Summary
holding that Rule 11 sanctions were appropriate when an attorney was attempting to relitigate an issue which he should have known was previously decided
Summary of this case from Parker v. PerryOpinion
94-1307
Opinion delivered June 19, 1995
1. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — MEANING OF ATTORNEY'S SIGNATURE ON PLEADINGS — SANCTIONS FOR VIOLATION. — Under Ark. R. Civ. P. 11, an attorney signing a pleading, motion, or other paper on behalf of a party constitutes a certificate that (1) the attorney made a reasonable inquiry into the facts supporting the document or pleading, (2) he or she made a reasonable inquiry into the law supporting that document to ensure that it is warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law, and (3) the attorney did not interpose the document for any improper purpose, such as to harass or cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation; when a violation of Rule 11 occurs, the Rule makes sanctions mandatory. 2. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — DETERMINATION OF VIOLATION FOR THE COURT — STANDARD EMPLOYED. — Whether a violation of Rule 11 occurred is a matter for the court to determine, and this determination involves matters of judgment and degree; in reviewing a trial court's Rule 11 determination, the appellate court does so under an abuse of discretion standard. 3. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — COURT SHOULD TEST SIGNER'S CONDUCT BY INQUIRING WHAT WAS REASONABLE TO BELIEVE AT TIME OF SUBMISSION. — Rule 11 is not intended to permit sanctions just because the court later decides that the lawyer was wrong; instead, the trial court, in exercising its discretion under Rule 11, is expected to avoid using the wisdom of hindsight and should test the signer's conduct by inquiring what was reasonable to believe at the time the pleading, motion, or other paper was submitted. 4. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — ESSENTIAL ISSUE IS WHETHER SIGNATORIES FULFILLED DUTY OF REASONABLE INQUIRY INTO RELEVANT LAW — INDICIA OF REASONABLE INQUIRY. — Rule 11 does not require that the legal theory espoused in a filing prevail; the essential issue is whether signatories of the document fulfilled their duty of reasonable inquiry into the relevant law, and the indicia of reasonable inquiry into the law include the plausibility of the legal theory espoused and the complexity of the issues raised; a trial court should not impose Rule 11 sanctions for advocacy of a plausible legal theory, particularly when the law is arguably unclear. 5. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — REVIEW OF DECISION TO IMPOSE SANCTIONS — COMPLEXITY OF ISSUES AND PLAUSIBILITY OF LEGAL THEORY CONSIDERED. — In reviewing the chancery court's decision imposing Rule 11 sanctions, the appellate court had to decide whether the signatory had made a reasonable inquiry into the law before, and at the time, it filed its action; the appellate court considered the complexity of the issues and the plausibility of the legal theory that the signatory advanced when filing its complaint. 6. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — CHANCERY COURT'S FACTUAL AND LEGAL FINDINGS SUPPORT CHANCELLOR'S FINDING OF VIOLATION. — The chancery court's factual and legal findings clearly supported the chancellor's finding that the signatory law firm had violated Rule 11. 7. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — CHANCELLOR'S FINDINGS ESTABLISHED THAT LAW FIRM HAD KNOWLEDGE THAT CIRCUIT COURT HAD RULED UPON SAME ISSUES IT ASKED CHANCERY COURT TO RULE UPON IN SECOND LAWSUIT — law firm should have known fee claim had been decided and was barred by circuit court decision. — The chancellor's findings established that the signatory law firm had knowledge that a circuit court had considered and ruled upon the same issues it asked the chancery court to rule upon in the second lawsuit; the law firm should have known that its fee claim had been decided and was barred by the circuit court decision. 8. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — STANDARD OF REVIEW. — The appellate court reviews a trial court's Rule 11 determination under an abuse of discretion standard. 9. