Opinion
Docket No. 53149.
Decided May 17, 1983.
Virginia Cramer, in propria persona. Donovan, Hammond, Ziegelman, Roach Sotiroff, P.C. (by William P. Thorpe), for defendants and codefendants.
Plunkett, Cooney, Rutt, Watters, Stanczyk Pedersen, P.C. (by John P. Jacobs), for Allen Counard.
Before: M.F. CAVANAGH, P.J., and R.B. BURNS and CYNAR, JJ.
Defendants were granted accelerated judgment and codefendants were granted summary judgment on September 8, 1978. Codefendant Allen Counard was granted accelerated judgment against plaintiff's claims on July 25, 1980. Plaintiff appeals and we affirm.
On July 14, 1978, plaintiff filed a 291-paragraph complaint against defendants, codefendants, and codefendant Counard in eight counts alleging, in the words of the complaint:
1) complaint for misconduct, fraud, or concealment and deception in wrongful foreclosure;
2) complaint for breach of covenant — conditions in covenant;
3) complaint for abuse of process;
4) complaint for libel and slander and slander of title;
5) complaint for invasion of mortgagor's right to terminate payment of escrow in mortgage covenant and agreement;
6) complaint for intentional infliction of humiliation and emotional distress and suffering in wrongful foreclosure;
7) complaint for attorney malpractice and fraud, concealment, or deception — Allen Counard;
8) complaint for attorney malpractice and fraud, concealment, or deception — McClintock, Donovan, Carson Roach, and James I. McClintock, Michael Doelle, and William P. Thorpe.
By written order dated July 25, 1980, the Wayne County Circuit Court granted accelerated judgment of no cause of action in favor of codefendant Counard. At least by count 7, plaintiff alleged attorney malpractice against Counard. The trial judge found that the two-year period of limitation expired because Counard last served plaintiff professionally in 1972 and suit was not commenced until July, 1978.
On September 8, 1978, plaintiff's claims against Metropolitan Savings and McClintock, Richards, and Denyer were dismissed with prejudice by an order of accelerated judgment. The same order granted summary judgment with prejudice to codefendants McClintock, Donovan, Carson Roach, McClintock, Doelle, and Thorpe. The order stated that counts 1-6 of the complaint are predicated on the same facts and the same parties and thus are barred by res judicata. In addition, the order stated that count 8, alleging malpractice, fails to state a cause of action because there was no privity between plaintiff and the codefendants because codefendants never represented plaintiff.
The history and facts of the case may be found in Cramer v Metropolitan Federal Savings Loan Ass'n, 34 Mich. App. 638; 192 N.W.2d 50 (1971), and Cramer v Metropolitan Savings Loan Ass'n, 401 Mich. 252; 258 N.W.2d 20 (1977), reh den 402 Mich. 954 (1977), cert den 436 U.S. 958; 98 S Ct 3072; 57 L Ed 2d 1123 (1978). The Supreme Court decision was the result of leave granted in the 1971 Court of Appeals decision along with two unpublished per curiam opinions of the Court of Appeals, No. 14149, decided May 29, 1973, and No. 18948, decided June 2, 1975. See order at 395 Mich. 751 (1975). In the instant appeal the defendants and codefendants filed motions to affirm, which this Court denied on August 13, 1982.
In her present appeal plaintiff essentially raises six issues. She first claims that the trial court erred in finding res judicata barred her action against defendant-mortgagee as an action between the same parties in a prior suit. This issue challenges the trial court's order of accelerated judgment, which was expressly granted only to those parties named as defendants: Metropolitan Savings, McClintock, Richards, and Denyer. Summary judgment was granted to the codefendants. The trial judge granted accelerated judgment to defendants on the grounds of res judicata but not to the codefendants because they were not parties to the prior action. However, summary judgment was granted to the codefendants on the grounds that plaintiff lacked privity to sue them for their alleged malpractice in defending the defendants in a prior action. Thus, the present analysis discusses the res judicata issue only as it relates to those parties called defendants, and not the codefendants.
A majority of the Supreme Court hold that Michigan applies the broad rule of res judicata. Gose v Monroe Auto Equipment Co, 409 Mich. 147; 294 N.W.2d 165 (1980). See Curry v Detroit, 394 Mich. 327; 231 N.W.2d 57 (1975). Narrow application of the doctrine bars a second action only if the same question was actually litigated in the first proceeding, but broad application bars also those claims which could have been brought in the first action but which were not. Gose, supra, p 160.
