Opinion
23-15375 23-15377 23-15413
03-14-2024
ALEXANDER COTE, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. OFFICE OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE CONTROLLER; BETTY T. YEE, in her official capacity as California State Controller, Defendants-Appellees. JENNIFER I. SYKES, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. OFFICE OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE CONTROLLER; BETTY T. YEE, in her official capacity as California State Controller, Defendants-Appellees. ALISON COLE-KELLY, Individually and on Behalf of All Those Similarly Situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. BETTY T. YEE, in her official capacity as California State Controller; STATE OF CALIFORNIA, Defendants-Appellees.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
Submitted March 12, 2024 [**]San Francisco, California.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California D.C. Nos. 4:22-cv-04056-HSG, 4:22-cv-04133-HSG, 4:22-cv-02841-HSG, Haywood S. Gilliam, Jr., District Judge, Presiding.
Before: S.R. THOMAS, McKEOWN, and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges.
MEMORANDUM [*]
Plaintiffs-Appellants Alexander Cote, Jennifer Sykes, and Alison Cole-Kelly appeal a district court's dismissal without leave to amend of their putative class action against Defendent-Appellee the California State Controller. We have jurisdiction over this appeal of the district court's dismissal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm the judgment of the district court. Because the parties are familiar with the factual and procedural history of the case, we need not recount it here.
"Dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) is reviewed de novo." Dougherty v. City of Covina, 654 F.3d 892, 897 (9th Cir. 2011) (emphasis omitted). "We review for abuse of discretion a district court's dismissal . . . without leave to amend." Benavidez v. County of San Diego, 993 F.3d 1134, 1141-42 (9th Cir. 2021). "A district court acts within its discretion to deny leave to amend when amendment would be futile ...." V.V.V. &Sons Edible Oils Ltd. v. Meenakshi Overseas, LLC, 946 F.3d 542, 547 (9th Cir. 2019) (ellipsis in original) (quoting Chappel v. Lab. Corp. of Am., 232 F.3d 719, 725-26 (9th Cir. 2000)). We review "the question of futility of amendment de novo." United States v. United Healthcare Ins. Co., 848 F.3d 1161, 1172 (9th Cir. 2016).
Plaintiffs claim that California's Unclaimed Property Law (UPL) violates the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 19 of the California Constitution. San Remo Hotel L.P. v. City And County of San Francisco, 27 Cal.4th 643, 664 (2002) (construing the California Constitution's takings clause "congruently" to the United States Constitution's Takings Clause). They argue that California's Unclaimed Property Law is unconstitutional because it does not require interest to be paid on escheated property while held by the state nor once reclaimed. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 1540(c). Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief to remedy this injury.
However, we have already decided this question in two cases: Turnacliff v. Westly, 546 F.3d 1113 (9th Cir. 2008), and Suever v. Connell, 579 F.3d 1047 (9th Cir. 2009). These cases bind us, and preclude relief. In addressing an estate administrator's challenge to the 2002 version of California's Unclaimed Property Law that guaranteed some interest, we held that "when the Estate abandoned its property, it forfeited any right to interest earned by that property." Turnacliff, 546 F.3d at 1119; Texaco, Inc. v. Short, 454 U.S. 516 (1982). We confirmed that holding in Suever, where we rejected claims for retroactive interest under the same 2002 statute because "state sovereign immunity clearly precludes Plaintiffs from successfully obtaining more than [their escheated principal and sales proceeds therefrom] in the form of interest." 579 F.3d at 1059. We also rejected claims for an injunction that required the "payment of interest on any claims for unclaimed property that escheated under" the 2003 California Unclaimed Property Law that paid no interest. Id. at 1057. And we rejected claims for equitable relief that were "indistinguishable in effect from claims for money damages against the State and, as such, . . . barred by the Eleventh Amendment." Id. at 1059-60.
There is no principled difference to be drawn between the statutes those decisions considered and the one before us today. Plaintiffs' property has validly escheated to the state. The current statute does not guarantee interest, Cal Civ. Proc. Code § 1540(c) (2021) ("Interest shall not be payable on any claim paid under this chapter."), and we addressed a nearly identical statute that did not guarantee interest in Suever. 579 F.3d at 1057; see Cal Civ. Proc. Code § 1540(c) (2003) ("No interest shall be payable on any claim paid under this chapter."). As we held in Suever: "[T]he State is not constitutionally required to pay any interest under the UPL ...." 576 F.3d at 1056. The district court applied our precedents correctly. To the extent the plaintiffs' claims are for money damages against the state, they are barred by the Eleventh Amendment. Id. at 1059. To the extent any claims escape the Eleventh Amendment, plaintiffs cannot establish an entitlement to the interest they seek. Turnacliff, 546 F.3d at 1119.
To overcome the weight of our precedent, plaintiffs cite to several out-ofcircuit cases, which do not bind this court, and several Supreme Court decisions. A three-judge panel may overrule circuit precedent only where an "intervening higher authority" is "clearly irreconcilable" with the reasoning of that decision. CoreCivic, Inc. v. Candide Grp., LLC, 46 F.4th 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 900 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc)). Turnacliff and Suever were decided after the cited Supreme Court cases, and therefore the cited cases cannot constitute "intervening higher authority." Miller, 335 F.3d at 900.
Plaintiffs also suggest the panel call for en banc review or certify their questions to the Supreme Court. En banc review is not warranted because we are not faced with "contradictory precedents" nor an "irreconcilable conflict" in our case law. Atonio v. Wards Cove Packing Co., Inc., 810 F.2d 1477, 1478-79 (9th Cir. 1987). As to whether this panel should certify plaintiffs' questions to the Supreme Court, mere "doubts" about a Court of Appeals' prior panel decisions are insufficient to invoke "so exceptional a jurisdiction" as the Supreme Court's on certification. Wisniewski v. United States, 353 U.S. 901, 902 (1957).
The district court properly applied Turnacliff and Suever in dismissing the plaintiffs' claims as precluded by Ninth Circuit precedent.
AFFIRMED.
[*] This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
[**] The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).