Summary
In Conwed Corp. v. First-Citizens Bank and Trust Co., 262 S.C. 48, 202 S.E.2d 22 (1974), the South Carolina court noted that while a payee cannot recover from a bank when the proceeds of the converted instrument are used to meet the intended obligation of the check, this rule is inapplicable where the proceeds were not applied to the intended obligation of the check even though the proceeds may have been received by the payee for payment on another account.
Summary of this case from Sherrill White Const. v. S.C. Nat. BankOpinion
19758
January 15, 1974.
Messrs. Clarkson, McCants and Green, for Appellant, cite: As to the liability imposed by South Carolina Code Section 10.3-419 upon the drawee and collecting banks to the extent of the face amount of an instrument paid on a forged endorsement not being satisfied if the forger, subsequent to the forgery transfers the proceeds of the converted instrument to the payee to pay another unrelated obligation, and if the payee at that time has no knowledge of the forgery or the origin of the transferred funds: 259 S.C. 235, 191 S.E.2d 251; 257 S.C. 209, 184 S.E.2d 700; 166 S.C. 505, 165 S.E. 178; 217 S.C. 277, 60 S.E.2d 599; 205 Mich. 268, 171 N.W. 543. As to when the proceeds of a converted instrument have been received by the payee and such funds are to be credited against the liability of the drawee bank and the collecting bank for such conversion, the payee is still entitled to recover from the drawee bank and the collecting bank for such actual, proximate and consequential damages as it can prove: 24 A.D.2d 28, 263 N.Y. Supp.2d 578 (Sup.Ct.), aff'd mem, 18 N.Y.2d 952, 223 N.E.2d 571, 277 N.Y.S.2d 148; 126 N.Y. 318, 27 N.E. 371; 6 S.C. Eq. (1 McCord Eq.) 22; 211 S.C. 255, 44 S.E.2d 611; 212 S.C. 51, 46 S.E.2d 540; 211 S.C. at 265, 44 S.E.2d 616.
N. Welch Morrisette, Jr., Esq., of Columbia, for Respondent, First Citizens Bank Trust Company, cites: As to a payee's whose signature has been forged not being entitled to recover the face amount of a forged check when he has received and retained all of the proceeds of that check: Section 10.3-419 of the South Carolina Code (1962); 27 A.D.2d 910, 227 N.Y.S. 719; 18 Utah 2d 65, 415 P.2d 213; 10 Lycoming R. 125; 23 A.L.R. 3d 932 at 1006; 9 C.J.S. Banks Banking, Sec. 356 (c); 10 Am.Jur. 24 Banks, Sec. 625; 166 S.C. 505, 165 S.E. 178; 217 S.C. 277, 60 S.E.2d 599; 248 Ark. 958, 457 S.W.2d 509; 24 A.D.2d 28, 263 N.Y.S.2d 578, 581; aff'd 18 N.Y.2d 952, 223 N.E.2d 571, 277 N.Y.S.2d 148; Section 1-102 (1) and 1-102 (2) of the Code.
Messrs. Robinson, McFadden, Moore and Pope, of Columbia, for Respondent, The Citizens and Southern National Bank of South Carolina, cite: As to the lower Court's granting of summary judgment to Respondent The Citizens and Southern National Bank of South Carolina against First Citizens Bank Trust Company being the "law of the case," and that judgment, not having been appealed from by First Citizens Bank Trust Company nor having been excepted to by Appellant, is final in this proceeding and in any further proceedings between these same parties involving the same subject matter: 42 S.C. 313, 319; 20 S.E. 53, 56; 193 S.C. 225, 234; 8 S.E.2d 326, 330. As to a payor bank's not owing any duty other than good faith and commercial reasonableness to a non-depositor payee of a check drawn on it: South Carolina Act No. 1065 of the Acts and Joint Resolutions of 1966 (Uniform Commercial Code); Code Section 10.3-419; 10 Am. Jur.2d BANKS, Section 631; 47 A.L.R. 3d 537; 162 S.C. 332, 160 S.E. 844; 211 S.C. 406, 410; 45 S.E.2d 729, 730; 185 S.C. 427, 431; 194 S.E. 339; 129 S.E. 290, 123 S.E. 830; S.C. Code Sec. 8-996, N.I.L., Sec. 137; Page 543 of 47 A.L.R. 3d 537; 229 S.C. 301, 306; 92 S.E.2d 700, 702; 8 Cal. 3d; 107 Cal. Reptr. 1, 12 U.C.C. Reptr. 209.
January 15, 1974.
In this action the plaintiff-appellant sought to recover from the defendant banks the face amount of a check upon which plaintiff's endorsement as a payee was allegedly forged. For convenience the banks will be referred to simply as C S and First Citizens. The plaintiff appeals from an order of summary judgment in favor of both banks. Under such circumstances, the factual matters and inferences therefrom have to be viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff-appellant. The facts of the case are accordingly stated in the light of such principle. Thevenot v. Commercial Travelers Mut. Acc. Ass'n of America, 259 S.C. 235, 191 S.E.2d 251, and Gardner v. Campbell, 257 S.C. 209, 184 S.E.2d 700.