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 MOTION RAISES COLLATERAL AND INDEPENDENT CLAIM — CHANCERY COURT RETAINED JURISDICTION TO RULE ON REQUESTS FOR SANCTIONS. — A Rule 11 motion raises a collateral and independent claim, not a matter integral to the merits of the action; because of the collateral nature of the Rule 11 requests for sanctions, the chancery court retained jurisdiction to rule on them even though a final judgment on the parties' underlying action had been previously entered and appealed. 10. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — TRIAL COURT MUST IMPOSE APPROPRIATE SANCTION FOR VIOLATION — FEDERAL STANDARD OF REVIEW ADOPTED. — Upon finding a violation of Rule 11, the trial court must impose an appropriate sanction, which may include an order for the violating party to pay the opposing party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses they had incurred, including a reasonable attorney's fee; the appellate court adopted the standard of review employed by federal courts in deciding whether a trial court has imposed an appropriate sanction; courts have broad discretion not only in determining whether sanctionable conduct has occurred, but also in deciding what an appropriate Rule 11 sanction should be. 11. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — PURPOSE OF SANCTIONS IS TO DETER FUTURE LITIGATION ABUSE — LEAST SEVERE SANCTION SHOULD BE IMPOSED — AWARD OF FEES ONE OF SEVERAL METHODS OF ACHIEVING GOALS OF RULE 11. — The primary purpose of Rule 11 sanctions is to deter future litigation abuse; the least severe sanction adequate to serve the purposes of Rule 11 should be imposed; the award of fees is but one of several methods of achieving the various goals of Rule 11. 12. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — COURT SHOULD EXPLAIN BASIS OF SANCTION WHEN MONETARY AWARD ISSUED — FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED. — When a monetary award is issued, the trial court should explain the basis of the sanction so that a reviewing court may have a basis to determine whether the chosen sanction is appropriate; the trial court should consider (1) the reasonableness of the opposing party's attorney's fees, (2) the minimum to deter, (3) the ability to pay, and (4) factors relating to the severity of the Rule 11 violation; in evaluating the reasonableness of the fee request, the court should consider that the very frivolousness of the claim is what justifies the sanctions. 13. PLEADINGS — RULE 11 — MATTER REVERSED AND REMANDED TO PERMIT PARTIES AND TRIAL COURT TO DEAL WITH ISSUES OF APPROPRIATENESS OR AMOUNT OF SANCTIONS TO BE IMPOSED. — Where the trial court did not explain how it reached the monetary award it ordered under Rule 11, and where the trial court and the parties had little guidance from case law on how to address the issue of the appropriateness of a sanction or its amount, the appellate court reversed and remanded the matter to permit the parties and the trial court to proceed solely on the issue of the appropriateness or the amount of the sanctions to be imposed, employing the standards adopted by the appellate court in the present case.
Appeal from Pulaski Chancery Court; Annabelle Clinton Imber, Chancellor; affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part.
Gill Law Firm, by: John P. Gill, and Crockett Brown, PLLC, by: C. Richard Crockett, for appellants.
Wilson, Engstrom, Corum Coulter, by: Gary D. Corum, for appellees.
Crockett Brown, P. A. (CB) brings its third appeal concerning issues surrounding its efforts to recover attorney's fees in connection with its representation of Richard Courson in a negligence suit filed against Thomas Averette, who had shot Courson in the eye with a shotgun. See Crockett Brown, P.A. v. Courson, 312 Ark. 363, 849 S.W.2d 938 (1993) (CB I); Crockett Brown P.A. v. Wilson, 314 Ark. 578, 864 S.W.2d 244 (1993) (CB II).
In CB I, this court affirmed the Ashley Circuit Court's decision that, under CB's and Courson's original July 5, 1989 employment contract, CB was entitled to the reasonable value for its services to the date of discharge even though Courson had terminated CB for cause before a final settlement had been obtained. The court further held, however, that CB was not entitled to the statutory lien under Ark. Code Ann. §§ 16-22-301 -304 (Supp. 1991) because that lien provision applied only where an attorney was terminated without cause. Id. 312 Ark. 377A. The court also upheld as reasonable the Ashley Circuit Court's award of attorney's fees and costs in the sum of $17,541.29.