The gist of plaintiff's argument to prevent application of res judicata is that fraud was perpetrated on the trial courts in prior proceedings. The fraud is said to consist of the absence of any evidence to support an order of the Wayne County Circuit Court on September 27, 1968, which dissolved a temporary order restraining foreclosure on plaintiff's house, the absence of any proof that plaintiff defaulted in the terms of a mortgage given to defendant, a statement by this Court that "Mrs. Cramer's evidence was not heard", in Cramer v Metropolitan Federal Savings Loan Ass'n, 34 Mich. App. 638; 192 N.W.2d 50 (1971), and various allegations of collusion between her retained attorney and attorneys for the opposition and of misrepresentations made to the trial courts.
The doctrine of res judicata holds that an existing final judgment or decree rendered upon the merits, without fraud or collusion, by a court of competent jurisdiction is conclusive upon the rights of the parties or their privies. Skinner v Argentine Twp Bd, 238 Mich. 533; 213 N.W. 680 (1927). Where a judgment on the merits is rendered in favor of a defendant, the plaintiff is precluded from maintaining the same cause of action on a new ground for relief except where the defendant's fraud or misrepresentation prevented the plaintiff from presenting the new ground for relief in the prior action. Prawdzik v Heidema Bros, Inc, 352 Mich. 102; 89 N.W.2d 523 (1958).
Before allegations of fraud will allow interference with a prior judgment, however, the fraud alleged must have actually prevented the losing party from having an adversary trial on a significant issue. Fawcett v Atherton, 298 Mich. 362; 299 N.W. 108 (1941); Rogoski v Muskegon, 107 Mich. App. 730; 309 N.W.2d 718 (1981).
Plaintiff's allegations of fraud are insufficient to lower the bar of res judicata. Plaintiff apparently has forgotten the period from 1968 until the present. She refers only to the proceedings in 1968 which dissolved her temporary restraining order. These are the proceedings which she claims are irregular and prevented her from presenting evidence. Besides seeking money damages, plaintiff seeks in the present complaint to set aside the 1968 foreclosure. Plaintiff admits redeeming the property in 1969. Then, in 1969, when plaintiff sought damages for wrongful foreclosure and the trial court dismissed the complaint, this Court reversed in Cramer v Metropolitan Federal Savings Loan Ass'n, 34 Mich. App. 638; 192 N.W.2d 50 (1971). According to the Michigan Supreme Court's history of the case in Cramer v Metropolitan Savings Loan Ass'n, 401 Mich. 252; 258 N.W.2d 20 (1977), reh den 402 Mich. 954 (1977), cert den 436 U.S. 958; 98 S Ct 3072; 57 L Ed 2d 1123 (1978), plaintiff then filed an amended complaint alleging breach of contract, abuse of process, libel, breach of fiduciary duty, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. In an unpublished per curiam opinion (Docket No. 14149, decided May 29, 1973), the Court of Appeals affirmed a grant of summary judgment to defendants on all counts except the one alleging breach of fiduciary duty, which was remanded for trial. A jury found for defendants. The Supreme Court's opinion in Cramer ruled the foreclosure lawful and agreed with the Court of Appeals in affirming the trial court.
Whatever fraud plaintiff alleges has not prevented her from having a trial on the merits. A jury trial was held, from which two appeals were taken, and it was affirmed by the Supreme Court.
In addition, GCR 1963, 528.3 appears to set up a one-year period of limitation for seeking relief from a judgment, to the extent that is what plaintiff seeks. "If the application for relief is not supported by competent evidence of specific facts, general allegations of fraud will be of no avail." 3 Honigman Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 185. General allegations of fraud which tend to call for nothing more than relitigation of issues and testimony previously presented and passed on are not the sort of extraordinary circumstances needed to seek relief from a prior judgment.
Because there are insufficient allegations of fraud to prevent application of res judicata, the doctrine applies and the trial court's grant of accelerated judgment to defendants Metropolitan Savings, McClintock, Richards, and Denyer was correct.
