Summary
In Cross v. State, 128 Ga. App. 837 (198 S.E.2d 338) (1973), the Court of Appeals held that Code § 26-3001 "does not apply to one who is a party to the conversation."
Summary of this case from Mitchell v. StateOpinion
47984.
ARGUED MARCH 6, 1973.
DECIDED APRIL 6, 1973. REHEARING DENIED APRIL 19, 1973.
Bribery; motion to suppress. DeKalb Superior Court. Before Judge Tillman.
Rich, Bass, Kidd Broome, Robert K. Broome, Casper Rich, William F. C. Skinner, Jr., Bryan M. Cavan, for appellant.
Richard Bell, District Attorney, M. Randall Peek, for appellee.
1. The prohibitions of Code Ann. § 26-3001 on "Unlawful Eavesdropping and Surveillance" relate to one who is not a party to the conversation.
2. The state's use of an agent who may reveal the contents of conversations with an accused does not violate the Fourth Amendment and no different result is required if the agent instead of immediately reporting and transcribing his conversation with the defendant, either (1) simultaneously records them with electronic equipment which he is carrying on his person; (2) or carries radio equipment which simultaneously transmits the conversations either to recording equipment located elsewhere or to other agents monitoring the transmitting frequency.
ARGUED MARCH 6, 1973 — DECIDED APRIL 6, 1973 — REHEARING DENIED APRIL 19, 1973.
Defendant was indicted for the offense of bribery. This appeal is from the overruling of his motion to suppress tape recordings and the testimony of three police officers on the ground that this amounted to an illegal search and seizure of his conversation because there was no application for or issuance of a warrant authorizing electronic eavesdropping under Ch. 26-30 of the Criminal Code of Georgia.
It appears that an informer known to a police officer told the officer that a certain Johnson wanted to reach him. The officer then called Johnson and they arranged to meet. By agreement of his supervisors, an electronic transmitting device was concealed upon the officer's body for the meeting. No attempt was made to secure a warrant. Two other officers went along to receive and record the upcoming conversations. Shortly after the officer met Johnson, he was taken to another automobile where the defendant was seated. The officer had a conversation with the defendant in which the defendant allegedly offered money to the officer in return for intelligence-type information on police activities.
The prohibitions found in Code Ann. § 26-3001 on "Unlawful Eavesdropping and Surveillance" are inapposite here because they logically relate to one who is not a party to the conversation itself. One does not "intercept" or "overhear" a conversation that is made directly to him. He is not an eavesdropper nor does he have the conversation under "surveillance." See "Eavesdropping," Black's Law Dictionary and Pavesich v. New England Life Ins. Co., 122 Ga. 190, 198 ( 50 S.E. 68). Anyone who makes a statement to another knows that the person to whom it is made may repeat it to others who may use it against him. The mere fact that the person to whom the statement was directed made a recording without the knowledge of the person recorded does not vitiate its evidentiary value. See 97 ALR2d 1283, 1302, 1305, §§ 10, 12; 29 AmJur2d 491, Evidence, § 435.
This principle is well stated in a recent decision of the United States Supreme Court which has similar facts. United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745 ( 91 SC 1122, 28 L.Ed.2d 453). "Hoffa v. United States, 385 U.S. 293, which was left undisturbed by Katz, held that however strongly a defendant may trust an apparent colleague, his expectations in this respect are not protected by the Fourth Amendment when it turns out that the colleague is a government agent regularly communicating with the authorities. In these circumstances, `no interest legitimately protected by the Fourth Amendment is involved,' for that amendment affords no protection to `a wrongdoer's misplaced belief that a person to whom he voluntarily confides his wrongdoing will not reveal it.' Hoffa v. United States, at 302. No warrant to `search and seize' is required in such circumstances, ... or when the same agent, unbeknown to the defendant, carries electronic equipment to record the defendant's words and the evidence so gathered is later offered in evidence. Lopez v. United States, 373 U.S. 427.... It is thus untenable to consider the activities and reports of the police agent himself, though acting without a warrant, to be a `reasonable' investigative effort and lawful under the Fourth Amendment but to view the same agent with a recorder or transmitter as conducting an `unreasonable' and unconstitutional search and seizure. Our opinion is currently shared by Congress and the Executive Branch, Title III, Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 82 Stat. 212, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510 et seq. (1964 Ed. Supp. V), and the American Bar Association Project on Standards for Criminal Justice, Electronic Surveillance, § 4.1 (Approved Draft 1971)." United States v. White, supra, pp. 749, 753.
Therefore, while the federal statute is worded differently, and while the Georgia statute is not under constitutional attack, the same reasoning supports the interpretation of § 26-3001: that it does not apply to one who is a party to the conversation.