CB II resulted from a second lawsuit filed by CB against Courson in the Pulaski Chancery Court. This second suit was filed after CB appealed the Ashley Circuit Court's decision in CB I. CB based this subsequent suit upon the theory that it was entitled to $100,000 in attorney's fees from Courson based upon a one-third contingency employment contract Courson purportedly agreed to after, and in substitute of, the parties' original agreement. Because Courson eventually obtained a $300,000 settlement, CB claimed entitlement to one-third of it plus an attorney's lien in the same amount pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. § 16-22-301 (Supp. 1991). In this Pulaski County suit, CB joined as defendants Courson's new attorneys, Wilson, Corum and Brown (Wilson), Averette and Averette's insurer, Allstate Insurance Company. In CB II, this court upheld the Pulaski Chancery Court's ruling that CB's second suit was barred by res judicata and collateral estoppel. In sum, the court held that CB could not relitigate its fee since that issue already had been decided in the Ashley Circuit Court case.
After this court's decision in CB II, the Pulaski Chancery Court imposed ARCP Rule 11 sanctions against CB and its attorney, C. Richard Crockett, in the sum of $15,000. In imposing sanctions, the chancery court found, contrary to CB's contention, the Ashley Circuit Court's adjudication of the attorney's fee issue was a final one when CB filed its Pulaski County action. The chancellor also found that it was unreasonable for CB to believe it could seek fees under the parties' July 5 contract and its purported amended or substituted contract in separate actions. She pointed out that either the original contract was enforceable because it had not been replaced by the amended version or the amended contract was valid since it had replaced the July 5 contract. In addition, the chancellor found that, contrary to CB's suggestion, the Ashley Circuit Court was well aware of, and considered, the final $300,000 settlement entered into by Courson and Averette when the court awarded attorney's fees, and CB had acknowledged it could have enforced its contract rights against the new defendant attorneys in the Ashley County case.
[1, 2] CB first argues that the chancery court abused its discretion by imposing Rule 11 sanctions. Under Rule 11, an attorney signing a pleading, motion, or other paper on behalf of a party constitutes a certificate that (1) the attorney made a reasonable inquiry into the facts supporting the document or pleading, (2) he or she made a reasonable inquiry into the law supporting that document to ensure that it is warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law, and (3) the attorney did not interpose the document for any improper purpose, such as to harass or cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation. Ward v. Dapper Dan Cleaners Laundry, Inc., 309 Ark. 192, 828 S.W.2d 833 (1992). When a violation of Rule 11 occurs, the Rule makes sanctions mandatory. Id. Whether a violation occurred is a matter for the court to determine, and this determination involves matters of judgment and degree, and in reviewing a trial court's Rule 11 determination, we do so under an abuse of discretion standard. Id.; see also Miller v. Leathers, 311 Ark. 372, 843 S.W.2d 850 (1992); Miles v. Southern, 292 Ark. 280-A, 763 S.W.2d 656 (1988) (supplemental opinion denying rehearing).
CB contends the facts alleged in its complaint filed in the Pulaski County action were true and the record is devoid of any indication that CB failed to make a reasonable inquiry into the law. CB asserts that, before filing the Pulaski County complaint, it made an exhaustive research of the law, and based upon that research, CB's Pulaski County action was appropriate. Wilson rejoins, stating CB relied upon a "tortured" interpretation of statutory and appellate law in an effort to explain why CB was justified in "relitigating" the same claim in the Pulaski County action that had already been litigated in Ashley Circuit Court. In sum, Wilson urges that CB's Pulaski Chancery Court action involved the identical cause of action earlier decided by the Ashley Circuit Court, and therefore, the second lawsuit violated the fundamental principles of finality and issue preclusion.
[3, 4] In fact, this court held in Crockett Brown, P.A. v. Wilson, 314 Ark. 578, 864 S.W.2d 244, that CB was precluded by res judicata and collateral estoppel in its Pulaski County action from obtaining a fee pursuant to §§ 16-22-301 -304 because the Ashley Circuit Court previously resolved those issues involving CB's quest for fees. Even so, Rule 11 is not intended to permit sanctions just because the court later decides that the lawyer was wrong. Rachel v. Banana Republic, Inc., 831 F.2d 1503 (9th Cir. 1987). Instead, the trial court, in exercising its discretion under Rule 11, is expected to avoid using the wisdom of hindsight and should test the signer's conduct by inquiring what was reasonable to believe at the time the pleading, motion, or other paper was submitted. Eavenson, Auchmuty Greenwald v. Holtzman, 775 F.2d 535 (3rd Cir. 1985); see also Teamsters Local Union No. 430 v. Cement Exp., Inc., 841 F.2d 66 (3rd Cir. 1988). Put in other terms, Rule 11 does not require that the legal theory espoused in a filing prevail. The essential issue is whether signatories of the document fulfilled their duty of reasonable inquiry into the relevant law, and the indicia of reasonable inquiry into the law include the plausibility of the legal theory espoused and the complexity of the issues raised. CJC Holdings, Inc. v. Wright Lato, Inc., 989 F.2d 791 (5th Cir. 1993). The CJC Holdings decision admonished that a trial court should not impose Rule 11 sanctions for advocacy of a plausible legal theory, particularly when the law is arguably unclear. Id. at 794.
