Summary
In Crane v. Gruenewald (supra) several payments were made by the mortgagor without seeing the bond and mortgage in the hands of the attorney to whom the payments were made. It was held that the apparent authority of the attorney did not depend upon his production to the debtor of the securities, but on his possession of them.
Summary of this case from Central Trust Co. v. FolsomOpinion
Argued March 7, 1890
Decided April 22, 1890
Gibson Putzel for appellant.
Joseph F. Stier for respondent.
A mortgagor who makes a payment to one, other than the mortgagee, does so at his peril. If the payment be denied, upon him rests the burden of proving that it was paid to one clothed with authority to receive it. There is, however, one exception to this general rule. If payment be made to one having apparent authority to receive the money, it will be treated as if actual authority had been given for its receipt. (Paley on Agency [3d ed.], 275; Story on Agency, § 98; Williams v. Walker, 2 Sandf. Ch. 325; Smith v. Kidd, 68 N.Y. 130; Brewster v. Carnes, 103 id. 556-564.)
So, if a mortgagee permits an attorney, who negotiates a loan, to retain in his possession the bond and mortgage after the principal is due, and the mortgagor, with knowledge of that fact, and relying upon the apparent authority thus afforded, shall make a payment to him, the owner will not be permitted to deny that the attorney possessed the authority which the presence of the securities indicated that he had. This rule comprises two elements: First, possession of the securities by the attorney with the consent of the mortgagee; and second, knowledge of such possession on the part of the mortgagor. The mere possession of the securities by the attorney is not sufficient. The mortgagor must have knowledge of the fact. It would not avail him to prove that subsequent to a payment he discovered that the securities were in the actual custody of the attorney when it was made. For he could not have been misled or deceived by a fact, the existence of which was unknown to him. It is the information which he acquires of the possession which apprises him that the attorney has apparent authority to act for the principal. It is the appearance of authority to collect, furnished by the custody of the securities, which justifies him in making payment. And it is because the mortgagor acts in reliance upon such appearance, an appearance made possible only by the act of the mortgagee in leaving the securities in the hands of an attorney that estops the owner from denying the existence of authority in the attorney which such possession indicates.
Now, applying that rule to the facts found by the learned trial court in this case, the attorney Baker negotiated the loan of $8,000, which was made to this defendant on his bond secured by a mortgage on real estate. The mortgagor and mortgagee never saw each other. The securities were permitted to remain in the possession of the attorney. He had authority to collect the interest, but was not authorized to collect the principal or any part of it. After the principal became due he received from the mortgagor two payments of $1,000 each, on each occasion exhibiting the bond and mortgage to the mortgagor. Clearly as to these two items the attorney had apparent authority to receive the principal and the mortgagor could not deny to them the effect of payment pro tanto by proof that he did not have actual authority. Subsequently, and while the bond and mortgage still remained in the possession of the attorney, this defendant paid to him a further sum of $1,000, to be applied as a payment on account of the principal due. True, he did not at this time see the bond and mortgage but it was actually in the possession of the attorney and the attorney so informed him. Here then was possession and information of possession. It was information upon which he acted, and inasmuch as it was true, it constituted apparent authority. If it had turned out to be untrue it could not have availed the defendant. We see no ground for insisting that a party must actually see and examine the securities in order to entitle him to the protection of the doctrine of apparent authority, if he have trustworthy information of the fact which he believes and relies upon and it shall prove to be true there seems to be no reason why it should not avail him as well as a personal examination of the securities. It follows, that the defendant should have been credited with the third payment of $1,000. The remaining $5,000, was paid to Baker after he had parted with the possession of the bond and mortgage and the question presented is, whether the defendant is entitled to be credited with the payments made by him while the attorney Baker did not have actual possession of the securities. It will be observed that Baker was not deprived of the possession by any act of Mrs. Crane. She believed that they were still in the custody of Baker. So far as she is concerned, therefore, or the plaintiff in this action who occupies no better or other attitude, she is not in position to deny such responsibility as her conduct imposes. She cannot say that by any act of hers she is relieved from the operation of the estoppel which prevents her from denying that the first three payments of $1,000 each were effectual as such. If then the defendant is not entitled to be credited with the payments aggregating $5,000, it is because he is not in a situation to insist upon the estoppel. We are of the opinion that a proper application of this doctrine of apparent authority, requires us to hold that the defendant's failure to take the precaution of ascertaining whether the attorney was actually in the possession of the securities when he paid the several sums aggregating $5,000, deprives him of the right to assert that he was induced to make the payments because it appeared to him that the attorney had the right to receive the money. For, as we have already observed, it cannot appear to the mortgagor that an attorney has authority to receive the principal, save where he has present possession of the securities.
Information of the physical fact of possession by the attorney is alone effectual for protection. And he must have such knowledge when every payment is made, for no presumption of a continuance of possession can be indulged in for the purpose of giving support to an apparent authority on the part of an attorney to act, where no actual authority exists. This knowledge he did not have, for it was not the fact. By his own wrongful act, the attorney had parted with possession, and as a necessary consequence has deprived himself of the power to longer misrepresent his authority in respect thereto to the detriment of the mortgagee. The mortgagor thereafter placed his trust solely in the assertions of the attorney and was deceived. In so doing he was legally as much at fault as the mortgagee, who also relied upon the attorney's trustworthiness. Therefore, he cannot invoke in support of his contention the doctrine of apparent authority. A rule which undoubtedly had its foundation in the equitable principle, that if one of two innocent persons must suffer, he ought to suffer in preference whose conduct has misled the confidence of the other into an unwary act.
