) the negligence was predicated upon the failure of the master to provide a safe place, there being at the time an undischarged hole within two feet of the spot at which the deceased was ordered to commence drilling, and in some way the charge was exploded, killing the plaintiff's intestate. It was there held that the master had discharged his duty, that the negligence of the foreman was not imputable to the master, but was a detail of the work which might properly be left to the judgment of the foreman.
Summary of this case from McQueen v. Delaware, L. W.R.R. Co.Opinion
Argued February 5, 1891
Decided March 10, 1891
J. Newton Fiero for appellant.
David M. De Witt for respondent.
Assuming Doran to have been negligent, is the evidence in the case of such a nature as to show that the defendant was responsible for it, or was the negligence that of a fellow servant of the intestate? I think it was the latter. A master is bound to furnish reasonably safe and suitable implements for the use of the servant, and a reasonably safe place of employment, considering the nature of the employment itself. There is very little room for disagreement as to the principles of law in this class of cases, but the difficulty lies in their application to the facts of each special case.
Did the defendant discharge this duty of furnishing in the first instance a reasonably safe place for the servant to do his work? The place was a cement quarry, and the work had proceeded so far that the business had to be conducted by blasting. To blast at all is to encounter some danger, and hence, in this case, all the danger incident to the working of the quarry under conditions requiring frequent blasts, the workman took the risk of when he accepted employment in the quarry. The danger of accident from the negligence of a fellow workman is part of the risk assumed.
The master was liable for the act of Doran in placing the deceased at work where he did, provided such act was of a character which the master was required to perform as master. This is the principle decided in Crispin v. Babbitt ( 81 N.Y. 516), and it has never been receded from in this court. If Doran acted as master, the defendant is liable, while if he acted in his capacity as an employe and not as a representative of the master, his negligence does not rest upon the master.
The quarry was the place where the work was to go on, and the master was bound to make it a reasonably safe place for such work, considering its character and the necessarily dangerous nature of the work itself. For the manner in which the persons employed in the quarry should themselves perform their work, the master was not liable. It is not claimed that the master did not furnish a proper place to work in the first instance; that is, when the deceased was employed, the quarry was as safe as any quarry is where frequent blasts are being fired off.
But the manner of the performance of each of the various details of the work by which, as a whole, it was to be conducted, rested necessarily upon the intelligence and care and fidelity of the servants to whom these duties were intrusted. It can't be that every time a blast was exploded and the men came back, the manner of their distribution for work was a duty of the master, and that the order of a foreman, mistakenly or negligently given, must be regarded as the order of the master in filling a duty to furnish a safe place to work in. It is, as it seems to me, a detail of the working or management of the business, the risks attending which have been assumed by the party taking employment.
The case of Pantzar v. Tilly Foster Iron Mining Co. ( 99 N.Y. 368) was entirely different. The master was there held liable because, through the superintendent, it placed the plaintiff in a position of danger, not necessarily connected with or part of the conduct of the general work itself for which plaintiff was employed, and which danger was not caused by any negligent act or omission of a fellow servant. The plaintiff, while working in the pit of the mine, was injured by the fall of a mass of rock from an overhanging cliff, not caused by the negligence of any workman, and not a natural or necessary part of the danger arising from the working of the mine itself. The superintendent and foreman had been warned of the danger before the plaintiff went to work at the place where he was injured, and they took no precautions to support the rock while the men were at work under it, although it was entirely practicable to do so. We held in such case, the master failed to furnish a reasonably safe place to the plaintiff to continue his work.
In this case it is the ordinary one of choosing a method, a time and a place for continuing the work in the quarry, and this involved questions of judgment and discretion committed in this instance it would seem to Doran. He, it may be conceded, mismanaged or misjudged the matter, and after placing the deceased at work, negligently or improperly placed others at work too near the hole in which the powder had not exploded, and the consequence was this most unfortunate accident. The accident resulted from a negligent act done in the very course of the work and by one of the fellow workmen of the deceased. The negligent act was a part performance of the work itself, the risks of which the deceased had assumed. The master had provided a competent and experienced foreman, who had been in his employment a number of years, and he was not chargeable with the consequences of a place for work made dangerous only by the carelessness and neglect of a fellow servant ( Hussey v. Coger, 112 N.Y. 614-618), although that fellow servant happened to be the foreman.