In the present case, CB filed its Pulaski County complaint on July 2, 1992, which was nearly eight months before this court in CB II decided CB's second lawsuit had been barred by the Ashley Circuit Court's decision. Nonetheless, we must decide whether CB made a reasonable inquiry into the law before, and at the time, it filed its Pulaski County action. In reviewing the Pulaski Chancery Court's decision imposing Rule 11 sanctions, we consider the complexity of the issues and the plausibility of the legal theory CB advanced when filing its Pulaski County complaint.
CB's justification for filing its Pulaski County action depends upon its assertion that Courson and Averette entered into their $300,000 settlement after the Ashley Circuit Court had ruled CB was not entitled to a fee pursuant to § 16-22-301. It argues Averette, his insurer, Courson and Wilson then entered into a $300,000 settlement without considering CB's interests. Under the rationale and holding in Lockley v. Easley, 302 Ark. 13, 786 S.W.2d 573 (1990), CB states it believed it could pursue its fee contract rights in Pulaski County since Wilson and Averette's insurer had not been made parties in the Ashley County litigation. The Lockley case is clearly distinguishable from the situation here since there, the attorney had not been discharged for cause, and was awarded his contractual contingent fee pursuant to §§ 16-22-301 -310 (1989). Even so, we do not consider CB's different interpretation of Lockley significant when deciding whether the Pulaski chancery judge erred in imposing Rule 11 sanctions. If our decision depended merely upon whether CB had made an honest misinterpretation of case law, we likely would find merit in CB's argument. Instead, we find the Pulaski Chancery Court's factual and legal findings are most relevant in supporting its imposition of sanctions and in reviewing them, we conclude those findings clearly support the chancellor's holding that CB violated Rule 11.
The chancery court went into much detail and offered objective reasons for imposing sanctions. Significantly, it emphasized that, in the Ashley Circuit case, CB had filed a motion for new trial wherein it related that Courson and Averette had settled for $300,000. CB moved that the Ashley County Circuit Court open up its judgment and make additional findings and conclusions. Thereafter, the Ashley Circuit Court held a hearing and subsequently amended its earlier order. During the hearing, the circuit court stated it was not justified in placing a lien on the $300,000 settlement amount. The chancellor further found the Ashley Circuit Court had entered an amended order that fixed CB's attorney's fees, authorized the disbursement of the $300,000 settlement proceeds and dismissed Averette with prejudice. Also, the Pulaski Chancery Court found CB acknowledged before the Ashley Circuit Court its knowledge that it could seek attorney's fees not only from Courson but from Wilson as well. Again, while CB was aware of its remedies against Wilson in the Ashley County action, it simply failed to pursue them. Instead, it opted to pursue them in Pulaski County.
CB spends no time arguing the chancellor's findings are in error. We conclude that those findings establish that CB knew that the Ashley Circuit Court considered and ruled upon the same issues it asked the Pulaski Chancery Court to rule on in the second lawsuit, and CB should have known that its fee claim had been decided and was barred by the Ashley Circuit Court decision. Cf. Marrero Rivera v. Dept. of Justice, 821 F. Supp. 65 (D. Puerto Rico 1993).
In his second point for reversal, CB argues that the trial court somehow applied the wrong standard in ruling on its motions for directed verdicts. However, since this court reviews a trial court's Rule 11 determination under an abuse of discretion standard, we conclude CB's second issue is meritless.
CB's motions likely should have been filed as motions to dismiss. Regardless, our standard of review is still one of abuse of discretion, and we have concluded in this respect that the trial court's factual findings and conclusions of law amply support the holding and imposition of sanctions rendered by the trial court.