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted with costs to the appellant; unless within thirty days the plaintiff stipulates to modify the judgment by deducting therefrom, $104.50, that being the amount of the costs of General Term, and the further sum of $1,000, with interest thereon from July 1, 1882, to the date of entry of the judgment together with any other sum paid by Gruenewald to Baker whether for principal or interest prior to July 20, 1883, for which he was not credited by the trial court; in which event the judgment as modified is affirmed with costs of this court to the appellant.
I concur with my brethren that the third $1,000 of principal and interest paid upon it should be allowed to the defendant, but I am constrained to hold that the mortgage has been fully and legally paid.
The principle involved in this class of cases is a mere question of authority to receive payment of principal or interest or both. It is held to be sufficient evidence of authority if the attorney who negotiated the loan is subsequently entrusted by the creditor with the possession of the bond and mortgage. ( Doubleday v. Kress, 50 N.Y. 413.)
It can make no difference whether the debtor sees the bond and mortgage when he makes the payment.
Hence, it is that a payment made at any time while the bond and mortgage are in the agent's possession, with the consent of the obligee, is evidence of the authority conferred by the obligee to receive payment. The authority to receive arises, in such case, from the permission of the creditor to let this evidence of authority remain with the alleged agent. The authority to receive payment consists in leaving the bond and mortgage in the possession of the receiver, and not at all in the fact of being seen in the receiver's possession by the obligor. ( Hatfield v. Reynolds, 34 Barb. 614.) It is a species of a power of attorney. Such being its character, it must remain in force and operative until the creditor revokes this authority by withdrawing the bond and mortgage from the possession of the receiver or alleged agent. ( Smith v. Kidd, 68 N.Y. 137.) The trial court found that Mrs. Crane did not know of the delivery of the bond and mortgage to Mount, but believed and intended that the bond and mortgage should remain in Baker's possession from the period of its execution to the 4th of August, 1884, nine years or more. Mrs. Crane herself testified that, "Q. During these three years or so that Baker told you that Gruenewald was delinquent in the payment of these interest moneys, what answer did you make to him? A. I was indignant about it, and asked him why he did not foreclose the mortgage, and he would say it would cost me too much money; then, again, he would tell me that Mr. Henry R. Mount would buy the mortgage of me; this was in January, 1884. Q. Did you not tell him to foreclose the mortgage? A. I did not; but asked him why he did not foreclose. Q. Then what did you mean by asking him why he did not foreclose the mortgage? A. I wanted the money; I, that is — I wanted the principal if I could not get the interest." Baker wrote to Mrs. Crane: "I shall commence foreclosure proceedings to-day." "Q. From all these letters, Exhibits 1 to 8, and C and D, you understood that Baker was making efforts to get Guenewald to pay off the principal of this mortgage? A. I supposed he was."
This finding by the trial court shows that Mrs. Crane intended that the bond and mortgage should remain with Baker (which, as we have seen, was sufficient evidence of his authority to receive payment), but this evidence is confirmed and strengthened by her evidence to the effect that she knew Baker was collecting and trying to collect the interest and principal, and even by a resort to foreclosure, of this bond and mortgage through this long period. As before stated, it is simply a question of Baker's authority to receive payments upon the bond and mortgage, and, while the possession of the bond and mortgage is sufficient evidence of such authority, it by no means precludes other evidence of such authority, either in connection with the fact of possession of the bond and mortgage or independently of such possession. ( Hatfield v. Reynolds, supra, p. 614.) "The authority is implied from the possession of the papers and the continued receipt of money upon them, which are facts, and not from the exhibition of the papers by the agent, which is only evidence of the fact," and, it might be added, to the obligor.
Hence, I feel constrained to hold that the exclusion of any evidence which tended to prove that Baker had actual authority to receive payments and quite aside from the authority to do so arising from the possession of the bond and mortgage, was erroneous.
It was held in Dunn v. Hornbeck ( 72 N.Y. 81), where the plaintiff, as in this case, had testified she had never authorized the agent to receive the principal, that it was proper to contradict or overcome such testimony by showing that the agent always did her business; that he received the moneys paid for her, etc.
Under this authority the learned trial judge erroneously excluded the answers to the following questions: "Q. Did you ever hear any name mentioned with regard to the ownership of your mortgage other than John Willard?" "Q. You paid the interest on your mortgage to Baker?" "Q. Baker wrote you that he was making efforts to get Gruenewald to pay off this principal; what did you, in conversation, say to him with regard to the matter?" "Q. Was this mortgage on the avenue B property existing at the time John R. Crane arrived at age?" "Q. What other business did George A. Baker, Jr., have for you in 1875-6-7, besides investment of these mortgages?"
She never withdrew the possession of the bond and mortgage from Baker, or in any way limited or restricted his authority to be implied from such possession and his general authority to act in her business and especially in respect to Baker's authority in relation to the four other mortgages negotiated by Baker at the same time out of the $30,000 which Baker loaned for the plaintiff. The forged assignment and the retention of a simulated copy of it to deceive the defendant with, signify nothing in respect to the payments made by defendant. Baker was authorized by plaintiff to receive such payment and such authority was continued until it was in some manner revoked. During such period a payment to Baker was a payment to plaintiff and the forging of an assignment of the bond and mortgage could not affect the authority conferred upon him. Until his authority was revoked, Baker was the agent to receive payment. He was her agent, and in no sense the agent of the defendant, and she should lose by the unfaithfulness of her agent rather than that the defendant should.
I am in favor of a total reversal of the judgment and the award of a new trial.
All concur with PARKER, J., except POTTER, J., dissenting.
Judgment accordingly.