Plaintiff next claims that the trial court erred when it granted summary judgment to codefendants on the ground that plaintiff has no cause of action against her adversary's attorneys.
Summary judgment was granted to those parties described as codefendants, except Counard, on the grounds that plaintiff lacked privity to sue them for malpractice in their prior representation of defendants.
The particular court rule underlying the order of summary judgment is not disclosed by the record or pleadings. The motion must have been grounded on failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, GCR 1963, 117.2(1), however, because codefendants interposed a complete defense to the claims of plaintiff. Such a motion tests the legal sufficiency of the claim and is determined by reference to the pleadings alone. The test is whether the claims are so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development can possibly justify a right to recovery. Pontious v E W Bliss Co, 102 Mich. App. 718; 302 N.W.2d 293, lv den 411 Mich. 1062 (1981).
To the extent count 8 of plaintiff's complaint states a claim of negligence, summary judgment was proper on the grounds that an attorney owes no actionable duty to an adverse party. Friedman v Dozorc, 412 Mich. 1; 312 N.W.2d 585 (1981). Friedman expressly foreclosed such suits. Although the Supreme Court noted that its decision was not based on privity of contract, Friedman, p 28, the Court said that Williams v Polgar, 391 Mich. 6; 215 N.W.2d 149 (1974), subjected an abstracter of title to liability in negligence to foreseeable third parties who rely on the abstracts, despite the absence of privity of contract. But in the case of an adversary, said the Friedman Court, there can be no reliance because of the adversarial relationship.
Thus, while privity of contract was an erroneous basis on which to ground the order of summary judgment under Friedman, the order could properly have been grounded on the absence of a duty of due care under Friedman.
Moreover, plaintiff's count 8 falls short of pleading fraud. She does not allege false representations made to her which induced her to act on the supposedly false statements. Rather, she claims to have been astutely ahead of these codefendants.
Thus, we conclude that the trial judge properly granted summary judgment to codefendants. Although the stated ground of privity is not correct, the trial judge reached the right result because under Friedman one may not sue his adversary's attorney for negligence. In addition, the complaint fails to properly plead facts showing fraud.
Plaintiff next contends that a default judgment against codefendant Counard should not have been set aside because his affidavit failed to aver facts showing a meritorious defense and good cause.
A motion to set aside an entry of default shall be granted only if good cause is shown and an affidavit of facts showing a meritorious defense is filed. GCR 1963, 520.4. A trial judge's decision on both points is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Butler v Cann, 62 Mich. App. 663; 233 N.W.2d 827 (1975). The affidavit performs the function of informing the trial judge whether the defaulted defendant has a meritorious defense. Hartman v Roberts-Walby Enterprises, Inc, 17 Mich. App. 724; 170 N.W.2d 292 (1969), lv den 383 Mich. 774 (1970).
Plaintiff complains that the affidavit submitted by codefendant Counard fails to aver a meritorious defense because a statute of limitations defense is a technical defense and not a meritorious defense. Although research disclosed no cases holding that a defense based on the expiration of the period of limitation is a meritorious defense, it doubtlessly is. Plaintiff's distinction is without meaning since the statute of limitations is the sort of defense contemplated by GCR 1963, 520.4.
Plaintiff next complains that the affidavit is deficient because Counard fails to show good cause. The rule does not suggest, however, that good cause must be shown by affidavit. Only a meritorious defense must be set out by affidavit. At the hearing in circuit court, counsel for Counard said that when Counard was served with the suit the papers were forwarded to an underwriter who then sent them to Counard's present insurer, who then sent them to Counard's 1972 insurance company. Counsel said his office received the papers on August 9. It was within the trial judge's discretion to accept this excuse as good cause, and an abuse of discretion does not appear.
Plaintiff also complains that the affidavit was not based on counsel's personal knowledge. Here it is not clear whether plaintiff believes the affidavit must be signed by counsel. However, plaintiff's own reproduction of the affidavit in her brief on appeal shows that the affidavit was signed by codefendant Counard. Since it was signed by Counard and appears to be based on personal knowledge, the affidavit is sufficient. Asmus v Barrett, 30 Mich. App. 570; 186 N.W.2d 819 (1971).
