Summary
In Gernert, we held that a favored driver proceeding the wrong way on a one way street was not proceeding in a lawful manner because his presence could not reasonably be anticipated by other unfavored drivers, and, therefore, had no preference over the unfavored driver.
Summary of this case from Dennard v. GreenOpinion
[No. 69, September Term, 1976.]
Decided May 31, 1977.
AUTOMOBILES — Contributory Negligence — Boulevard Law — Requires Unfavored Driver To Yield Right Of Way To Vehicles Approaching On Through Highway — Code (1957, 1970 Repl. Vol.) Art. 66 1/2, § 11-403 (b). p. 323
AUTOMOBILES — Contributory Negligence — Boulevard Law — "Right Of Way" Defined As Right Of One Vehicle To Proceed In Lawful Manner On Highway In Preference To Another Vehicle — Code (1957, 1970 Repl. Vol.) Art. 66 1/2, § 1-175. p. 323
AUTOMOBILES — Contributory Negligence — Boulevard Law — Does Not Protect Favored Driver Where He Is Not Proceeding In Lawful Manner — Code (1957, 1970 Repl. Vol.) Art. 66 1/2, §§ 11-403 (b), 1-175. Where defendant motorist was proceeding the wrong way on a one-way through highway and plaintiff motorist stopped at entrance to through highway before proceeding into intersection where collision with defendant's automobile occurred, the Court held that the "boulevard law" did not require a finding that the plaintiff motorist was negligent as a matter of law, in view of the evidence that defendant did not "proceed in a lawful manner" on a through highway. Code (1957, 1970 Repl. Vol.) Art. 66 1/2, § 1-175, 11-403 (b). This is the first case to reach the Court relative to an accident occurring after January 1, 1971, when the changed statutory definition of "right of way" became effective. pp. 323-325
J.A.A.
Certiorari to the Baltimore City Court (THOMAS, J.).
Action by Walter Covington against Norman Gernert in the District Court of Maryland for injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident. From a judgment in favor of Covington, Gernert appealed to the Baltimore City Court (Thomas, J.), which reversed, holding that the "boulevard law" protected the defendant. The Court granted Covington's petition for writ of certiorari.
Judgment vacated and case remanded to the Baltimore City Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs to abide the final result.
The cause was argued before MURPHY, C.J., and SINGLEY, SMITH, DIGGES, LEVINE, ELDRIDGE and ORTH, JJ.
David B. Purdum, with whom were Rochlin Settlemen, P.A. on the brief, for appellant.
Wm. B. Somerville, with whom were Gregory A. Szoka and Smith, Somerville Case on the brief, for appellee.
The question presented here as to whether a driver on a through highway going in the wrong direction on a one-way street is entitled to the protection of Maryland's boulevard rule as enunciated in Greenfeld v. Hook, 177 Md. 116, 132, 8 A.2d 888 (1939), must be decided in the light of the changes wrought in Maryland's motor vehicle law by its complete revision by Chapter 534 of the Acts of 1970. By its terms the revised law is not applicable "to any traffic accident . . . occurring prior to [its] effective date," January 1, 1971. Accordingly, it was not applicable to Creaser v. Owens, 267 Md. 238, 297 A.2d 235 (1972), and Hensel v. Beckward, 273 Md. 426, 330 A.2d 196 (1974). We most recently reviewed the boulevard rule in Dean v. Redmiles, 280 Md. 137, 374 A.2d 329 (1977), noting that our interpretation of the rule in that case was consistent with the revised statutory provisions.
Maryland Code (1957, 1970 Repl. Vol.) Art. 66 1/2, § 11-403(b) requires "[t]he driver of a vehicle [to] come to a full stop . . . at the entrance to a through highway and [to] yield the right-of-way to other vehicles approaching on the through highway." The term "through highway" is defined in § 1-198. "Right of way" is defined in § 1-175 as meaning "the right of one vehicle . . . to proceed in a lawful manner on a highway in preference to another vehicle. . . ." (Emphasis added.) This definition is in sharp contrast to that in Code (1957) Art. 66 1/2, § 2(a)(45) which defined the term as "[t]he privilege of the immediate use of the highway."