The state has relied chiefly upon Code Ann. § 26-3006 which provides: "Nothing in section 26-3001 shall prohibit the interception, recording and divulging of a message ... [when] the message shall constitute the commission of a crime or is directly in the furtherance of a crime, provided at least one party thereto shall consent." This section is also applicable, though redundant in view of the above interpretation of § 26-3001. It seems probable that § 26-3006 was intended to cover those situations in which the conversation was between two private parties, one of whom consented to the interception by some third party, most likely a law enforcement agency. This does not mean that if one of the parties to the conversation is a police officer who has consented that the section cannot apply. Defendant contends that the police will always consent to electronic eavesdropping, making the prohibition meaningless. Defendant has overlooked the clear wording which requires the consent of one of the parties to the conversation, not the "consent" of the third party interceptor. The rationale for consent of a party is exactly the same as that stated in United States v. White, supra, and is also true under the federal statute. 18 USCA, § 2511 (2) (c). See also Ansley v. State, 124 Ga. App. 670, 674 ( 185 S.E.2d 562), cert. den. 408 U.S. 922, 929.
The trial court did not err in overruling this motion to suppress. Judgment affirmed. Clark, J., concurs. Evans, J., concurs specially.
I do not agree with the majority opinion's statement in Headnote 1 that: "The prohibitions of Code Ann. § 26-3001 on `Unlawful Eavesdropping and Surveillance' relate to one who is not a party to the conversation" nor do I agree with the discussion of this subject beginning at page 838. (Emphasis supplied.)
If the private conversation of two persons is secretly (clandestinely) recorded by one of such persons, this constitutes an unlawful invasion of privacy. See Code Ann. § 26-3001 (Ga. L. 1968, pp. 1249, 1327). This statute goes far beyond mere "eavesdropping" and specifically provides that it is also unlawful to "transmit or record" the private conversation of another which originates in any private place.
Of course, there are certain exceptions, such as the giving of consent by all persons involved. Code Ann. § 26-3001 (b). Further, law enforcement officers are excepted while trying to apprehend one suspected of violating the laws, provided an order (warrant) of superior court is obtained and the surveillance and recording are performed in strict accordance with several statutory provisions. (See Code Ann. § 26-3004 and all subdivisions; Ga. L. 1968, pp. 1249, 1328; 1972, p. 615; 1972, pp. 952, 953). Another exception is when the message itself shall constitute the commission of a crime or is directly in furtherance of a crime, and if one of the parties thereto shall consent. See Code Ann. § 26-3006. (This is the only provision under Georgia law where the consent of one party only is sufficient to give legality to the clandestine recording of a conversation or message which originates in a private place.)
I consider it quite important to note my disagreement with the majority opinion, because otherwise I would give sanction to what I know is not the law, that is, that one party may clandestinely record and report the conversation he has with another party in a private place. To do so legally he must come within the purview of one of the exceptions herein noted. For instance, the law-enforcing officer is not within an exception when he records and reports a conversation which may afford evidence of guilt of a crime previously committed. To come within the exception, the conversation must itself constitute a crime or be in furtherance of a crime.
The majority opinion relies strongly upon and quotes from United States v. White, 401 U.S. 745 ( 91 SC 1122, 28 L.Ed.2d 453), using several pages. But only four justices concurred in the quoted language, and of course, it is not binding and is not a precedent. Mr. Justice Brennan concurred in the judgment only, and at p. 755 very pertinently states: "In other words, it is my view that current Fourth Amendment jurisprudence interposes a warrant requirement not only in cases of third-party electronic monitoring ... but also in cases of electronic recording by a government agent of a face-to-face conversation with a criminal suspect ..." (Emphasis supplied.)
It is hardly necessary to remind that there was no warrant in the case sub judice.
But, the federal authorities are not applicable here because the federal law is completely unlike the Georgia law. Title 28 U.S.C.A. § 2511 (2) (c) (d) specifically provides that if one of the persons acts under color of law and is a party to the conversation, it is not unlawful for him to intercept such communication. But the Georgia law, as found in Code Ann. § 26-3006 (Ga. L. 1968, pp. 1249, 1333) provides that it is not unlawful to record the message when both parties to the conversation consent; or where the conversation is itself a crime or in furtherance of a crime. Thus, it is readily seen that the federal law is much more liberal towards the government than is the state law, and we repeat that the federal authorities are inapplicable.
The majority affirms the denial of a motion to suppress evidence in this case, and I concur in the judgment. The evidence shows that the conversation which was electronically recorded was one wherein defendant proposed to bribe the officer. Of course, this is an exception to the general rule and is covered by Code Ann. § 26-3006. Also see Ansley v. State, 124 Ga. App. 670 (4) ( 185 S.E.2d 562).