Plaintiff also contends that counsel for Counard falsely represented to the circuit court that he filed an answer on August 11 when it was actually filed on August 15. Plaintiff correctly points out that a computer-printed schedule of docket entries shows the answer was filed on August 15. However, the answer bears a filing stamp of August 11.
Plaintiff also contends that defendant's answer does not constitute a pleading or defense within the meaning of GCR 1963, 520.1, which provides for entry of default. An answer, however, is a pleading or defense contemplated by the rule. See GCR 1963, 110.1.
A trial judge's decision setting aside an entry of default is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Glasner v Griffin, 102 Mich. App. 445; 301 N.W.2d 889 (1980); Butler, supra. A review of the pleadings and transcripts does not reveal an abuse of discretion in setting aside the entry of default.
Plaintiff next claims that the Wayne County Circuit Court lost jurisdiction to grant a motion for accelerated judgment because a matter was pending in the Michigan Supreme Court and because plaintiff sought removal to federal jurisdiction.
We note initially that we may decline to consider this question because plaintiff has failed to cite any authority for it. A party may not leave it to the Court to search for authority to sustain or reject a position. Kucken v Hygrade Food Products Corp, 51 Mich. App. 471; 215 N.W.2d 772 (1974). Addressing this issue nevertheless, it is clear that plaintiff's contention is meritless. The right of removal is confined to defendants. Conner v Salzinger, 457 F.2d 1241 (CA 3, 1972).
Because plaintiff is not a defendant in the present action, her claim is without merit because plaintiff was without power to remove the case to the federal court.
The next issue raised by plaintiff is whether the trial court erred in granting accelerated judgment to codefendant Counard based upon the statute of limitations because of alleged procedural irregularities and because certain issues of fact were allegedly unresolved.
Counard first answered plaintiff's complaint on August 11, 1978, setting up the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense. By order of Wayne County Circuit Judge Roman S. Gribbs, plaintiff was allowed to amend her complaint to change the designation of Counard from third-party defendant to codefendant. The amended complaint was filed September 14, 1978. Counard again answered September 18, 1978, and again asserted the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense. Next appears a motion by Counard for accelerated and/or summary judgment on the grounds of the statute of limitations. There is no filing date on the motion but the affidavit shows a notorization date of September 18, 1978.
A hearing on Counard's motion was held on October 12, 1978. Wayne County Circuit Court Judge John R. Kirwan denied Counard's motion by written opinion on October 24, 1978, noting that plaintiff had filed an appeal in the Michigan Court of Appeals which complained of Judge Gribbs' earlier decision setting aside the entry of default. Judge Kirwan wrote of his concern over granting a motion for accelerated judgment if the Court of Appeals overturned Judge Gribbs' decision to set aside the entry of default. Thus, Judge Kirwan denied Counard's motion without prejudice.
The Court of Appeals entered an order on October 13, 1978, which bears a county filing date of October 19, 1978, dismissing plaintiff's appeal.
On October 30, 1978, Counard moved for rehearing of his motion because the Court of Appeals had dismissed plaintiff's appeal. An entry in the record notes that Counard's motion was adjourned on November 22, 1978.
Finally, the record shows an order from Judge Kirwan on March 18, 1980, granting Counard's motion for accelerated judgment on the grounds that the two-year period of limitation on plaintiff's claim had expired.
Plaintiff complains of several procedural irregularities. Plaintiff correctly notes that GCR 1963, 116.2 allows a party only one motion for accelerated judgment. She notes that many motions were filed.
It appears that plaintiff has in part counted the motions of defendants and codefendants along with that of codefendant Counard. In addition, she may be counting the adjournments and Judge Kirwan's denial without prejudice. In any event, the record discloses only one motion for accelerated and/or summary judgment filed by codefendant Counard. Thus, there is no error on this ground.
Plaintiff next complains that the motion was not filed in a timely manner. A motion for accelerated judgment must be filed in defendant's first responsive pleading or not later than his first responsive pleading. GCR 1963, 116.1. There is no error here, though, because codefendant Counard raised the affirmative defense in his first and second answer and filed the motion for accelerated and/or summary judgment apparently at the same time as his second answer. Thus, the defense was preserved with the first answer. GCR 1963, 116.3; Harris v Lapeer Public School System, 114 Mich. App. 107; 318 N.W.2d 621 (1982); Farmers Ins Group v Clear, 94 Mich. App. 655; 290 N.W.2d 51 (1980).