The case of Tendrup v. The Stephenson Co. ( Limited), decided in this court in 121 N.Y. 681, without an opinion, was a very close one — a border case, so to speak, and not one which should be amplified in the slightest degree. The idea upon which its affirmance was founded in this court was that the ladder leading from an upper to a lower part of the place where the plaintiff was working was never sufficiently fastened down to make the place a safe one to work in, because of the readiness with which it could be removed without noise or notice. Hence it could be said the master had failed to furnish at all a safe place to work in.
The case of Kranz v. Long Island Railway Co. ( 123 N.Y. 1) is not in point. There the trench was to be dug by others, and in it the plaintiff was to go for the purpose of cleaning out certain water-pipes. The defendant owed a duty to see to it that the place that the plaintiff was sent to work in should be reasonably safe. Here the decedent and the other men in the quarry were engaged therein, and by their blasting they were continually changing the conditions of the quarry, and its dangerous conditions were added to by the negligence of this foreman in carrying out the general purpose and design of the work in which they were all engaged, and he acted there as a fellow workman and not as master or in place of the master.
In McGovern v. Railroad ( 123 N.Y. 280) the decedent was sent into the bin to discover why it was that the grain had ceased to flow through the hopper at the bottom of the bin and where the difficulty was. It was known that there was a tendency in grain to heat, and when heated it would sometimes stick to the sides of the bin and cease to run out. When this was the case it was dangerous to attempt to enter the bin from the trap-door in the bottom, as the grain might be detached, fall down, close the trap-door, and smother anyone in the bin. The work could have been done from the top of the bin without danger. This court held there was evidence to go to the jury on the question whether the defendant had discharged the duty which it owed its servants, and whether it was not negligent in ordering its servants to enter a place obviously dangerous without first making proper inspection. Under the circumstances the place (the bin) was obviously dangerous to enter at all from below and its danger did not in any way depend upon the manner in which the work should be conducted by fellow servants after they entered the bin. The danger consisted in entering it at all through this trap-door. The court said that it was the duty of the master to adopt all reasonable precautions to shield the servant from the danger he might be exposed to in the place assigned him for labor before requiring him to occupy it. This remark was made in reference to ordering him to enter an obviously dangerous place through this trap-door, and when it was not at all necessary to enter from below. It was not at all dangerous unless there was grain in the bin, and then it was dangerous only for the time being and because of the known habit of the grain to heat and stick to the sides of the bin. It seems plain that the risk thus run by the decedent was no necessary, natural or usual part of the general business which he was employed to do, and the risks of which he assumed when he entered the defendants' employment. The danger did not arise out of the prosecution of his work or the prosecution of the work of his fellow workmen, and the place was only made dangerous from this temporary cause, which was entirely disconnected from the ordinary prosecution of the work; it was in substance an order from the master to occupy a place of danger which the jury might say he had not sufficiently, that is reasonably guarded against, and for the injuries resulting the master should be held liable. The case at bar is not similar in these respects. The facts already recited show the difference, and hence the McGovern case does not apply.
The case of Hogan v. Smith ( 125 N.Y. 774) is the latest example of the application of the law relating to master and servant in this particular.
The defendant had been held liable below because of his alleged failure to furnish as master a reasonably safe place for the servants to do their work. We held that the place which the master furnished was the ship itself, constructed in the usual way, which became unsafe, not by reason of any careless or negligent plan or manner of construction, but solely from the way in which the longshoremen did their work. The injury, it was said, happened not from any inadequate supply of boards to build the "stool," but from the negligent manner in which the workmen used them, and we reversed the judgment against the defendant. So in the case at bar. The master furnished the mine as a place for labor, and it was solely on account of the manner in which the foreman, a fellow servant, performed the work or directed it that the accident happened, and happened in the course of the performance of the very kind and character of work which the plaintiff's intestate took the risk of by accepting employment. I think this case comes within the clear principle of the Crispin and Babbitt case ( supra), which remains in full vigor and life in this court. The same principle has been lately reiterated in Loughlin v. State of New York ( 105 N.Y. 159).
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide event.
All concur, except RUGER, Ch. J., and O'BRIEN, J., dissenting.
Judgment reversed.