The plaintiff supplied certain construction materials to Thomas Insulation Company, who was a subcontractor performing work for Charles J. Craig Construction Company. Thomas being in financial difficulty, an agreement was reached with Craig whereby Thomas' checks were made payable jointly to Thomas and plaintiff. In accordance with such agreement, a check drawn on C S in the amount of $6,650.00 was issued by Craig on or about October 15, 1970, but Thomas forged plaintiff's endorsement on the said check, deposited it to the account of Thomas in First Citizens, which bank forwarded it to C S for clearing, bearing endorsement "all prior endorsements guaranteed." The check was paid by C S and the proceeds credited to the account of Thomas in First Citizens. Both banks in their respective answers denied liability to the plaintiff and C S cross-complained against the defendant First Citizens, seeking a judgment over and against First Citizens on its unconditional guarantee of prior endorsements, in the event C S should be held liable.
Thereafter, First Citizens moved for summary judgment in its favor and, upon hearing, C S made an oral motion for summary judgment. First Citizens admitted that it was liable over to C S should that defendant be found liable, whereupon the court granted the motion of C S for summary judgment against the defendant First Citizens to such extent and dismissed C S from the case. From such judgment First Citizens has not appealed. The court then proceeded to grant the motion of First Citizens for summary judgment in its favor against the plaintiff. Plaintiff appeals from the order of the lower court dismissing the action as to C S and granting summary judgment in favor of First Citizens.
The legal basis upon which the court dismissed the action as to C S does not appear, but summary judgment in favor of First Citizens was based on the admitted fact that plaintiff received from Thomas the proceeds of the check upon which plaintiff's endorsement had been forged. Neither of the banks urge any additional sustaining grounds for the action of the lower court. There are matters argued in the briefs which are not really properly before this Court, not having been passed upon by the court below nor urged as additional sustaining grounds.
While plaintiff admitted receiving the proceeds of the check, it appears from the statement of the case that at the hearing on the motion for summary judgment plaintiff asserted.
"it had available in the Courtroom at that time witnesses to testify that its endorsement upon the subject check had been forged; that it received the funds at issue from the subcontractor by two separate checks sent after the aforesaid forgery and deposit had taken place; that both these checks were marked to indicate that they were to be applied upon invoices and orders entirely different from the account giving rise to the $6,650.00 check, the subject of this action; that the accounts so designated in fact involved different materials, jobs, and prime contractors; that Plaintiff relied on such designations and was not advised of the subcontractor's diversion of the joint pay funds until time for asserting its bond rights had elapsed; and that Plaintiff had advanced additional credit on the strength of such remittances."
It further appears that counsel for defendant First Citizens "admitted arguendo the truth of the aforesaid proposed testimony."
We are of the view that under the circumstances the trial judge was clearly in error in granting summary judgment in favor of the defendants. Sec. 10.3-419 of the Uniform Commercial Code, in pertinent part, reads as follows:
"(1) An instrument is converted when * * * (c) it is paid on a forged endorsement."
The official comment thereabout is as follows:
"Subsection (1) (c) is new. It adopts the prevailing view of decisions that payment on a forged endorsement is not an acceptance, but even though made in good faith, it is an exercise of dominion and control over the instrument inconsistent with the rights of the owner and results in liability for conversion."
Under the plain language of the statute and the facts, as above related, the check was converted by both of the banks rendering such banks liable to the plaintiff in the absence of a valid defense. The only alleged defense upon which the court granted summary judgment against the plaintiff was the simple fact that the plaintiff admittedly had received the proceeds of the check. It is, of course, true that where a payee whose endorsement has been forged receives and retains the proceeds of a check, with knowledge of the forgery of his endorsement, and with the proceeds being applied to the obligation which the check was issued to pay, the payee has suffered no damage, and, accordingly, cannot recover against a bank for paying such check on the forged endorsement. A different rule applies, however, where the proceeds, even though received by the payee, were not applied by the forger to the obligation which the check was issued to discharge. Life Ins. Co. of Va. v. Edisto Natn'l Bank, 166 S.C. 505, 165 S.E. 178; Carolina Life Ins. Co. v. Bank of Greenwood, 217 S.C. 277, 60 S.E.2d 599. Our decisions appear to be in accord with the weight of all reasoned authority from other jurisdictions. See particularly the case of Hillsley v. State Bank of Albany, 24 A.D.2d 28, 263 N.Y.S.2d 578, aff., 18 N.Y.2d 952, 277 N.Y.S.2d 148, 223 N.E.2d 571.
We, of course, intimate no opinion as to the merits of the case but hold that the lower court was in error in dismissing the action as to C S and in granting summary judgment in favor of First Citizens.
The judgment below is reversed and the cause remanded for trial as to both defendants.
Reversed and remanded.
MOSS, C.J., and LEWIS and BRAILSFORD, JJ., concur.
LITTLEJOHN, J., not participating.