Substantively, plaintiff contends that there were unresolved issues of fact which prevented entry of accelerated judgment by reason of the statute of limitations. By count 7 of her complaint, plaintiff charges malpractice, fraud, concealment, and deception. Plaintiff says she employed Counard from about April or May, 1970, until about March, April, or June, 1972. She claims Counard negligently failed to investigate facts and law and violated several disciplinary rules of the Canons of Professional Responsibility. Plaintiff claims her cause of action against Counard accrues by reason of the Michigan Supreme Court decision of October 6, 1977, reported at 401 Mich. 252; 258 N.W.2d 20 (1977). The fraudulent conduct alleged is that Counard told plaintiff he had removed the adjudication of default. Counard's misconduct is alleged to be a continuing affirmative act of fraud. Plaintiff also alleges she did not discover until after the Supreme Court's decision that nothing was sought to set aside the foreclosure and to allow plaintiff to be heard on the wrongful foreclosure and invalid sheriff's sale.
On review of a motion for accelerated judgment, as at the trial court level, the Court of Appeals must accept well-pleaded facts of the nonmoving party as true. Robards v Estate of Leopold J Kantzler, 98 Mich. App. 414; 296 N.W.2d 265 (1980).
In support of his contention that the period of limitation had expired, Counard relies on MCL 600.5805, 600.5838; MSA 27A.5805, 27A.5838.
The period of limitation for legal malpractice is two years. MCL 600.5805; MSA 27A.5805; Sam v Balardo, 411 Mich. 405; 308 N.W.2d 142 (1981). Similarly, the period of limitation for negligence is three years under MCL 600.5805; MSA 27A.5805, subparagraph (7) when plaintiff's complaint was filed, now subparagraph (8).
Thus, these periods of limitation could well have expired because plaintiff admits that codefendant Counard last served as her lawyer in June, 1972, at the latest. But plaintiff argues that she did not discover her attorney's malpractice until the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Cramer v Metropolitan Savings Loan Ass'n, 401 Mich. 252, on October 6, 1977.
Even if true, plaintiff's claim is barred. MCL 600.5838(1); MSA 27A.5838(1) provides that a malpractice claim against a state licensed professional accrues at the last moment the defendant serves that plaintiff, regardless of the time plaintiff discovers the claim. And MCL 600.5838(2); MSA 27A.5838(2) allows a malpractice claim to be brought within the period of limitation or six months following. Thus, in the present case, since Counard last served plaintiff in June, 1972, the period of limitation expired in June, 1974, and the time for bringing the claim expired by January, 1975.
We conclude that plaintiff's claim for malpractice against Counard is barred by the applicable statute of limitations, Sam v Balardo, supra. Accelerated judgment was thus properly granted on this ground.
Furthermore, plaintiff did not appear at the circuit court hearing where Counard's motion for accelerated judgment was granted. The trial judge stated on the record that plaintiff had written two letters to the court saying she would not appear. Thus, plaintiff's claims for fraudulent concealment were not argued before the trial judge. Because this defense was not presented to the trial judge, this Court need not consider it unless it is necessary to a proper determination of the case or a manifest injustice would result. Szidik v Podsiadlo, 109 Mich. App. 446; 311 N.W.2d 386 (1981); Brown v Considine, 108 Mich. App. 504; 310 N.W.2d 441 (1981). Review of the proceedings suggests no special circumstances relieving plaintiff of her burden to raise all applicable issues in circuit court. Plaintiff is an experienced litigant and she was afforded an adequate opportunity to contest Counard's motion, but chose not to do so.
Plaintiff claims that her acceptance of costs does not bar her appeal. However, it is unnecessary to consider this question as no party in this Court has suggested that plaintiff's appeal should not be heard because she accepted an award of costs upon the setting aside of the default against codefendant Counard.
Finally, we note that defendants and codefendants request that $7,500 in costs be taxed against plaintiff for pursuing a vexatious appeal. GCR 1963, 816.5. Although we deny this prayer for relief in this instant appeal, any further action in this case by plaintiff will result in imposition of such damages by this Court upon its own motion pursuant to GCR 1963, 816.5(1).
Affirmed.