The facts here are undisputed. The accident giving rise to this litigation took place in Baltimore on November 9, 1974. Appellant, Walter Covington (Covington), was proceeding eastbound on Chase Street. He stopped at a stop sign at the intersection of Chase Street with Washington Street, a "through highway." Washington Street is designated as a "one-way" street for traffic going northbound. His testimony was to the effect that he stopped and looked in the direction from which traffic should have been coming. Appellee, Norman Gernert (Gernert), was operating a vehicle proceeding the wrong way on Washington Street. A collision ensued. Covington obtained a judgment against Gernert in the District Court. The Baltimore City Court reversed on appeal, holding that the boulevard rule protected Gernert.
In Greenfeld, 177 Md. at 132, this Court said that this statutory requirement was "mandatory, that it is the positive and imperative duty of a person driving an automobile over an unfavored highway, when he approaches an intersecting highway lawfully designated as a `boulevard' or `stop street,' to stop before entering the intersection, and having stopped, to exercise reasonable care and diligence to discover whether traffic thereon is approaching the intersection, and, having entered the intersection, to yield the right of way to such traffic, by permitting it to proceed without interruption, and that that duty persists throughout his passage across the favored way."
The purpose of the boulevard statute was said in Greenfeld to be "to accelerate the flow of traffic over through highways by permitting travellers thereon to proceed within lawful speed limits without interruption." To like effect see, e.g., Dean v. Redmiles, supra; Brown v. Ellis, 236 Md. 487, 494-95, 204 A.2d 526 (1964); Zeamer v. Reeves, 225 Md. 526, 532, 171 A.2d 488 (1961); Harper v. Higgs, 225 Md. 24, 31, 169 A.2d 661 (1961); Sun Cab Co., Inc. v. Hall, 199 Md. 461, 467, 86 A.2d 914 (1952); and Blinder v. Monaghan, 171 Md. 77, 83, 188 A. 31 (1936).
The report of the Warnken Committee to Study Revision of the Motor Vehicle Laws (iv) (1968) states relative to the subtitle containing definitions that "[f]ew substantial changes were made, except as necessary for clarity or to implement substantive changes made in other subtitles." Its proposed § 1-173 is identical with present § 1-175. The General Assembly did not rush in to adopt this proposed new code. It was considered by the Legislative Council in 1969. The Judiciary Committee of that body appointed a special committee which studied the matter and recommended adoption of the report of the Warnken committee. The proposed definition of "right of way" was precisely as it now appears in § 1-175.
This is the first case to reach this Court relative to an accident occurring since the effective date of the "new" motor vehicle law where the changed definition of right of way appears to compel a different result.
It is unfortunate that the definition of right of way appearing in § 1-175 was not brought to the attention of the trial judge. It is obvious that when Gernert was operating his motor vehicle the wrong way on a one-way street he was not "proceed[ing] in a lawful manner" and thus his vehicle was not entitled to preference over that of Covington. Accordingly, the Baltimore City Court erred in determining that the boulevard rule required a finding that Covington was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. We need go no further than that. There is an argument on behalf of Gernert that his automobile "had already entered the intersection and was, in fact, almost totally through the intersection when it was struck on its right rear panel by the Covington vehicle," and thus that there was reason other than the boulevard law for a holding that Covington was guilty of contributory negligence. On the remand the Baltimore City Court will be permitted to consider all relevant facts in determining whether Covington may recover from Gernert except that it will not be permitted to regard Covington as having violated the boulevard rule. It will bear in mind, however, that under Maryland Rule 1386 "the judgment of the lower court will not be set aside on the evidence unless clearly erroneous. . . ." See Ryan v. Thurston, 276 Md. 390, 392, 347 A.2d 834 (1975).
Judgment vacated and case remanded to the Baltimore City Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion; costs to abide the final result.