Thirdly, CB suggests the Pulaski Chancery Court erred in denying its request for dismissal. CB argued to the chancellor that because Wilson failed to raise the Rule 11 sanctions issue at trial and on cross-appeal in CB II, Wilson and his associates waived their rights to raise such sanctions in this proceeding following the CB II decision. Alternatively, CB argues Wilson is barred by res judicata. See Crockett Brown, P.A. v. Wilson, 314 Ark. at 585, 864 S.W.2d at 247. We must disagree. In Spring Creek Living Ctr. v. Sarrett, 318 Ark. 173, 883 S.W.2d 820 (1994), this court expressly held that a Rule 11 motion raises a collateral and independent claim, not a matter integral to the merits of the action. Because of the collateral nature of the Rule 11 requests for sanctions, the Pulaski Chancery Court retained jurisdiction to rule on them even though a final judgment on the parties' underlying action had been previously entered and appealed.
Although Wilson and his associates mentioned Rule 11 sanctions in their cross-appeal in CB II, we made it clear that this court had no authority to impose such sanctions. Again, because such sanctions involve a collateral matter, the parties and the chancery court were left to consider those issues after CB II was rendered.
CB's final argument concerns its contention that the trial court erred in fixing the nature and amount of the sanctions. In imposing sanctions, the chancellor ordered CB to pay Wilson the sum of $15,000.
Upon finding a violation of Rule 11, the trial court must impose an appropriate sanction, which may include an order for the violating party to pay the opposing party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses they had incurred, including a reasonable attorney's fee. While this court has not established a standard of review in deciding whether a trial court has imposed an appropriate sanction, the Supreme Court has settled the issue for federal courts, holding that district courts have broad discretion not only in determining whether sanctionable conduct has occurred, but also what an appropriate Rule 11 sanction should be. See Cooter Gell v. Hart Marx Corp., 496 U.S. 384 (1990). We believe that standard should be applied here.
[11, 12] The federal courts have held that the primary purpose of Rule 11 sanctions is to deter future litigation abuse. See Id.; In Re Kunstler, 914 F.2d 505 (4th Cir. 1990). It has also been held that the least severe sanction adequate to serve the purposes of Rule 11 should be imposed, and the award of fees is but one of several methods of achieving the various goals of Rule 11. Id.; White v. General Motors Corp., Inc., 908 F.2d 675 (10th Cir. 1990). In addition, the court in In Re Kunstler further held that, when a monetary award is issued, the trial court should explain the basis of the sanction so a reviewing court may have a basis to determine whether the chosen sanction is appropriate. The trial court should consider (1) the reasonableness of the opposing party's attorney's fees, (2) the minimum to deter, (3) the ability to pay and (4) factors relating to the severity of the Rule 11 violation. The Kunstler court further related the following:
Because the sanction is generally to pay the opposing party's "reasonable expenses . . . including a reasonable attorney's fee," Fed.R.Civ.P. 11, incurred because of the improper behavior, determination of this amount is the usual first step. The plain language of the rule requires that the court independently analyze the reasonableness of the requested fees and expenses. The injured party has a duty to mitigate costs by not overstaffing, overresearching or overdiscovering clearly meritless claims. In evaluating the reasonableness of the fee request, the district court should consider that the very frivolousness of the claim is what justifies the sanctions.
Here, the Pulaski Chancery Court failed to specify in its order how it determined why the $15,000 amount was appropriate in these circumstances. In their briefs, the parties refer only to the fact that the injured parties had incurred $13,068.70 in attorney's fees. The chancery court, too, mentioned that Wilson and his associates had incurred expenses, including attorney's fees, and that they had been subjected to "substantial burden and inconvenience." But, again, the trial court did not explain how it reached the monetary award ordered.
In sum, we recognize this court, until now, has not been confronted with this issue concerning the appropriateness of a sanction or its amount, and, as a consequence, the trial court and parties here had little guidance on how to proceed with dealing with these issues. We therefore reverse and remand this matter to permit the parties and the trial court to proceed solely on the issue of the appropriateness or amount of the sanctions to be imposed, by employing the standards adopted hereinabove.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.